esa-sceva/satcom-mcqa · Datasets at Hugging Face

Questions stringlengths 12 307	Option1 stringlengths 1 262	Option2 stringlengths 1 257	Option3 stringlengths 1 245	Option4 stringlengths 1 207 ⌀	Option5 stringlengths 1 147 ⌀	Answer stringclasses 8 values	Topic stringclasses 32 values	Mathematical Reasoning Required stringclasses 2 values	Raw Latex Formula stringclasses 127 values
Which factor does NOT affect the link budget?	Transmit power	Antenna gain	Path loss	Color of the antenna	null	Option 4	Link Budget	No	null
Which factor does NOT affect the SNR in a communication system?	Signal power	Color of cable insulation	Bandwidth	null	null	Option 2	Signal-to-noise ratio	No	null
Which factor does NOT affect uplink signal quality?	Antenna misalignment	Transmit power	User data rate	Weather conditions	null	Option 3	Uplink	No	null
Which factor negatively affects CNR?	Increased signal power	Interference	More antenna elements	null	null	Option 2	Carrier-to-noise ratio	No	null
Which factor primarily degrades error performance in a link?	Loss in signal to noise ratio	Signal distortion	Both loss in SNR and signal distortion	Thermal noise	Interference	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
Which frequency band is commonly used for WiFi communication?	2.4 GHz and 5 GHz	700 MHz only	900 MHz only	null	null	Option 1	Wireless communication systems	No	null
Which frequency band is commonly used in 5G NTN?	UHF	S-band	Ku-band	VHF	null	Option 3	5G NTN	No	null
Which frequency band is commonly used in satellite gateway uplinks?	L-band	C-band	Ku-band	Ka-band	VHF	Option 3	Satellite gateway	No	null
Which frequency bands are commonly used for satellite broadcasting?	VHF and UHF	L and S bands	C, Ku, and Ka bands	X and Y bands	null	Option 3	Satellite broadcasting	No	null
Which handover is unique to 5G NTN vs. terrestrial?	Satellite-to-satellite	Cell-to-cell	Intra-sector	Inter-sector	Frequency-to-frequency	Option 1	5G NTN	No	null
Which is a common source of noise in communication systems?	Thermal agitation	Cosmic background radiation	Man-made interference	Electrical circuit noise	All of the above	Option 5	SNR	No	null
Which is a main challenge for NTN integration?	Rain fade	High mobility	Low latency	Interference immunity	Global spectrum	Option 2	5G NTN	No	null
Which is NOT considered a loss in link budget?	Free space loss	Atmospheric absorption	Antenna gain	Cable loss	Fade margin	Option 3	Link Budget	No	null
Which modulation scheme is commonly used in satellite user terminals for efficient bandwidth usage?	ASK	FSK	QPSK	PAM	PWM	Option 3	Satellite User terminal	No	null
Which of the following best describes link margin?	Difference between transmitted and received power	Extra received power over minimum required	Power lost in cables	null	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
Which of the following can improve SNR?	Increasing noise power	Decreasing signal power	Increasing signal power	Adding interference	Decreasing signal bandwidth only	Option 3	Signal-to-noise ratio	No	null
Which of the following is a benefit of on-board processing?	Increased data storage needs	Reduced data transmission bandwidth	Longer satellite lifespan	Increased power consumption	null	Option 2	Onboard processing	No	null
Which of the following is a common propulsion type in satellite buses?	Chemical rockets	Ion thrusters	Wind power	Jet engines	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
Which of the following is a key component in a satellite gateway?	Modem	Rocket booster	Solar panel	Antenna	Thermal radiator	Option 4	Satellite gateway	No	null
Which of the following is a major challenge for Non-Terrestrial Networks?	High atmospheric interference	Long propagation delay for GEO satellites	Limited coverage	Static topology	null	Option 2	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
Which of the following is a technique to reduce uplink interference?	Using wider frequency bands	Employing directional antennas	Increasing transmit power	Decreasing modulation order	Increasing antenna size randomly	Option 2	Uplink	No	null
Which of the following is included in a complete link budget?	Transmitter power	Antenna gains	Path losses	Receiver sensitivity	All of the above	Option 5	Link Budget	No	null
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the satellite bus?	Providing structural support	Facilitating communication between Earth stations	Controlling satellite attitude	Power management	Command and data handling	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
Which of the following is NOT an input in a link budget calculation?	Receiver gain	Data rate	Path loss	null	null	Option 2	Link Budget	No	null
Which orbit is closest to Earth?	GEO	VLEO	LEO	HEO	null	Option 2	5G NTN	No	null
Which organization standardizes 5G NTN?	IETF	3GPP	ETSI	IEEE	null	Option 2	5G NTN	No	null
Which parameter is used to improve signal quality in link budgets?	BER (Bit Error Rate)	Voltage	Current	Resistance	null	Option 1	Link Budget	No	null
Which parameter is used to measure noise power in communications systems?	Thermal noise	Background noise temperature	Noise figure	All of the above	null	Option 4	SNR	No	null
Which power source is commonly used in satellite buses?	Nuclear	Solar panels	Coal	Batteries only	Wind turbines	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
Which protocol is often used to improve TCP performance over satellite?	UDP	FTP	Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP)	null	null	Option 3	TCP over satellite	No	null
Which satellite constellation is designed specifically for broadband NTN services?	GPS	Iridium	Starlink	Galileo	GLONASS	Option 3	NTN	No	null
Which statement about BER and latency is true?	Lower BER means higher latency	Higher BER means higher latency	BER and latency unrelated	Both proportional	null	Option 3	Bit error rate	No	null
Which subsystem is NOT typically part of a satellite bus?	Structure	Payload	Power	null	null	Option 2	Satellite bus	No	null
Which technique helps reduce the effect of long RTT in TCP satellite links?	Increasing window size	Decreasing window size	Using smaller packets	null	null	Option 1	TCP over satellite	No	null
Which type of orbit is typically used in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks?	Geostationary Orbit	Medium Earth Orbit	Low Earth Orbit	Highly Elliptical Orbit	null	Option 3	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
A 64-QAM downlink transmission carries how many bits per symbol?	4	6	8	16	64	Option 2	Downlink	No	null
A gateway station in satellite communications is primarily used to:	Send user data to satellite	Receive satellite signals and route to internet	Amplify signals	Control satellite orbit	Encrypt data	Option 2	Gateway station	No	null
A hard handover is also called:	Make-before-break	Break-before-make	Seamless handover	Soft handover	null	Option 2	Handover procedure	No	null
A primary goal of beamforming is to:	Reduce noise	Increase bandwidth	Increase coverage	Maximize signal at receiver	Minimize error	Option 4	Beamforming	No	null
An ideal communication channel has BER:	1	0.1	0.01	0	Infinity	Option 4	BER	No	null
An inter satellite link within LEO constellation provides:	High latency	Low latency	No latency	null	null	Option 2	Inter satellite Link	No	null
At approximately what frequency does the Broadcasting Satellite Service (BSS) typically operate for its downlink?	The BSS downlink operates primarily at 4 GHz, within the traditional C-band range.	The broadcasting satellite service makes use of downlinks at about 12 GHz.	The BSS downlink uses frequencies near 2 GHz, similar to mobile satellite services.	null	null	Option2	Downlink	No	null
At what altitude do geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate?	Geostationary earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of approximately 35,786 km directly above the equator.	Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of about 35,786 miles, maintaining a fixed position relative to the Earth’s poles.	Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of approximately 42,164 km from the Earth’s surface, which places them beyond the geostationary belt.	Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of about 35,786 km, but are positioned at various inclinations rather than directly above the equator.	null	Option1	NTN	No	null
Based on regular estimations of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) what does the FMT loop do?	the FMT loop allows to control the modulation type, the code rate and the symbol rate, to optimize the spectral efficiency on the transmission.	The FMT loop allows control only of the modulation type, without adjusting the code rate or symbol rate, to optimize spectral efficiency.	The FMT loop allows control of modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate, but it cannot adjust the symbol rate dynamically.	null	null	Option1	SNR	No	null
Beam squint is an effect mainly in:	Narrowband systems	Wideband systems	Analog systems only	Digital systems only	null	Option 2	Beamforming	No	null
Beamforming can be classified into:	Two types	Three types	Four types	One type	null	Option 2	Beamforming	No	null
Beamforming primarily improves:	Power consumption	Data rate	Signal directionality	Security	null	Option 3	Beamforming	No	null
Beamforming uses constructive interference to:	Minimize signal	Maximize power	Randomize phase	Increase error	Reduce power	Option 2	Beamforming	No	null
Beamforming weights adjust:	Amplitudes only	Phases only	Phases and amplitudes	Frequency	null	Option 3	Beamforming	No	null
Beamforming weights of an N-element array are complex and control:	Frequency	Delay	Phase and amplitude	Speed	null	Option 3	Beamforming	No	null
BER increases when signal power is halved while noise power stays constant.	TRUE	FALSE	Depends on modulation	Depends on bandwidth	null	Option 1	Bit error rate	No	null
BER is critical in evaluating:	Data compression	Link quality	Throughput only	Signal modulation	Channel bandwidth	Option 2	BER	No	null
Bit error rate measures:	Power lost	Number of errors per trillion bits	Percentage of bits with errors	Probability of a bit being in error	Ratio of errored bits to total bits	Option 5	BER	No	null
Circular polarization describes a wave with:	Constant amplitude	Rotating electric field	Constant frequency	Linear magnetic field	null	Option 2	Circular Polarization	No	null
Circular polarization is commonly used in:	Fiber optics	Satellite communication	Copper cables	null	null	Option 2	Circular Polarization	No	null
Circular polarization power splits equally into two:	Frequency bands	Orthogonal linear polarizations	Time slots	null	null	Option 2	Circular Polarization	No	null
Circular polarization reduces the impact of:	Multipath fading	Thermal noise	Frequency shift	Phase delay	Modulation errors	Option 1	Circular Polarization	No	null
Codebook-based beamforming uses:	Fixed patterns	Random weights	Dynamic patterns	No weights	null	Option 1	Beamforming	No	null
describe NR-NTN in mobile communication systems?	NR-NTN is part of the 5G NR radio interface family.	NR-NTN is a legacy 3G standard used exclusively for terrestrial networks.	NR-NTN is part of the Wi-Fi 6E standard for unlicensed spectrum.	null	null	Option1	NTN	No	null
Describe the primary uses of the L-band in satellite communications?	It is used for GPS navigation, satellite phones, aviation tracking, and maritime communications.	It is primarily used for high-definition television broadcasting and ultra-high-speed internet only.	It is exclusively reserved for deep-space communications beyond the solar system.	null	null	Option1	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null
describe the structure and characteristics of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?	ATM is a fast packet-oriented transfer mode based on asynchronous time division multiplexing and it uses fixed-length (53 bytes) cells, each of which consists of an information field (48 bytes) and a header (5 bytes).	ATM transmits variable-length packets with a 64-byte header and no information field.	ATM uses synchronous time division multiplexing with dynamically sized frames.	ATM is a circuit-switched protocol that does not use packet-based transfer.	null	Option1	IP over satellite	No	null
describe the types of networks included in the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) family?	The NTN family includes satellite communication networks, high altitude platform systems (HAPS), and air-to-ground networks.	Only terrestrial fiber-optic networks and cellular base stations.	Underwater acoustic networks exclusively.	Satellite networks but excluding HAPS and air-to-ground links.	null	Option1	5G NTN	No	null
Digital beamforming operates in which domain?	Analog	Optical	Digital	RF	null	Option 3	Beamforming	No	null
Downlink control information is sent via:	PUSCH	PDCCH	PBCH	PCFICH	null	Option 2	Downlink	No	null
Downlink refers to data transfer:	From user to base station	From base station to user	Between base stations	Between users	null	Option 2	Downlink	No	null
Downlink throughput depends on:	UE speed	Base station transmit power	Channel quality	Modulation scheme	All of these	Option 5	Downlink	No	null
During which phases of a satellite launch is tracking particularly important?	Tracking is important during the transfer and drift orbital phases of the satellite launch.	Tracking is only necessary after the satellite reaches its final orbit, as earlier stages rely entirely on preprogrammed trajectories.	Tracking is not required during the transfer orbit, since ground control cannot communicate with the satellite during this phase.	Tracking is performed only during the launch vehicle ascent, not during orbital maneuvers.	null	Option1	TT&C	No	null
DVB-S2 frame length usually is:	64800 bits	16200 bits	8100 bits	null	null	Option 2	DVB-S2	No	null
DVB-S2 is a standard for:	Terrestrial TV	Satellite TV	Cable TV	null	null	Option 2	DVB-S2	No	null
DVB-S2 standard is often used for:	Satellite TV only	IP over satellite	Voice over IP	null	null	Option 2	IP over satellite	No	null
DVB-S2 supports which roll-off factors?	0.15, 0.20, 0.25	0.10, 0.15, 0.30	0.20, 0.25, 0.35	0.10, 0.20, 0.30	null	Option 1	DVB-S2	No	null
DVB-S2 uses which error correction code?	Reed-Solomon	Turbo Codes	LDPC codes	BCH codes	null	Option 3	DVB-S2	No	null
DVB-S2X allows:	Variable coding rates only	Variable modulation orders only	Variable coding and modulation	null	null	Option 3	DVB-S2X	No	null
DVB-S2X codec offers:	Fixed frame length	Short and long frame lengths	Only short frames	null	null	Option 2	DVB-S2X	No	null
DVB-S2X is an extension of which standard?	DVB-S	DVB-T2	DVB-C	DVB-H	DVB-RCS	Option 1	DVB-S2X	No	null
DVB-S2X supports channel bonding up to:	72 MHz	108 MHz	216 MHz	null	null	Option 4	DVB-S2X	No	null
DVB-S2X supports modulation up to:	8PSK	16APSK	32APSK	64APSK	null	Option 4	DVB-S2X	No	null
Edge computing reduces latency by:	Moving data closer to user	Increasing bandwidth	Using satellites	Increasing processing power centrally	null	Option 1	Communication Latency	No	null
Elliptical polarization is a general case of circular polarization when:	Axial ratio = 1	Axial ratio ≠ 1	Axial ratio = 0	null	null	Option 2	Circular Polarization	No	null
For a highly reliable, mission-critical RF telemetry link, what is the recommended minimum fade margin?	If a highly reliable, mission critical RF telemetry link is required, the design goal should be for a minimum fade margin of 20 to 30 dB.	0 to 5 dB, as minimal fade margin is sufficient for mission-critical links.	5 to 10 dB, because mission-critical links require only slight redundancy.	null	null	Option1	Link Budget	No	null
For circular polarization, phase difference between orthogonal components is:	0⁰	45⁰	90⁰	180⁰	null	Option 3	Circular Polarization	No	null
For DVB-S2X, spectral efficiency increases by approx what percentage over DVB-S2?	5%	10%	15%	null	null	Option 2	DVB-S2X	No	null
For which type of channel is the Nyquist capacity applicable?	The Nyquist capacity is for a single noiseless or a single-in, single-out (SISO) channel.	Any multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) channel without modification.	Only channels with infinite noise power.	null	null	Option1	Carrier-to-noise ratio	No	null
Gateway handover management is required in	Mobile satellite networks	Fixed satellite networks	IPTV networks	null	null	Option 1	Satellite gateway	No	null
Gateway IT infrastructure primarily deals with	Satellite payload control	Data processing, routing, and management	Propulsion	Thermal management	null	Option 2	Satellite gateway	No	null
Gateway site diversity is used to:	Increase satellite range	Provide redundancy and improve reliability	Increase transmit power	Reduce interference	null	Option 2	Gateway station	No	null
Gateway stations can support:	Single satellite	Multiple satellites	Only uplink	Only downlink	User mobility	Option 2	Gateway station	No	null
Gateway stations typically connect satellite networks to:	Mobile phones	Terrestrial networks	Spacecraft	User terminals	null	Option 2	Gateway station	No	null
Handover decision is mostly based on:	Signal strength and quality	User location	Packet size	Frequency	Modulation scheme	Option 1	Handover procedure	No	null
How are communications between users typically set up in a terrestrial network?	Through user terminals consisting of equipment such as telephone sets, fax machines, and computers, which are connected to the terrestrial network.	Directly between satellites, without any user terminal involvement.	Using only RF signal repeaters, with no terminal devices.	Exclusively via analog switches in the network core, ignoring user equipment.	null	Option1	Satellite User terminal	No	null
How are NSA-based aspects like Xn mobility between NTN and terrestrial gNBs treated in 3GPP Release-17?	They are considered low priority compared to other 5G and NTN enhancements.	They are the highest priority and are fully implemented before any other features.	They are completely ignored and removed from the 3GPP specifications.	null	null	Option1	3gpp	No	null
How can a satellite network compensate for propagation delay differences experienced by a user equipment (UE)?	By adjusting the UE measurement window through system information or using dedicated signaling for each UE.	By increasing the satellite transmission power to overcome the delay.	By only reducing the bandwidth of the satellite link.	By moving the satellite to a lower orbit to reduce all delays.	null	Option1	5G NTN	No	null
How can BER be reduced in satellite communication?	The Bit-error-ratio can be reduced by using FEC within the modem, a feature that takes advantage of custom VLSI and DSP chips.	BER is reduced by operating the system in burst mode, meaning that the demodulator must acquire and reacquire the signal rapidly to capture data from different Earth stations operating on the same frequency.	Bit-error-ratio is decreased by introducing a second data communication cable that allows upstream communications.	BER is reduced by doubling the number of bits per second that are carried within a given amount of bandwidth.	null	Option1	BER	No	null
How can forward error correction (FEC) help with low SNR conditions?	By increasing noise power	By enabling error detection and correction	By increasing signal power	null	null	Option 2	SNR	No	null
How can increased delays affect CQI reporting and MCS assignment in satellite or wireless systems?	They can cause delays in CQI reporting and MCS updates, leading to mismatches with current channel conditions like rain fade on downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).	They eliminate the need for CQI reporting since channel conditions become stable.	They improve MCS assignment accuracy regardless of changing channel conditions.	null	null	Option1	Non-Terrestrial Networks	No	null
How can Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) interact with existing terrestrial mobile networks?	It is anticipated that NTN can interact with 5G, 4G or even 3G terrestrial networks via legacy inter-RAT (radio access technology) procedures.	NTN operates completely independently and cannot interface with any terrestrial network technology.	NTN can interact only with future 6G networks, not with existing 3G, 4G, or 5G systems.	NTN uses optical fiber connections exclusively for inter-network communication, bypassing radio access procedures.	null	Option1	3gpp	No	null
How can Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) support societal applications?	NTN can facilitate broadband access to healthcare infrastructure and online learning platforms.	NTN provides broadband only for entertainment services, not for healthcare or education.	NTN is used exclusively for military communications, not for civilian applications like healthcare or education.	null	null	Option1	5G NTN	No	null
How can spectral noise density be lowered in a communication system?	One way to lower the spectral noise density is to reduce the bandwidth, but we are limited by the band width required to transmit the desired bit rate.	Spectral noise density can be lowered by increasing bandwidth, with no limitations from the bit rate.	Spectral noise density is independent of bandwidth and cannot be lowered by any means.	Reducing bandwidth always increases noise density, making the link unusable.	null	Option1	Bit error rate	No	null
How do quantization errors impact digital communication systems?	Quantization errors reduce BER performance by causing incorrect or ambiguous reconstruction of the digital waveform.	Quantization errors improve BER performance by averaging out signal fluctuations.	Quantization errors only affect analog signals, not digital waveforms.	Quantization errors are fully eliminated by modulation techniques.	null	Option1	BER	No	null
How do RCSTs (Return Channel Satellite Terminals) request and update bandwidth for MAC real-time traffic?	At log-on, RCSTs request a fixed bandwidth (CRA) for MAC real-time traffic, which can later be updated via the dynamic QoS architecture using SIP proxy information.	RCSTs are automatically assigned unlimited bandwidth without requests.	RCSTs cannot update their bandwidth once the terminal logs on.	RCSTs request bandwidth only via TCP acknowledgments, not QoS mechanisms.	null	Option1	Satellite Bandwidth	No	null

Which factor does NOT affect the link budget?

Transmit power

Antenna gain

Path loss

Color of the antenna

null

Option 4

Link Budget

No

null

Which factor does NOT affect the SNR in a communication system?

Signal power

Color of cable insulation

Bandwidth

null

Option 2

Signal-to-noise ratio

No

null

Which factor does NOT affect uplink signal quality?

Antenna misalignment

Transmit power

User data rate

Weather conditions

null

Option 3

Uplink

No

null

Which factor negatively affects CNR?

Increased signal power

Interference

More antenna elements

null

Option 2

Carrier-to-noise ratio

No

null

Which factor primarily degrades error performance in a link?

Loss in signal to noise ratio

Signal distortion

Both loss in SNR and signal distortion

Thermal noise

Interference

Option 3

Link Budget

No

null

Which frequency band is commonly used for WiFi communication?

2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

700 MHz only

900 MHz only

null

Option 1

Wireless communication systems

No

null

Which frequency band is commonly used in 5G NTN?

UHF

S-band

Ku-band

VHF

null

Option 3

5G NTN

No

null

Which frequency band is commonly used in satellite gateway uplinks?

L-band

C-band

Ku-band

Ka-band

VHF

Option 3

Satellite gateway

No

null

Which frequency bands are commonly used for satellite broadcasting?

VHF and UHF

L and S bands

C, Ku, and Ka bands

X and Y bands

null

Option 3

Satellite broadcasting

No

null

Which handover is unique to 5G NTN vs. terrestrial?

Satellite-to-satellite

Cell-to-cell

Intra-sector

Inter-sector

Frequency-to-frequency

Option 1

5G NTN

No

null

Which is a common source of noise in communication systems?

Thermal agitation

Cosmic background radiation

Man-made interference

Electrical circuit noise

All of the above

Option 5

SNR

No

null

Which is a main challenge for NTN integration?

Rain fade

High mobility

Low latency

Interference immunity

Global spectrum

Option 2

5G NTN

No

null

Which is NOT considered a loss in link budget?

Free space loss

Atmospheric absorption

Antenna gain

Cable loss

Fade margin

Option 3

Link Budget

No

null

Which modulation scheme is commonly used in satellite user terminals for efficient bandwidth usage?

ASK

FSK

QPSK

PAM

PWM

Option 3

Satellite User terminal

No

null

Which of the following best describes link margin?

Difference between transmitted and received power

Extra received power over minimum required

Power lost in cables

null

Option 2

Link Budget

No

null

Which of the following can improve SNR?

Increasing noise power

Decreasing signal power

Increasing signal power

Adding interference

Decreasing signal bandwidth only

Option 3

Signal-to-noise ratio

No

null

Which of the following is a benefit of on-board processing?

Increased data storage needs

Reduced data transmission bandwidth

Longer satellite lifespan

Increased power consumption

null

Option 2

Onboard processing

No

null

Which of the following is a common propulsion type in satellite buses?

Chemical rockets

Ion thrusters

Wind power

Jet engines

null

Option 2

Satellite bus

No

null

Which of the following is a key component in a satellite gateway?

Modem

Rocket booster

Solar panel

Antenna

Thermal radiator

Option 4

Satellite gateway

No

null

Which of the following is a major challenge for Non-Terrestrial Networks?

High atmospheric interference

Long propagation delay for GEO satellites

Limited coverage

Static topology

null

Option 2

Non-Terrestrial Networks

No

null

Which of the following is a technique to reduce uplink interference?

Using wider frequency bands

Employing directional antennas

Increasing transmit power

Decreasing modulation order

Increasing antenna size randomly

Option 2

Uplink

No

null

Which of the following is included in a complete link budget?

Transmitter power

Antenna gains

Path losses

Receiver sensitivity

All of the above

Option 5

Link Budget

No

null

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the satellite bus?

Providing structural support

Facilitating communication between Earth stations

Controlling satellite attitude

Power management

Command and data handling

Option 2

Satellite bus

No

null

Which of the following is NOT an input in a link budget calculation?

Receiver gain

Data rate

Path loss

null

Option 2

Link Budget

No

null

Which orbit is closest to Earth?

GEO

VLEO

LEO

HEO

null

Option 2

5G NTN

No

null

Which organization standardizes 5G NTN?

IETF

3GPP

ETSI

IEEE

null

Option 2

5G NTN

No

null

Which parameter is used to improve signal quality in link budgets?

BER (Bit Error Rate)

Voltage

Current

Resistance

null

Option 1

Link Budget

No

null

Which parameter is used to measure noise power in communications systems?

Thermal noise

Background noise temperature

Noise figure

All of the above

null

Option 4

SNR

No

null

Which power source is commonly used in satellite buses?

Nuclear

Solar panels

Coal

Batteries only

Wind turbines

Option 2

Satellite bus

No

null

Which protocol is often used to improve TCP performance over satellite?

UDP

FTP

Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP)

null

Option 3

TCP over satellite

No

null

Which satellite constellation is designed specifically for broadband NTN services?

GPS

Iridium

Starlink

Galileo

GLONASS

Option 3

NTN

No

null

Which statement about BER and latency is true?

Lower BER means higher latency

Higher BER means higher latency

BER and latency unrelated

Both proportional

null

Option 3

Bit error rate

No

null

Which subsystem is NOT typically part of a satellite bus?

Structure

Payload

Power

null

Option 2

Satellite bus

No

null

Which technique helps reduce the effect of long RTT in TCP satellite links?

Increasing window size

Decreasing window size

Using smaller packets

null

Option 1

TCP over satellite

No

null

Which type of orbit is typically used in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks?

Geostationary Orbit

Medium Earth Orbit

Low Earth Orbit

Highly Elliptical Orbit

null

Option 3

Non-Terrestrial Networks

No

null

A 64-QAM downlink transmission carries how many bits per symbol?

4

6

8

16

64

Option 2

Downlink

No

null

A gateway station in satellite communications is primarily used to:

Send user data to satellite

Receive satellite signals and route to internet

Amplify signals

Control satellite orbit

Encrypt data

Option 2

Gateway station

No

null

A hard handover is also called:

Make-before-break

Break-before-make

Seamless handover

Soft handover

null

Option 2

Handover procedure

No

null

A primary goal of beamforming is to:

Reduce noise

Increase bandwidth

Increase coverage

Maximize signal at receiver

Minimize error

Option 4

Beamforming

No

null

An ideal communication channel has BER:

1

0.1

0.01

0

Infinity

Option 4

BER

No

null

An inter satellite link within LEO constellation provides:

High latency

Low latency

No latency

null

Option 2

Inter satellite Link

No

null

At approximately what frequency does the Broadcasting Satellite Service (BSS) typically operate for its downlink?

The BSS downlink operates primarily at 4 GHz, within the traditional C-band range.

The broadcasting satellite service makes use of downlinks at about 12 GHz.

The BSS downlink uses frequencies near 2 GHz, similar to mobile satellite services.

null

Option2

Downlink

No

null

At what altitude do geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate?

Geostationary earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of approximately 35,786 km directly above the equator.

Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of about 35,786 miles, maintaining a fixed position relative to the Earth’s poles.

Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of approximately 42,164 km from the Earth’s surface, which places them beyond the geostationary belt.

Geostationary Earth orbit satellites operate at an altitude of about 35,786 km, but are positioned at various inclinations rather than directly above the equator.

null

Option1

NTN

No

null

Based on regular estimations of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) what does the FMT loop do?

the FMT loop allows to control the modulation type, the code rate and the symbol rate, to optimize the spectral efficiency on the transmission.

The FMT loop allows control only of the modulation type, without adjusting the code rate or symbol rate, to optimize spectral efficiency.

The FMT loop allows control of modulation type, code rate, and symbol rate, but it cannot adjust the symbol rate dynamically.

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Option1

SNR

No

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Beam squint is an effect mainly in:

Narrowband systems

Wideband systems

Analog systems only

Digital systems only

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Option 2

Beamforming

No

null

Beamforming can be classified into:

Two types

Three types

Four types

One type

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Option 2

Beamforming

No

null

Beamforming primarily improves:

Power consumption

Data rate

Signal directionality

Security

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Option 3

Beamforming

No

null

Beamforming uses constructive interference to:

Minimize signal

Maximize power

Randomize phase

Increase error

Reduce power

Option 2

Beamforming

No

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Beamforming weights adjust:

Amplitudes only

Phases only

Phases and amplitudes

Frequency

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Option 3

Beamforming

No

null

Beamforming weights of an N-element array are complex and control:

Frequency

Delay

Phase and amplitude

Speed

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Option 3

Beamforming

No

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BER increases when signal power is halved while noise power stays constant.

TRUE

FALSE

Depends on modulation

Depends on bandwidth

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Option 1

Bit error rate

No

null

BER is critical in evaluating:

Data compression

Link quality

Throughput only

Signal modulation

Channel bandwidth

Option 2

BER

No

null

Bit error rate measures:

Power lost

Number of errors per trillion bits

Percentage of bits with errors

Probability of a bit being in error

Ratio of errored bits to total bits

Option 5

BER

No

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Circular polarization describes a wave with:

Constant amplitude

Rotating electric field

Constant frequency

Linear magnetic field

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Option 2

Circular Polarization

No

null

Circular polarization is commonly used in:

Fiber optics

Satellite communication

Copper cables

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Option 2

Circular Polarization

No

null

Circular polarization power splits equally into two:

Frequency bands

Orthogonal linear polarizations

Time slots

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Option 2

Circular Polarization

No

null

Circular polarization reduces the impact of:

Multipath fading

Thermal noise

Frequency shift

Phase delay

Modulation errors

Option 1

Circular Polarization

No

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Codebook-based beamforming uses:

Fixed patterns

Random weights

Dynamic patterns

No weights

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Option 1

Beamforming

No

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describe NR-NTN in mobile communication systems?

NR-NTN is part of the 5G NR radio interface family.

NR-NTN is a legacy 3G standard used exclusively for terrestrial networks.

NR-NTN is part of the Wi-Fi 6E standard for unlicensed spectrum.

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Option1

NTN

No

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Describe the primary uses of the L-band in satellite communications?

It is used for GPS navigation, satellite phones, aviation tracking, and maritime communications.

It is primarily used for high-definition television broadcasting and ultra-high-speed internet only.

It is exclusively reserved for deep-space communications beyond the solar system.

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Option1

Satellite Bandwidth

No

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describe the structure and characteristics of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?

ATM is a fast packet-oriented transfer mode based on asynchronous time division multiplexing and it uses fixed-length (53 bytes) cells, each of which consists of an information field (48 bytes) and a header (5 bytes).

ATM transmits variable-length packets with a 64-byte header and no information field.

ATM uses synchronous time division multiplexing with dynamically sized frames.

ATM is a circuit-switched protocol that does not use packet-based transfer.

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Option1

IP over satellite

No

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describe the types of networks included in the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) family?

The NTN family includes satellite communication networks, high altitude platform systems (HAPS), and air-to-ground networks.

Only terrestrial fiber-optic networks and cellular base stations.

Underwater acoustic networks exclusively.

Satellite networks but excluding HAPS and air-to-ground links.

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Option1

5G NTN

No

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Digital beamforming operates in which domain?

Analog

Optical

Digital

RF

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Option 3

Beamforming

No

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Downlink control information is sent via:

PUSCH

PDCCH

PBCH

PCFICH

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Option 2

Downlink

No

null

Downlink refers to data transfer:

From user to base station

From base station to user

Between base stations

Between users

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Option 2

Downlink

No

null

Downlink throughput depends on:

UE speed

Base station transmit power

Channel quality

Modulation scheme

All of these

Option 5

Downlink

No

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During which phases of a satellite launch is tracking particularly important?

Tracking is important during the transfer and drift orbital phases of the satellite launch.

Tracking is only necessary after the satellite reaches its final orbit, as earlier stages rely entirely on preprogrammed trajectories.

Tracking is not required during the transfer orbit, since ground control cannot communicate with the satellite during this phase.

Tracking is performed only during the launch vehicle ascent, not during orbital maneuvers.

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Option1

TT&C

No

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DVB-S2 frame length usually is:

64800 bits

16200 bits

8100 bits

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Option 2

DVB-S2

No

null

DVB-S2 is a standard for:

Terrestrial TV

Satellite TV

Cable TV

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Option 2

DVB-S2

No

null

DVB-S2 standard is often used for:

Satellite TV only

IP over satellite

Voice over IP

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Option 2

IP over satellite

No

null

DVB-S2 supports which roll-off factors?

0.15, 0.20, 0.25

0.10, 0.15, 0.30

0.20, 0.25, 0.35

0.10, 0.20, 0.30

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Option 1

DVB-S2

No

null

DVB-S2 uses which error correction code?

Reed-Solomon

Turbo Codes

LDPC codes

BCH codes

null

Option 3

DVB-S2

No

null

DVB-S2X allows:

Variable coding rates only

Variable modulation orders only

Variable coding and modulation

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Option 3

DVB-S2X

No

null

DVB-S2X codec offers:

Fixed frame length

Short and long frame lengths

Only short frames

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Option 2

DVB-S2X

No

null

DVB-S2X is an extension of which standard?

DVB-S

DVB-T2

DVB-C

DVB-H

DVB-RCS

Option 1

DVB-S2X

No

null

DVB-S2X supports channel bonding up to:

72 MHz

108 MHz

216 MHz

null

Option 4

DVB-S2X

No

null

DVB-S2X supports modulation up to:

8PSK

16APSK

32APSK

64APSK

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Option 4

DVB-S2X

No

null

Edge computing reduces latency by:

Moving data closer to user

Increasing bandwidth

Using satellites

Increasing processing power centrally

null

Option 1

Communication Latency

No

null

Elliptical polarization is a general case of circular polarization when:

Axial ratio = 1

Axial ratio ≠ 1

Axial ratio = 0

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Option 2

Circular Polarization

No

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For a highly reliable, mission-critical RF telemetry link, what is the recommended minimum fade margin?

If a highly reliable, mission critical RF telemetry link is required, the design goal should be for a minimum fade margin of 20 to 30 dB.

0 to 5 dB, as minimal fade margin is sufficient for mission-critical links.

5 to 10 dB, because mission-critical links require only slight redundancy.

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Option1

Link Budget

No

null

For circular polarization, phase difference between orthogonal components is:

0⁰

45⁰

90⁰

180⁰

null

Option 3

Circular Polarization

No

null

For DVB-S2X, spectral efficiency increases by approx what percentage over DVB-S2?

5%

10%

15%

null

Option 2

DVB-S2X

No

null

For which type of channel is the Nyquist capacity applicable?

The Nyquist capacity is for a single noiseless or a single-in, single-out (SISO) channel.

Any multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) channel without modification.

Only channels with infinite noise power.

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Option1

Carrier-to-noise ratio

No

null

Gateway handover management is required in

Mobile satellite networks

Fixed satellite networks

IPTV networks

null

Option 1

Satellite gateway

No

null

Gateway IT infrastructure primarily deals with

Satellite payload control

Data processing, routing, and management

Propulsion

Thermal management

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Option 2

Satellite gateway

No

null

Gateway site diversity is used to:

Increase satellite range

Provide redundancy and improve reliability

Increase transmit power

Reduce interference

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Option 2

Gateway station

No

null

Gateway stations can support:

Single satellite

Multiple satellites

Only uplink

Only downlink

User mobility

Option 2

Gateway station

No

null

Gateway stations typically connect satellite networks to:

Mobile phones

Terrestrial networks

Spacecraft

User terminals

null

Option 2

Gateway station

No

null

Handover decision is mostly based on:

Signal strength and quality

User location

Packet size

Frequency

Modulation scheme

Option 1

Handover procedure

No

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How are communications between users typically set up in a terrestrial network?

Through user terminals consisting of equipment such as telephone sets, fax machines, and computers, which are connected to the terrestrial network.

Directly between satellites, without any user terminal involvement.

Using only RF signal repeaters, with no terminal devices.

Exclusively via analog switches in the network core, ignoring user equipment.

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Option1

Satellite User terminal

No

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How are NSA-based aspects like Xn mobility between NTN and terrestrial gNBs treated in 3GPP Release-17?

They are considered low priority compared to other 5G and NTN enhancements.

They are the highest priority and are fully implemented before any other features.

They are completely ignored and removed from the 3GPP specifications.

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Option1

3gpp

No

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How can a satellite network compensate for propagation delay differences experienced by a user equipment (UE)?

By adjusting the UE measurement window through system information or using dedicated signaling for each UE.

By increasing the satellite transmission power to overcome the delay.

By only reducing the bandwidth of the satellite link.

By moving the satellite to a lower orbit to reduce all delays.

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Option1

5G NTN

No

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How can BER be reduced in satellite communication?

The Bit-error-ratio can be reduced by using FEC within the modem, a feature that takes advantage of custom VLSI and DSP chips.

BER is reduced by operating the system in burst mode, meaning that the demodulator must acquire and reacquire the signal rapidly to capture data from different Earth stations operating on the same frequency.

Bit-error-ratio is decreased by introducing a second data communication cable that allows upstream communications.

BER is reduced by doubling the number of bits per second that are carried within a given amount of bandwidth.

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Option1

BER

No

null

How can forward error correction (FEC) help with low SNR conditions?

By increasing noise power

By enabling error detection and correction

By increasing signal power

null

Option 2

SNR

No

null

How can increased delays affect CQI reporting and MCS assignment in satellite or wireless systems?

They can cause delays in CQI reporting and MCS updates, leading to mismatches with current channel conditions like rain fade on downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

They eliminate the need for CQI reporting since channel conditions become stable.

They improve MCS assignment accuracy regardless of changing channel conditions.

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Option1

Non-Terrestrial Networks

No

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How can Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) interact with existing terrestrial mobile networks?

It is anticipated that NTN can interact with 5G, 4G or even 3G terrestrial networks via legacy inter-RAT (radio access technology) procedures.

NTN operates completely independently and cannot interface with any terrestrial network technology.

NTN can interact only with future 6G networks, not with existing 3G, 4G, or 5G systems.

NTN uses optical fiber connections exclusively for inter-network communication, bypassing radio access procedures.

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Option1

3gpp

No

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How can Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) support societal applications?

NTN can facilitate broadband access to healthcare infrastructure and online learning platforms.

NTN provides broadband only for entertainment services, not for healthcare or education.

NTN is used exclusively for military communications, not for civilian applications like healthcare or education.

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Option1

5G NTN

No

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How can spectral noise density be lowered in a communication system?

One way to lower the spectral noise density is to reduce the bandwidth, but we are limited by the band width required to transmit the desired bit rate.

Spectral noise density can be lowered by increasing bandwidth, with no limitations from the bit rate.

Spectral noise density is independent of bandwidth and cannot be lowered by any means.

Reducing bandwidth always increases noise density, making the link unusable.

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Option1

Bit error rate

No

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How do quantization errors impact digital communication systems?

Quantization errors reduce BER performance by causing incorrect or ambiguous reconstruction of the digital waveform.

Quantization errors improve BER performance by averaging out signal fluctuations.

Quantization errors only affect analog signals, not digital waveforms.

Quantization errors are fully eliminated by modulation techniques.

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Option1

BER

No

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How do RCSTs (Return Channel Satellite Terminals) request and update bandwidth for MAC real-time traffic?

At log-on, RCSTs request a fixed bandwidth (CRA) for MAC real-time traffic, which can later be updated via the dynamic QoS architecture using SIP proxy information.

RCSTs are automatically assigned unlimited bandwidth without requests.

RCSTs cannot update their bandwidth once the terminal logs on.

RCSTs request bandwidth only via TCP acknowledgments, not QoS mechanisms.

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Option1

Satellite Bandwidth

No

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