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in Revelstoke until 1932 . In 1916 , he won the Championship of Canada Ski Jumping Contest , which he would subsequently defend every year until 1920 . He continued by setting the Canadian amateur record in 1920 , and breaking it again in 1921 and 1923 . He was among the most successful jumpers in Canada from 1916 to 1925 , taking home most trophies . Among his methods to improve his jumps was placing pieces of lead at the front or back of the skies to give optimal balance . Nelsen traveled throughout Canada and the United States to attend ski jumping competitions . In British Columbia , he attended competitions in Nelson , Trail , Rossland , Princeton , Kamloops , Sandon , Nakusp , Kimberley and Cranbrook . In Alberta , he attended tournaments in Calgary , Edmonton , Banff and Camrose ; in eastern Canada in Ottawa and Montreal . In the United States , he attended events in Mount Rainier and Leavenworth in Washington ; Dillon , Steamboat Springs and Denver in Colorado ; Salt Lake City ; and Brattleboro , Vermont . He became Canadian champion five times , in 1917 , 1918 , 1919 , 1920 and 1922 . His various best jumps were Canadian records from 1916 to 1932 . During the 1925 Winter Carnival Tournament , Nelsen , sick with influenza , set a world record at the Big Hill . Jumping 73 meters ( 240 ft ) , the record remained until it was broken by Adolph Badrut at Bernina @-@ Roseg @-@ Schanze in Switzerland in 1930 , who jumped 75 meters ( 246 ft ) . However , Bob Lymburne was able to again claim the world record for the Big Hill , when he jumped 82 meters ( 269 ft ) in 1932 . Although accepted as a record , it was not at the time favored in Europe to stress distance records . This was because it was regarded that simply building a larger hill would undoubtedly give a longer jump , and in part because such records did not take style into consideration . Nelsen and Melbourne McKenzie planned to travel to St. Moritz , Switzerland , to attend the 1928 Winter Olympics , but lack of funding meant that they planned for work for their fare on a freighter . These plans were stopped by officials from the British delegation , who felt it was inappropriate and not fitting for the team , and Nelsen never competed in any Winter Olympics . Nelsen kept his amateur status , but did well against professionals those times he competed against them . During the winter of 1932 , he worked as a ski instructor in Quebec . In a hunting accident in 1932 , he lost an arm , and never jumped again . = = Organizer career and legacy = = After arriving in Revelstoke , Nelsen was instrumental in the establishment of Revelstoke Ski Club and the Big Hill located within Mount Revelstoke National Park . In 1927 , he helped establish a ski jump in Grouse Mountain in North Vancouver . After his accident , he started working to establish Field Ski Club in Field , British Columbia , where he spent time between trains . He promoted a strict adherence to the amateur code , and stated that debates regarding professionalism were disruptive for the United States National Ski Association . Traditionally , governing of skiing in Canada was split between the Canadian Amateur Ski Association ( CASA ) and the Western Canada Amateur Ski Association ( WCASA ) . Nelsen was the latter 's president , and after years of rivalry , which even reached the point where they did not recognize each other , Nelsen eventually was part of the negotiation for an amalgamation which took into consideration the needs of the western clubs . Nelsen subsequently became vice @-@ president of CASA from 1934 . He died of heart failure in Field on 3 June 1943 — his 49th birthday . In 1948 , after Big Hill had been expanded , it was renamed Nels Nelsen Hill . Nelsen was inscribed in the U.S. National Ski Hall of Fame in 1971 , the Canadian Ski Hall of Fame in 1983 ,
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137,201
and the following year in the BC Sports Hall of Fame . = Manny Malhotra = Emmanuel " Manny " Noveen Malhotra ( born May 18 , 1980 ) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre , who is currently an unrestricted free agent who last played with the Lake Erie Monsters in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) on a try @-@ out basis . He previously played in the NHL for the Montreal Canadiens , Carolina Hurricanes , Vancouver Canucks , San Jose Sharks , Columbus Blue Jackets , Dallas Stars and the New York Rangers . Malhotra is known as a two @-@ way forward and for his faceoff proficiency . = = Playing career = = Malhotra was drafted in the first round as the seventh overall pick of the 1998 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Rangers . He joined the NHL after a two @-@ year career in the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) with the Guelph Storm , with served as captain in his final year . Winning a J. Ross Robertson Cup championship and subsequently appearing in the 1998 Memorial Cup with the Storm , Malhotra also earned a Bobby Smith Trophy , George Parsons Trophy and Memorial Cup All @-@ Star honours as a junior . He played with the Rangers from 1998 to 2002 . During this time he was assigned on numerous occasions to the team 's AHL affiliate , the Hartford Wolf Pack , with whom he won a Calder Cup championship in 2000 . At the 2001 – 02 trade deadline , he was dealt to the Stars and spent parts of three seasons with the club . Beginning in 2003 – 04 , Malhotra began to see increased offensive production , marked by his acquisition off waivers by the Blue Jackets . After four seasons in Columbus , he signed a one @-@ year contract with the Sharks in September 2009 . He recorded a career @-@ high in goals with San Jose , before joining the Canucks on a three @-@ year deal . In his first season with Vancouver , Malhotra suffered a major injury to his left eye , requiring several surgeries . Despite having lost a significant amount of his vision , he returned the same year to compete in the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . He struggled to play with the injury until Canucks management placed him on the injured reserve for the remainder of the 2012 @-@ 13 season in February 2013 . Internationally , Malhotra has represented Canada in under @-@ 18 competition , two World Junior Championships and one World Championship . Serving as team captain at the 2000 World Junior Championships , Malhotra led Canada to a bronze medal . = = = Guelph Storm = = = After playing minor hockey with the Mississauga Reps of the Metro Toronto Hockey League ( MTHL ) , After being selected in the first round ( 17th overall ) of the 1996 OHL Priority Selection , Malhotra played two seasons in the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) with the Guelph Storm , beginning in 1996 – 97 . He scored 16 goals and 44 points over 61 games in his rookie season . In the 1997 playoffs , he added 14 points in 18 games as Guelph lost in the semifinals to the Ottawa 67 's . The following season , he improved to 16 goals and 51 points over 57 games . He served as team captain while being assigned the primary role of shutting down opposing team 's top forwards . Guelph advanced to the OHL Finals , where they defeated Ottawa in five games to capture the J. Ross Robertson Cup . Malhotra had 13 points in 12 games in the championship @-@ winning playoff season . Earning a berth into the 1998 Memorial Cup , Guelph made it to the final , where they lost to the Portland Winter Hawks 4 – 3 in overtime . Malhotra ranked third in tournament scoring with a goal and seven points over five games . He was named to the Memorial Cup All @-@ Star Team and was awarded the George Parsons Trophy as the tournament 's most sportsmanlike
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"▁and", "▁", "1", "2", "▁points", "▁over", "▁", "5", "0", "▁games", "▁in", "▁the", "▁N", "HL", "▁.", "▁The", "▁season", "▁also", "▁marked", "▁a" ]
137,202
player . = = = New York Rangers = = = In the off @-@ season , Malhotra was drafted by the New York Rangers in the first round , seventh overall , of the 1998 NHL Entry Draft . The Rangers scouted him as a strong , physical player with good hockey sense and character , comparing him to Adam Graves . He was surprised to have been selected by the Rangers , as they were one of the only teams to have not interviewed or met with him prior to the draft . He anticipated being drafted by the Calgary Flames at sixth overall , as the team 's general manager , Al Coates had previously drafted him into the OHL as general manager of the Storm . With the 1998 – 99 approaching , Malhotra had not yet signed an NHL contract with the Rangers by October . League rules stipulated that if he did not sign by October 8 , 1998 , he would be required to return to junior for the entire campaign . The night before the deadline , Malhotra and the Rangers agreed to a three @-@ year deal worth the rookie @-@ maximum of $ 975 @,@ 000 with performance @-@ based incentives that could have increased his salary to $ 2 million . Making the immediate jump from junior to the NHL at the age of 18 , he became the second player of Indian heritage to play in the NHL . Malhotra recorded eight goals and 16 points over 73 games as a rookie . During the season , the Rangers were interested in acquiring Vancouver Canucks forward Pavel Bure . It was reported that Canucks general manager Brian Burke had requested Malhotra to be involved in a trade that would have sent him along with Niklas Sundstrom , Dan Cloutier and the Rangers ' first @-@ round pick in the 1999 draft in exchange for Bure . However , Rangers general manager Neil Smith refused to include Malhotra and the deal never materialized . The following season , he struggled to earn a regular spot on the Rangers ' roster and was often a healthy scratch . Rangers head coach John Muckler publicly declared before the beginning of the Malhotra 's second NHL campaign that he would be nothing more than a career third @-@ liner . Malhotra 's potential was often at the centre of an ongoing dispute between Muckler and Smith . Malhotra suffered an ankle injury in November that sidelined him for four games . Upon his recovery , his play was judged by team management to have suffered and he began to be benched . Meanwhile , the Canadian national junior team wanted the Rangers to loan him to them for the 2000 World Junior Championships . On December 12 , 1999 , general manager Neil Smith obliged and assigned Malhotra for the international tournament . He was then sent for a two @-@ week conditioning assignment with the Rangers ' American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Hartford Wolf Pack . On March 14 , 2000 , he was sent back down to the OHL on March 14 , 2000 , in order to retain his eligibility for later AHL assignment in the season . Malhotra had dressed for only four games in the two months between his return from the World Junior Championships in early @-@ January and his junior reassignment . He was pointless in the 27 games total he played with the Rangers that season . Returning to Guelph , he played in five regular season and six playoff games . Upon his junior club 's first @-@ round playoff elimination , he was reassigned to the Wolf Pack where he recorded a goal and six points over 12 games to finish the regular season . He then added three points in 23 post @-@ season contests , helping the Wolf Pack to the franchise 's first Calder Cup championship . Malhotra returned to the Wolf Pack the following season after failing to make the Rangers ' roster out of training camp . With New York deep at the centre position , his AHL assignment was predicated on him learning to play wing . He received numerous call @-@ ups to New York and finished the 2000 – 01 campaign with 11 points over 28 games in the AHL and 12 points over 50 games in the NHL . The season also marked a
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137,203
management change as Glen Sather took over as general manager , marking the departure of Smith , who had drafted Malhotra and regarded him as untradeable during his tenure . Fifty @-@ six games into his 2001 – 02 season with the Rangers , Sather dealt Malhotra to the Dallas Stars at the trade deadline , along with winger Barrett Heisten , in exchange for forwards Martin Rucinsky and Roman Lyashenko . Although he had established himself as an effective forechecker and defensive forward , Malhotra did not materialize into the offensive player the Rangers hoped he would be . = = = Post @-@ New York = = = Malhotra welcomed the trade to Dallas as an opportunity for more playing time , as he was sparsely used with the Rangers . However , he saw limited success with the Stars . Following his trade , he recorded one point , a goal , in 16 games to finish the 2001 – 02 season . He was re @-@ signed by Dallas to a two @-@ year contract on June 27 , 2002 . In 2002 – 03 , he recorded 10 points over 59 games . He appeared in his first Stanley Cup playoffs as the Stars qualified for the 2003 post @-@ season as the top seed in the Western Conference . They were eliminated in the second round by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . After going pointless in nine games early the following season , the Stars waived Malhotra on November 19 , 2003 . Two days later , he was picked up by the Columbus Blue Jackets . Malhotra improved with the Blue Jackets , notching 12 goals and 25 points over 56 games following the trade . He missed the final six games of the regular season with a bruised ankle . His ice time rose from an average of nine minutes a game with Dallas the previous season to 14 minutes in Columbus . Due to the NHL lockout , Malhotra spent the 2004 – 05 season overseas in Europe . He initially signed with HDD Olimpija Ljubljana of Slovenia on October 8 , 2004 , and recorded 27 points over 26 games ( including both Slovenian league and inter @-@ league play ) . On December 12 , he signed with HV71 Jönköping of the Swedish Elite League . He notched seven points in 20 games with the club . Returning to Columbus as NHL resumed play the following season , Malhotra spent 2005 – 06 centering Columbus ' third line . Despite missing 24 games due to injury with back spasms in November and a shoulder injury in January , he improved his points total for the second straight NHL season with 10 goals and 21 assists . The Blue Jackets re @-@ signed him in the off @-@ season to a three @-@ year contract on June 20 , 2006 . In the first year of his new contract , he tallied nine goals and 25 points over a full 82 @-@ game season . Malhotra missed 11 games with a recurring knee injury in December 2007 . Late in the 2007 – 08 season , on March 17 , 2008 , he recorded a career @-@ high three points in one game ( two goals and an assist ) in a 4 – 3 win against the Detroit Red Wings . He finished the campaign with 11 goals and 29 points . Early in the 2008 – 09 season , Malhotra missed five games with a lower @-@ body injury . He recorded a career @-@ high 24 assists and 35 points over 77 games during the campaign . As Columbus was plagued with numerous injuries over the course of the season , Malhotra was used on various lines while also in a shutdown role , playing against top opposing forwards . His contract was not renewed by the Blue Jackets in the 2009 off @-@ season and he became an unrestricted free agent . After failing to sign with an NHL team , Malhotra accepted an invitation to the San Jose Sharks ' training camp on September 17 , 20
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137,204
09 . Five days later , he signed a one @-@ year , $ 700 @,@ 000 deal with the team . He went on to record a career @-@ high 14 goals and plus @-@ 17 rating , along with 19 assists for 33 points , in his only season with the Sharks . He centred the team 's third line and earned time playing wing on the powerplay . The Sharks did not re @-@ sign him , however , and he became an unrestricted free agent for the second consecutive summer on July 1 , 2010 . Looking back on his time in San Jose , Malhotra called it the " most enjoyable season [ he 's ] had as a pro , " being able to play for a winning team and have a long playoff run for the first time in his NHL career . = = = Vancouver Canucks = = = On his first day of free agency on July 1 , 2010 , Malhotra signed a three @-@ year , $ 7 @.@ 5 million deal with the Vancouver Canucks that included a no @-@ trade clause . Malhotra was named an alternate captain during away games for the Canucks before the season began . He scored his first goal as a Canuck on October 22 , during a 5 – 1 win against the Minnesota Wild . Malhotra settled into to the Canucks ' lineup as the team 's third @-@ line centre , often playing with wingers Raffi Torres and Jannik Hansen , while playing significant time on the penalty kill and matching up against opposing team 's best forwards . His success as a defensive specialist earned him early consideration for the Selke Trophy as the league 's best two @-@ way forward . In an article on the NHL 's website , he was chosen as the front @-@ runner for the award at the mid @-@ way point of the campaign . He was also credited with allowing the team to use Ryan Kesler in a more offensive role ( Kesler was the team 's previous shutdown centre ) ; as a result , the second @-@ line centre recorded career @-@ highs in goals and points . Near the end of the season , Malhotra was struck in the eye by a puck during a game against the Colorado Avalanche on March 16 , 2011 . He immediately left the ice and underwent eye surgery the following day . It was announced on March 21 , 2011 that Malhotra would not be returning to the lineup for the rest of the regular season and the playoffs , without further comment on Malhotra 's condition . Eight days later , he underwent a second successful surgery on his eye . Limited to 72 games , Malhotra recorded his third consecutive 30 @-@ point season with 11 goals and 19 assists , while playing on the Canucks ' third line with Raffi Torres and Jannik Hansen . His 61 @.@ 7 % faceoff percentage ranked second in the league behind David Steckel . The campaign also included the 100th goal of his NHL career , scored in a 3 @-@ 0 win against the Anaheim Ducks on March 6 , 2011 . On a team @-@ basis , Malhotra 's first season with the Canucks saw them earn the Presidents ' Trophy for having the best regular season record in the league . In the midst of his recovery , Malhotra made an appearance during the team 's pre @-@ game ceremony at Rogers Arena , co @-@ accepting the trophy with captain Henrik Sedin . Despite original statements from the team that he would not return for the playoffs , Malhotra began working his way up from light practices with the team in May 2011 . By the end of the month , he was cleared by doctors to play in the Stanley Cup Finals . Though he remained out of the lineup for Game 1 , he returned for the following contest and played the rest of the series as the team 's fourth @-@ line centre ( late @-@ season acquisition Maxim Lapierre filled in for Malhotra on the third line ) . Playing against the Boston Bruins , the Finals went to a seventh game , which the Canucks lost . Malhotra 's regular season performance earned him six first @-@ place votes out of 125 for the Selke
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137,205
Trophy . He ranked fifth in balloting , as teammate Ryan Kesler won the distinction at the year @-@ end Awards Ceremony . Having lost a significant amount of his vision in his left eye , Malhotra struggled in his first full season since the injury in 2011 – 12 . He was supplanted as the Canucks ' third @-@ line centre by rookie Cody Hodgson and later Samuel Pahlsson . Canucks head coach Alain Vigneault assessed Malhotra during the season as " not the same physical player he was before , " adding that " He 's still contributing but not maybe to the degree that he was before he got injured . " Playing left wing on the fourth line , he remained an integral part of the team by playing on the penalty kill and taking important defensive zone faceoffs . Near the end of the campaign , Malhotra was chosen as the Canucks ' nominee for the Bill Masterton Trophy , an annual NHL award for perseverance , sportsmanship and dedication to hockey . With a diminished offensive role , Malhotra finished his second season in Vancouver with 7 goals and 18 points over 78 games , as well as a -10 plus @-@ minus rating . He remained among the league 's elite in terms of faceoffs , however , ranking fourth with a 58 @.@ 5 % percentage . Continuing to struggle with his eye injury , Malhotra was put on the injured reserve a month into the 2012 @-@ 13 season . Fearing for his long @-@ term health , Canucks general manager Mike Gillis took him out of the lineup for the season , a decision that he described as the " hardest thing [ he has ] done in [ his ] job . " Malhotra had appeared in nine games without recording a point . = = = Carolina Hurricanes = = = At the end of the 2013 NHL season , Malhotra became an unrestricted free agent . After being unsigned by an NHL team at the start of the 2013 – 14 season and looking to continue his playing career Malhotra signed a 25 @-@ game professional try out ( PTO ) contract with the AHL 's Charlotte Checkers . The Carolina Hurricanes signed Malhotra to a one @-@ year two way contract on October 31 and he made his Carolina debut against the New York Rangers on November 2 . On November 6 , Manny scored his first NHL goal in 19 months , scoring a game winner in overtime against the Flyers . As a measure of the amount of respect he has earned in the locker room in just a few weeks , Manny was selected to be an interim Assistant Captain while Tim Gleason is out with an injury . After Gleason was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs , Malhotra was officially declared Alternate Captain for the remainder of the season . = = = Montreal Canadiens = = = On July 1 , 2014 , Malhotra signed as a free agent to a one @-@ year deal with the Montreal Canadiens . In the 2014 – 15 season , Malhotra was primarily used as the Canadiens fourth line center and face @-@ off specialist . On February 28 , 2015 , Malhotra scored his first and only goal with Montreal in his 53rd appearance in a 4 @-@ 0 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs . Malhotra completed the season registering only 4 points in 58 contests . On May 15 , 2015 , it was announced by Canadiens GM Marc Bergevin , that Malhotra would not return to the Montreal Canadiens next season . In July 2015 , Malhotra officially became a Free Agent and proceeded to go un @-@ signed over the summer . Two months into the 2015 – 16 season , Malhotra returned within the Columbus Blue Jackets organization by signing a professional try @-@ out contract with American Hockey League affiliate , the Lake Erie Monsters on December 3 , 2015 . = = International career = = In the summer of 1997 , Malhotra captained Canada 's under @-@ 18 team to a championship at the 3 Nations
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"ides", "▁—", "▁against", "▁the" ]
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Cup in the Czech Republic . Canada finished as tournament champions , going undefeated over six games against the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the three @-@ country competition . The following year , Malhotra was named to the Canadian national under @-@ 20 team for the 1998 World Junior Championships , held in Finland . He was the second @-@ youngest player on the team , behind Vincent Lecavalier . Malhotra was pointless in seven games as Canada was defeated in the quarterfinal by Russia 2 – 1 . The following year , he was not available for the tournament as he was playing in the NHL with the Rangers . In 2000 , however , he was loaned to Team Canada by the Rangers ' organization , as he was still eligible as a junior . Serving as team captain , he notched two assists over seven games in the tournament , held in Sweden . Canada earned the bronze medal , defeating the United States 4 – 3 in a shootout . Malhotra debuted with Canada 's men 's team at the 2002 World Championships in Sweden . He recorded no points in seven games as Canada was eliminated in the quarterfinal by Slovakia . = = Personal life = = Malhotra was born and raised in Mississauga , Ontario . His father , Shadi was born in Lahore and worked as a research chemist for Xerox . He holds over 110 patents and is now retired . His mother , Lise , is a French @-@ Canadian and was a stay @-@ at @-@ home mom . His parents both hold doctorate degrees from the Université Laval in Quebec City – his father 's in polymer chemistry and his mother 's in biochemistry – and prioritized education for Malhotra . Due to his mother 's French background , he spoke both French and English at home . Malhotra has three siblings , two brothers and a sister . Malhotra started playing organized hockey at the age of seven . He attended John Fraser Secondary School in Mississauga before graduating from Our Lady of Lourdes in Guelph , Ontario . Malhotra moved to Guelph to begin his OHL career with the Guelph Storm , during which time he was awarded the Bobby Smith Trophy as the OHL 's scholastic player of the year in 1998 . He has referred to it as the award he is most proud of in his hockey career . In 2009 , he received the National Leadership Award in a ceremony at his former high school in Guelph . In his initial years with the Rangers , the organization arranged for him to live with former player Doug Sulliman and his family . In September 2007 , Malhotra married Joann Nash , sister of National Basketball Association ( NBA ) star Steve Nash and former Vancouver Whitecaps FC midfielder Martin Nash . Malhotra and Joann had their first child in the summer of 2008 , a boy named Caleb . Their second son , Isaiah , was born on September 30 , 2012 . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = = Ways and Means ( The West Wing ) = " Ways and Means " is the 47th The West Wing episode and 3rd of the third season . It originally aired on NBC October 24 , 2001 . The episode sees the beginnings of President Bartlet 's Congressional hearings , as well as negotiations over the estate tax . Written by Aaron Sorkin , Eli Attie and Gene Sperling , and directed by Alex Graves , the episode contains the first appearances by Mark Feuerstein as Clifford " Cliff " Calley . There are also guest appearances by Thom Barry , Nicholas Pryor and Miguel Sandoval . = = Plot = = The subpoenas are handed out in the hearing over Bartlet 's concealment of his multiple sclerosis . The special prosecutor , Clement Rollins ( Pryor ) , appears to be both fair and responsible , but C.J. believes the White House will be better served in the public eye if investigated by a partisan agent . She therefore decides — against the
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"ta", "ʿ", "at", "▁(", "▁f", "ief", "s", "▁)", "▁in", "▁the", "▁Sy", "rian", "▁ste", "ppe", "▁,", "▁which", "▁formed", "▁the", "▁im", "ar", "at", "▁al", "▁@", "-", "@", "▁", "ʿ", "arab", "▁(", "▁em", "ir", "ate", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Bed", "ou", "in", "▁)", "▁.", "▁The", "▁im", "ar", "at", "▁al", "▁@", "-", "@", "▁" ]
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strong objections of White House counsel Oliver Babish — to present Rollins as an ally of the administration , thereby forcing Congress to take control over the investigation . Meanwhile Donna , unwittingly , becomes entangled in potential problems over the hearings . Ainsley Hayes sets her up on a date with the Republican House Government Oversight Committee counsel Clifford Calley , but even though the date seems to go well , Calley then leaves her quite abruptly in the middle of the street . Donna later realizes the reason : his congressional committee is the one that will be in charge of the investigation , and a relationship between the two could constitute a conflict of interest . While Sam and Bruno are concerned about the loyalty of a powerful California union official ( Sandoval ) , Toby and Josh are preparing for a meeting with the congressional opposition to re @-@ negotiate the estate tax — or the " death tax " as the Republicans have labeled it — but are then surprised by a last @-@ minute cancellation . It soon becomes clear that the Republicans are planning to repeal the estate tax altogether , and might have the votes to do so . An attempt to win over the black caucus , led by Congressman Mark Richardson ( Barry ) , fails . At a loss over what to do , an initiative comes from unexpected quarters . The previously over @-@ cautious political strategist , Doug Wegland , suggests the president responds by doing something he has never done before : veto the bill . President Bartlet himself is confronted with a forest fire in Wyoming , and decides to follow the counter @-@ intuitive advice of his experts , and let the fire burn . Meanwhile he is still struggling to deal with the death of his perennial personal secretary , Mrs. Landingham . Charlie insists that it is necessary to appoint a new person to fill the position , but the president is reluctant to take the step . As the episode ends , Bartlet is searching for a good pen , and realizes the full depth of his dependence on Mrs. Landingham . = = Production = = According to Sorkin , the episode benefited greatly from input by two former White House employees . The scene where Donna stays up all night sorting through documents in cartons was the idea of Eli Attie , Al Gore 's chief speechwriter . Meanwhile Gene Sperling , Bill Clinton 's chief economic adviser , came up with the sub @-@ plot involving the estate tax . Sorkin , however , had certain misgivings about the estate tax story 's appeal , considering the prevalent bipartisan spirit of the time , in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks . In one scene Sam Seaborn speaks to a Latino labor leader , and as the discussion heats up he switches into Spanish . The lobbyist , Victor Campos , claims that he has been used for public relations purposes , something Sam denies . Rob Lowe , who plays Seaborn , had to learn to speak the language convincingly especially for this episode . Sorkin commented , " I tend to torture Rob a little . " = = Cultural references = = In one scene , C.J. says that special prosecutor Rollins was the editor of the Yale Law Review . There is no such thing as the Yale Law Review , though the journal of legal scholarship affiliated with the Yale Law School is called the Yale Law Journal . = Amir al @-@ ʿarab = The amir al @-@ ʿarab ( also known as amir al @-@ ʿurban ; translation : " commander of the Bedouin " ) was a title denoting the commander or leader of the Bedouin tribes in Syria in successive Muslim states during the Middle Ages . The title was used as early as the 11th century , but was formally turned into a state institution by the Ayyubid Sultanate and strengthened by the latter 's Mamluk successors . The office was preserved under the early Ottomans ( 16th – 17th centuries ) , at least ceremonially , but its importance had faded by then . The jurisdiction of the amir al @-@ ʿarab was generally limited to central and northern Syria , and he often held iqtaʿat ( fiefs ) in the Syrian steppe , which formed the imarat al @-@ ʿarab ( emirate of the Bedouin ) . The imarat al @-@
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137,208
ʿarab was created both to co @-@ opt the often rebellious Bedouin tribes of Syria and to enlist their support as auxiliary troops . Under the Mamluks , some of the principal duties of the amir al @-@ ʿarab were guarding the desert frontier against the Mongol Ilkhanate in Iraq and Anatolia , ensuring Bedouin loyalty to the state , gathering intelligence on enemy forces , protecting infrastructure , villages and travelers from raids and providing horses and camels to the sultan . In return , the amir al @-@ ʿarab was given iqta 'at , an annual salary , official titles and honorary robes . Under the Ayyubids , numerous Arab emirs held the post at any given time and were endowed with iqtaʿat . However , with the onset of Mamluk rule in Syria in 1260 , it became a hereditary office consolidated by members of the Al Fadl dynasty , direct descendants of the Tayyid clan of Banu Jarrah . The office remained in the household of the Al Fadl emir , Isa ibn Muhanna , with occasional interruption , well into the early Ottoman era , during which Isa 's descendants took over leadership of the Mawali tribe . Under the Ottomans , the role of the amir al @-@ ʿarab appeared centered on providing camels to the state and guarding the Hajj pilgrim caravan in return for annual payments . = = Administration = = The Ayyubids founded the imarat al @-@ ʿarab ( emirate of the Bedouins ) as a formal state institution . However , due to the fractious nature of the Ayyubid political system , the appointed amir al @-@ ʿarab ( pl. umara al @-@ ʿarab ) was often unable to maintain authority over all of the Bedouin chieftains , who generally viewed the amir al @-@ ʿarab as their equal rather than their superior . Under the Mamluks , the amir al @-@ ʿarab was appointed by the sultan in Egypt and was considered a state official . His iqtaʿ ( fief ; pl. iqtaʿat ) grants were given to him in a diploma delivered by the sultan 's chancery or picked up by the amir al @-@ ʿarab himself if he was visiting the sultan 's court in Cairo . In the Mamluk provinces of Damascus , Aleppo and the capital , Cairo , a department called the mihmandāriyya dealt with managing Bedouin affairs and receiving the amir al @-@ ʿarab . The amir al @-@ ʿarab and the other Bedouin emirs were classified as arbāb al @-@ suyūf ( men of the sword ) , i.e. part of the military hierarchy . The rank of an amir al @-@ ʿarab was equal to an amir miʿa muqaddam alf ( emir of one hundred [ mounted troops ] , commander of one thousand ) and nāẓir al @-@ jaysh ( head of the army ) of the province of Damascus and the na 'ib ( governor ) of Homs . The early Ottomans preserved the imarat al @-@ arab at least during the 16th century , during which the title was referred to as amir ʿarab @-@ i Shām . However , the rights and role of the amir al @-@ arab and his status in the Ottoman administration in Ottoman Syria are not well @-@ defined in the contemporary sources , according to historian Muhammad Adnan Bakhit . The provincial records of Damascus Eyalet ( Province of Damascus ) , whose jurisdiction extended throughout Syria until the mid @-@ 16th century , do not mention the emirate 's function . Moreover , Bakhit asserts that it is unclear if the sultan 's ratification was required for the Bedouin tribes or the provincial government to recognize the amir al @-@ arab . = = = Incorporation into iqtaʿ system = = = Most chieftains under the Ayyubids were incorporated into the iqtaʿ system and received customary payments from the Ayyubids . The Ayyubids ' Mamluk successors paid closer attention to
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137,209
the Bedouin tribes of Syria as they considered the region to be an important frontier in the wars with the Crusaders in the coastal areas and the Mongol Ilkhanate in Anatolia and Iraq . The Mamluks relied on the Bedouin as auxiliary troops and were wary of their unstable , but much @-@ needed , loyalty to the state , and referred to the iqtaʿat of the amir al @-@ ʿarab as an " iqtaʿ iʿtidād ( fief of reliance ) . This status officially precluded the Bedouin from the military service required of iqtaʿ @-@ holders , indicating " a special relationship " between the state and the Bedouin , according to historian Tsugato Sato . In practice , however , the Bedouin of Syria were often called on to participate as auxiliary troops in military expeditions or in emergency situations . The Bedouin iqtaʿat were small compared to those of the mamluk ( manumitted slave soldier ) emirs , though a number of sultans granted particularly generous iqtaʿat to the amir al @-@ ʿarab . The distribution of iqtaʿat to the tribes was done , at least in part , to persuade them not plunder the unfortified towns and villages of the countryside as they were normally wont to do , and to induce them to cooperate with the state . The frequent rebellion of the tribes also motivated the Mamluks to incorporate them into the iqtaʿ system . The iqtaʿ of the amir al @-@ ʿarab would often be confiscated in cases of rebellion against the sultan . In general , Salamiyah and Palmyra consistently served as iqtaʿat of the amir al @-@ ʿarab , continuing into the early Ottoman era , when the iqtaʿ was supplanted by the timar . Besides Salamiyah and Palmyra , the Ottomans granted the amir al @-@ ʿarab timar grants in the Hawran plain south of Damascus . = = = Duties = = = In return for iqtaʿat , annual customary payments , and honorary titles and robes , the amir al @-@ ʿarab was expected to command his horsemen as auxiliaries in the wars against the Mongols , the Crusaders , their allies and rebellious Mamluk emirs . Another expectation of the amir al @-@ ʿarab and the lower @-@ ranking tribal chieftains was intelligence gathering regarding enemy movements near the frontier . Among the official duties of the amir al @-@ ʿarab and the Syrian Bedouin tribes was the defense of the sultanate 's boundaries , and maintenance and oversight of the roads , bridges and mountain passes of the desert and within their iqtaʿat . This also entailed the protection of merchant travelers and the annual Hajj pilgrim caravan , which traversed Bedouin territory to reach the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina in the Hejaz . Tribesmen also served as desert guides for the army and state officials . The amir al @-@ ʿarab was further responsible for collecting zakat ( dues ) on the livestock of the Bedouin tribes . During Sultan Baybar 's reign ( 1260 – 1277 ) , a barid ( postal route ) was created between Egypt and Syria , which enabled the sultan to remain constantly notified of developments in the provinces . It served as a major centralizing factor in the Mamluk state , and each postal station required transport horses , which the tribes provided . According to Sato , the tribes ' supply of horses and camels was " indispensable for the maintenance " of the barid . Noble horses and young camels were also provided by the amir al @-@ ʿarab to the royal stables of the Mamluk sultans on an annual basis . Under the early Ottomans , the amir al @-@ ʿarab was required to provision the sultan 's stables with 1 @,@ 050 young camels and 30 young horses , the collective annual value of which was 240 @,@ 000 akçe . This formed part of the sultan 's revenue from the Damascus Eyalet . = = History = =
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= = = Origins = = = The Syrian Desert , which extended from Balis to Ayla , had been inhabited by Arab Bedouin tribes in pre @-@ Islamic times ( before mid @-@ 7th century ) . In the 250 years after the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s , the Bedouin were brought under the authority of the Rashidun ( 632 – 661 ) , Umayyad ( 661 – 750 ) and early Abbasid ( 750 – 861 ) caliphates . Throughout this period , various Bedouin tribes participated in Umayyad dynastic struggles , the Abbasid Revolution , the rebellious Kharijite and Alid movements and isolated revolts . Following the Abbasid decline in 861 , state authority in the Syrian Desert receded significantly , leaving the local Bedouin tribes to fill the void . The Hamdanid dynasty ( 890 – 1004 ) , from the Banu Taghlib tribe , represented the new @-@ found strength of the Bedouin , and according to 14th @-@ century historian Ibn Khaldun , they commanded the subservience of all Bedouin tribes in the Syrian Desert and Upper Mesopotamia . Other tribal dynasties that emerged in this region before or after the heyday of the Hamdanids included the Uqaylids ( 990 – 1096 ) , Numayrids , the Banu Assad and Banu Khafaja . By the late 10th century , the Jarrahids ( 970s – mid 11th century ) of Banu Tayy and the Mirdasids ( 1024 – 1080 ) of Banu Kilab dominated southern and northern Syria , respectively , first in association with the Qarmatians , and then as nominal partners of the Fatimids , who ruled Syria between 977 and 1071 . As a result of the Seljuk invasion in the latter half of the 11th century , only the Banu Rabi 'ah , a branch of the Jarrahids , remained as an influential force in the Syrian Desert by the end of the century . There is scant information about the authorities ' management of the Syrian Desert Bedouin between the early 11th and mid @-@ 13th centuries . Likewise , the origins of the title of amir al @-@ ʿarab are unclear . A number of medieval Muslim chroniclers referred to Salih ibn Mirdas ( d . 1029 ) , the founder of the Mirdasid emirate in Aleppo , as amir ʿarab al @-@ Sham , which translates from Arabic as " commander of the Bedouin of Syria " . Hassan ibn Mufarrij , the Jarrahid chieftain and ally of Salih , was also referred to as amir al @-@ ʿarab by medieval sources . According to historian Suhayl Zakkar , the " value " of the title " is not known but at least indicates the high position of its holder " . Moreover , Zakkar asserts : It is not known whether Salih was the first holder of this title or whether , indeed , it had existed previously . The origin of it is obscure for whether it was created by the tribes of Syria after Islam or whether it existed in Arabia before the rise of Islam and was then carried to Syria after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century is not known . Zakkar speculates that the amir al @-@ ʿarab could have been a " revival or continuation " of a pre @-@ Islamic ( mid @-@ 6th century ) political tradition among the Bedouin of Syria whereby the chieftain of the Ghassanids , vassals of the Byzantine Empire , served as the supreme Arab phylarch ( tribal chieftain ) , giving him formal authority over the Bedouin tribes of Syria . In early Muslim chronicles , there is often references to sayyid ahl al @-@ badiya ( master of the desert dwellers ) or sayyid Qays ( master of the tribes of Qays ) , which Zakkar believes are possible " starting points which , in the course of
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time , developed to the title of Amir Arab al @-@ Sham " . During the Zengid period in Syria ( 1128 – 1182 ) , some Bedouin chieftains were accorded iqtaʿat , paid taxes called ʿidād on their livestock , and performed military duties . = = = Ayyubid era = = = The groundwork for regulating Bedouin affairs in Syria was laid by the Ayyubid Sultanate 's founder , Saladin ( r . 1171 – 1193 ) ; in 1182 , the latter entrusted the governor of Damascus , Ibn al @-@ Muqaddam , as the muḥakkim ( arbitrator ) and overseer of " all the Arabs " and who was " responsible for ... making the customary payments to them and collecting the customary dues from them " . According to historian Mustafa A. Hiyari , Saladin 's brother and successor , Sultan al @-@ Adil ( r . 1200 – 1218 ) , founded the formal institution of the imarat al @-@ ʿarab ( emirate of the Bedouin ) and appointed Haditha ibn Ghudayya as the first amir al @-@ ʿarab . Haditha was a grandson of the Jarrahid emir Fadl ibn Rabi 'ah , the progenitor of the Al Fadl clan of Banu Rabi 'ah . Members of the clan were direct descendants of the Fatimid @-@ era Jarrahid governor of Palestine , Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al @-@ Jarrah ( d . 1013 ) . By the late 12th century , the Banu Rabi 'ah and its sub @-@ clans , Al Fadl , Al Mira and Al Faraj , together with the sub @-@ clans of its ancestral tribe , the Tayy , dominated the desert and steppe regions between Homs in the west to the eastern banks of the Euphrates River and southward to central Najd and Hejaz . However , despite their influence , the Mamluk historian al @-@ Hamdani ( d . 1300 ) maintains that " no member of this clan [ Banu Rabi 'ah ] was appointed as amir al @-@ ʿarab by diploma from the sultan " until Haditha 's appointment by al @-@ Adil . Meanwhile , leaders of the Kilab continued to hold the title of amir al @-@ ʿarab after the Ayyubid conquest of Aleppo in 1182 . As a result , Haditha 's jurisdiction initially did not extend to the Aleppo region ( northern Syria ) . However , during the latter half of az @-@ Zahir Ghazi ( r . 1193 – 1216 ) of Aleppo 's reign , the Kilab were brought under Haditha 's authority and were stripped of the amir al @-@ ʿarab title . According to medieval Arab historian Ibn al @-@ Adim ( d . 1262 ) , the Kilab 's status was downgraded because of the growing power of the Tayy clans , while al @-@ Hamdani asserts that the numerically @-@ superior Kilab were weakened by a divided leadership . Following the extension of Haditha 's jurisdiction to their traditional territory , some of the Kilab migrated north to Anatolia , while those who remained became allies of Haditha 's Al Fadl clan . Following al @-@ Adil 's death in 1218 and the death of Haditha a few years later , the imarat al @-@ ʿarab was divided by Sultan al @-@ Kamil ( r . 1218 – 1238 ) between Haditha 's sons Mani and Ali , who founded the independent Al Ali branch of Al Fadl , and their kinsman , Ghannam ibn Abi Tahir of the Al Faraj clan . As Mani 's position was bolstered by his cooperation with the Ayyubids in their military campaigns and keeping the Bedouin in check , al @-@ Kamil dismissed Ghannam and Ali , leaving Mani as the sole amir al @-@ ʿarab . When
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"▁that", "▁they", "▁were", "▁able", "▁to", "▁maintain", "▁peace", "▁and", "▁order", "▁among", "▁the", "▁tribes", "▁and", "▁—", "▁what", "▁was", "▁much", "▁more", "▁important", "▁—", "▁to", "▁secure", "▁the", "▁safety", "▁of", "▁the", "▁ha", "j", "j", "▁and", "▁trade", "▁routes", "▁.", "▁That", "▁is", "▁why", "▁the", "▁s", "ult", "ans", "▁of", "▁Egypt", "▁and", "▁their", "▁provincial", "▁govern", "ors", "▁(", "▁sing", ".", "▁na", "▁'", "ib", "▁)", "▁in", "▁Dam", "asc", "us", "▁and", "▁Ale", "ppo", "▁tried", "▁always", "▁to", "▁keep", "▁them", "▁under", "▁control", "▁and", "▁use", "▁every", "▁possible", "▁way", "▁to", "▁bring", "▁them", "▁back", "▁under", "▁the", "▁authority", "▁of", "▁the", "▁s", "ultan", "ate", "▁when", "▁they" ]
137,212
Mani died in 1232 / 33 , he was succeeded by his son Muhanna I after an agreement between the Ayyubid emirs of Homs and Damascus , al @-@ Mujahid Shirkuh II and al @-@ Ashraf Musa , respectively , without input from the sultan of Egypt . From this period until 1260 , only scant information is available about the imarat al @-@ ʿarab . However , it is known that in 1240 , Muhanna I was replaced by Tahir ibn Ghannam by the Ayyubid regent of Aleppo , Dayfa Khatun , for Tahir 's support against her dynastic opponents . Some years later , the title was bestowed on Ali or his son Abu Bakr . = = = Mamluk era = = = The Mamluk Sultanate annexed Syria in 1260 , and maintained the imarat al @-@ ʿarab in Syria . In 1260 – 1261 , sultans Qutuz or Baybars replaced Ali or Abu Bakr with Isa ibn Muhanna , who was granted Sarmin and half of Salamiyah as his iqtaʿ . Ahmad ibn Tahir and Zamil ibn Ali contested Isa 's appointment , with the former demanding part of the emirate and the latter seeking to replace Isa . Baybars did not accord Ahmad ibn Tahir a share but gave him iqta 'at elsewhere in Syria , whereas Zamil opened a rebellion against Isa . The latter called for Mamluk support and Zamil was consequently apprehended by Mamluk troops from Aleppo . He was imprisoned in Cairo but soon after released after Baybars mediated between him , Isa and other Banu Rabi 'ah emirs . A further challenge to Isa came from his powerful kinsman , Ahmad ibn Hajji of Al Mira , who eventually desisted from confronting Isa when Baybars gave him virtual independence in the southern Syrian Desert . Ahmad ibn Hajji was referred to malik al @-@ ʿarab ( king of the Bedouin ) in Mamluk sources and numerous tribes came under his authority . Relations between Isa and the state were generally cooperative with few exceptions , and he participated in nearly all Mamluk military campaigns against the Mongol Ilkhanate . Toward the end of his reign , in 1281 , Isa received the oasis town of Palmyra as additional iqtaʿ from Sultan Qalawun . His son Muhanna ibn Isa succeeded him following his death in 1284 . Muhanna and his brother Fadl ibn Isa , who served as amir al @-@ ʿarab in between Muhanna 's dismissals , vacillated between the Mamluks under Sultan an @-@ Nasir Muhammad and the Ilkhanate between 1311 and 1330 . Afterward , the Al Fadl became firmly part of the Mamluk camp . An @-@ Nasir Muhammad particularly lavished the Al Fadl emirs with iqta 'at , gifts and honors to the extent that Muhanna criticized the policy as over @-@ indulging the Bedouin , and in the process , weakening the Muslim army . The imarat al @-@ ʿarab remained in the hands of Isa 's household , particularly the direct descendants of Muhanna ( Al Muhanna ) , through the remainder of Mamluk rule ( 1260 – 1516 ) with brief interruptions during which emirs from Al Ali held the post . By 1352 , Al Muhanna numbered 110 , all of whom held their own emirate and iqta 'at . According to Mustafa A. Hiyari : The manipulation of the emirate [ sic ] by Al Muhanna for such a long time was the result of their ability to serve the interests of the Mamluk state more than any other clan . Their prestige was such that they were able to maintain peace and order among the tribes and — what was much more important — to secure the safety of the hajj and trade routes . That is why the sultans of Egypt and their provincial governors ( sing. na 'ib ) in Damascus and Aleppo tried always to keep them under control and use every possible way to bring them back under the authority of the sultanate when they
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137,213
revolted , because their remaining outside Mamluk authority would lead to continuous threats to the state 's interests , the outcome of which would be the attacking and looting of the trade caravans , the disruption of the hajj , and considerable damage to the countryside . Muhanna was succeeded by his son Muzaffar ad @-@ Din Musa , who had remained loyal to an @-@ Nasir Muhammad during his father 's defection to the Ilkhanate . An @-@ Nasir Muhammad granted him substantial iqtaʿat in return for his loyalty and the supply of noble Arabian horses , which an @-@ Nasir Muhammad was particularly fond of . An @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's lavish treatment of Musa and his family significantly empowered the Al Fadl and created " ties of obligation " that " could not be ignored by his [ an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's ] successors without provoking a Bedouin mutiny " , according to historian Amalia Levanoni . This was especially so as central government control over Syria increasingly diminished during the power vacuum following an @-@ Nasir Muhammad 's death . Rivalry over the imarat al @-@ ʿarab between the descendants of Muhanna and Fadl also intensified during this period . When Isa ibn Fadl was made amir al @-@ ʿarab in 1342 and was transferred the Al Muhanna 's iqtaʿat , the Al Muhanna responded by assaulting Fadl 's offspring and plundering caravans traveling the roads of northern Syria . This included a raid on a Rahba @-@ bound caravan from Baghdad in which Al Muhanna tribesmen looted all of its merchandise . Isa was replaced by his brother Sayf in 1343 , after which Muhanna 's son Fayyad defeated Sayf in battle and seized 20 @,@ 000 of his camels . Ahmad ibn Muhanna , who had been imprisoned in 1342 , was reappointed amir al @-@ ʿarab in 1345 , and was succeeded two years later by Fayyad . Fayyad died shortly after his appointment and replaced by his brother Hayar . For the next thirty years , Hayar rebelled and reconciled with the Mamluks and during times of rebellion he was often replaced by his brother Zamil and cousin Mu 'ayqil ibn Fadl ; sometimes the latter two ruled jointly . In 1380 , Hayar 's son Nu 'ayr was appointed amir al @-@ ʿarab . He was dismissed several times for revolting against the sultan 's authority by supporting rebel governors in Syria . His last reign ended with his execution in 1406 . Nu 'ayr 's son Ijl had sided against his father and backed Sultan an @-@ Nasir Faraj , who appointed him in place of Nu 'ayr . After Ijl was killed by a Mamluk rebel in 1412 , the power of the Al Fadl largely diminished . Nonetheless , members of the clan from Hayar 's line continued to fill the post of amir al @-@ ʿarab , with Husayn ibn Nu 'ayr succeeding Fadl . However , from then on , mentions of the imarat al @-@ ʿarab " in the histories are scanty and confused " , according to historian Tritton . In 1427 , Nu 'ayr 's grandson , Adhra ibn Ali was killed by his cousin Qirqmas and succeeded by his brother Mudlij ibn Ali , who was killed by Qirqmas in 1429 . Qirqmas died in 1436 , though it is not clear if he had been appointed amir al @-@ ʿarab . A grandson of Nu 'ayr , Sayf ibn Ali , killed the amir al @-@ ʿarab and his cousin , Sulayman ibn Assaf , in 1480 , but was himself killed by Amir ibn Ijl the following year in revenge . Sayf 's son was recorded as the amir al @-@ ʿarab in 1496 . = = = Ottoman era = = = The Mamluks were driven out of Syria by the Ottoman Turks after the Battle of Marj
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137,214
Dabiq in 1516 . The Mamluk @-@ appointed amir al @-@ ʿarab , Mudlij ibn Zahir , a direct descendant of Hayar , was kept in his position by Ottoman sultan , Selim I , after the two met in the aftermath of Marj Dabiq . Mudlij acted as a law unto himself and fought against the Ottoman governor of Damascus , Isa Pasha al @-@ Fanari , in 1530 . Mudlij remained amir al @-@ ʿarab until his death in 1538 . He was succeeded by his son Zahir , who was killed sometime later by his kinsman Ahmad al @-@ Uradi . The latter was challenged by Zahir uncles , Dandan and Fayyad , but they were unsuccessful as Ahmad commanded the loyalty of most of the Bedouin tribes . Ahmad died in 1615 and was succeeded by his son Shadid until he was killed by Zahir 's son , Mudlij II . The latter did not gain the imarat al @-@ ʿarab , however , and Shadid was replaced by Fayyad , who held the post until his death in 1618 . Afterward , Fayyad 's son Husayn was appointed but then Mudlij II was recognized as amir al @-@ ʿarab after he challenged Husayn . Husayn and Mudlij both sought the support of Emir Fakhr ad @-@ Din II , a Druze chieftain of the Banu Ma 'an who became a powerful semi @-@ autonomous force in Syria . Husayn was ultimately strangled by the Ottoman governor of Aleppo in 1623 , after Mudlij II bribed him . Mudlij II continued serving as amir al @-@ ʿarab for an undetermined length of time . = = List of umara al @-@ ʿarab = = = = = Ayyubid emirs = = = = = = Mamluk emirs = = = = = = Ottoman emirs = = = = Battle of Sattelberg = The Battle of Sattelberg took place between 17 and 25 November 1943 , during the Huon Peninsula campaign of the Second World War . Involving forces from Australia , the United States and Japan , the fighting centred on the Sattelberg mission station which was situated atop a hill about 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) above sea level , approximately 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) inland from Finschhafen , New Guinea . Following the Australian landing at Scarlet Beach , a large force of Japanese had retreated inland towards Sattelberg . Holding the high ground , the Japanese subsequently threatened the Australian lines of communication as they proceeded to advance south towards Finschhafen , and in order to neutralise this threat , the Australian 26th Brigade was tasked with capturing the mission . Over the course of 10 days they advanced west from Jivevaneng up the southern approaches to the mission , reducing the Japanese position with armour , artillery and air support , before the Japanese finally abandoned Sattelberg and withdrew north to Wareo , having suffered heavy casualties and running low on supplies . = = Background = = Following the fall of Lae in September 1943 , the Australians continued their advance north along the New Guinea coast towards the Huon Peninsula , with the aim of securing Finschhafen , where large scale air and naval facilities could be constructed for operations that were planned against New Britain . On 22 September 1943 , less than a week after Lae had been captured , Brigadier Victor Windeyer 's Australian 20th Brigade was detached from the 9th Division by Major General George Wootten , the divisional commander , and landed at Scarlet Beach ( north of Siki Cove ) , to the east of Katika and about 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) to the north of Finschhafen . The landing was only lightly opposed , and the Australians began to advance south towards Katika where Japanese resistance was stronger , but was nevertheless overcome
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137,215
by the early afternoon . As the 20th Brigade advanced south towards their objective at Finschhafen , intelligence indicated that the Japanese were moving to the high ground to the west at Sattelberg , which was situated about 900 metres ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ) above sea level . Captured documents showed that three infantry battalions were being concentrated at an old Lutheran mission station that had been established at Sattelberg in the 19th century during the German colonial administration of the area . Concerned for the security of his lines of communication due to the presence of Japanese on his flank , the Australian brigade commander adopted more cautious tactics , while reinforcements were called for . Heavy fighting ensued , but Finschhafen fell to the Australians on 2 October . Following this , the 9th Division was tasked with advancing towards Sio , further around the coast on the northern side of the Huon Peninsula . The Japanese in the area around Finschhafen were growing in strength , however , as a large number of the 4 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 men that had garrisoned Finschhafen had managed to escape inland , while the rest of the 20th Division , under the command of Lieutenant General Shigeru Katagiri , was being moved from Bogadjim , south of Madang , to provide reinforcements . Wootten considered that the threat posed by this force meant that Sattelberg would have to be captured before the 9th Division could undertake its advance towards Sio . = = Prelude = = = = = Advance on Finschhafen = = = During the advance on Finschhafen , a company from the 2 / 17th Battalion , which had been tasked with securing the beachhead and the flank , had been sent to Sattelberg but had been unable to occupy it due to the strength of the Japanese force already there . As captured orders had revealed Japanese plans to breakthrough to the coast , it was decided to place the company into a blocking position east of Sattelberg along the coast road around Jivevaneng . In this position , from 25 September onwards they were subjected to a number of attacks as they attempted to deflect attacks by the Japanese 3rd Battalion , 80th Infantry Regiment , which were aimed at breaking through to Heldsbach Plantation , directly south of the beachhead at Siki Cove . On 30 September the 2 / 17th were replaced by a company from the 2 / 43rd Battalion , and over the next couple of days , a whole battalion of Japanese surrounded the position and attacked it eight times . Four attempts by the Australians to relieve the company failed , before an attack on Kumawa by the 2 / 17th Battalion on 5 October cut the Japanese supply lines and provoked a strong counterattack , which subsequently drew pressure off the beleaguered company , and enabled it to be relieved on 7 October . As the threat of Japanese counterattack grew , the 24th Brigade landed at Langemak Bay on 10 October to reinforce the 20th Brigade . The following day , Wootten was able to establish his divisional headquarters at Finschhafen , and preparations began for the Australians to attack the Japanese force around Sattelberg . During this time , the Japanese were also planning an offensive . On 10 October , the Japanese 20th Division 's commander , Katagiri , arrived at Sattelberg having trekked overland from Sio . After taking over operational control of the forces there , on 12 October he issued orders for an attack to commence on 16 October . This attack was conceptualised as consisting of two infantry regiments , the 79th and 80th , supported by three artillery batteries from the 26th Field Artillery Regiment , a company from the 20th Engineer Regiment and the divisional signals unit . As a part of this offensive , the 80th Infantry Regiment would continue to make attacks on the Australian forces around Jivevaneng , while the 79th Infantry Regiment would drive towards Katika and attempt to break through to the coast to attack the beachhead at Scarlet Beach , where a seaborne assault would be made concurrently by 70 men from the Sugino Craft Raiding Unit . The Australians had learned about Katagiri 's
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137,216
plans and as a result the 9th Division commander , Wootten , decided to put off his own offensive plans while the Japanese attack was dealt with . It came in the early hours of 17 October , and over the course of the following week heavy fighting ensued around Katika and Jivevaneng . Forewarned , the Australians were able to check these attacks with assistance from American support units , and by the time that the Japanese called off their offensive on 25 October , the Japanese 20th Division had suffered 352 men killed and 564 wounded , while the Australians had suffered 228 casualties . It was during the early stages of this fighting that an American soldier , Private Nathan Van Noy , from the 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment , performed the deeds that resulted in him being posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . = = = Japanese preparations = = = With the 79th Infantry Regiment having lost around 50 % of its strength and with ammunition and food running low ( by the end of the month , they had been reduced to quarter rations ) , the Japanese divisional commander , Katagiri , made the decision to call off the attack in order to pull back from Jivevaneng and Katika and regroup on the higher ground further west around the mission . This order was passed on the morning of 24 October , and by the morning of 27 October the Japanese 20th Division 's subunits had managed to regroup to the east of Sattelberg . Following this , Katagiri received orders from the 18th Army commander , General Hatazō Adachi , who delivered them personally at Sattelberg , for the 20th Division to prepare to hold the mission and to engage in offensive operations in the immediate vicinity . As a part of this plan , Katagiri decided that he would use the 80th Infantry Regiment to defend Sattelberg , while the 79th would concentrate in the Nongora area with the intention of launching a counter @-@ attack upon the Australian forces advancing from Katika , near the Song River on 25 November . Around Sattelberg , the 80th Infantry Regiment was deployed in five key locations . Three companies from the regiment 's 2nd Battalion established a position at the 2 @,@ 200 feature ( known as " Saheki @-@ yama " to the Japanese ) , and another three companies from the 3rd Battalion were positioned astride the Sattelberg road at " Miyake @-@ dai " , or the 2 @,@ 600 feature . Another two companies were positioned to the south of the main position at " Yamada @-@ yama " , while the remainder of the regiment was entrenched around the mission itself — the " Kanshi @-@ yama " — where they had established a formidable " fortress " , and around the Japanese commander 's " keep " which was positioned on the 3 @,@ 200 feature , known as the " Katagiri @-@ yama " . The strength of these forces was estimated by the Australian commander , Wootten , to be around 2 @,@ 800 men in the immediate vicinity of Sattelberg mission , with a further 2 @,@ 400 around Nongora and another 1 @,@ 000 to the north at Gusika . These estimates were confirmed after the fighting . The Japanese defenders were supported by the 4th Air Army , with fighter and bomber aircraft from the 6th and 7th Air Divisions flying close support missions against Australian artillery positions , carrying out bombing operations around the Finschhafen area , and dropping supplies by air around Sattelberg and Wareo throughout October . = = = Allied preparations = = = Prior to the attack on Sattelberg , the Australians needed reinforcements . Although initially the Allied higher commanders were reluctant to provide these , on 25 October the Militia 4th Brigade was detached from the 5th Division and placed under the operational control of the 9th Division . These troops were subsequently used in a defensive role around the beachhead to free up the rest of the 9th Division for the offensive operations . The 2 / 43rd Battalion , from the 24th Brigade , was also brought up on 30 September , ahead of
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137,217
the rest of the brigade which arrived later in October . Nevertheless , by the end of September , the Allies perceived the situation around Finschhafen to be " reasonably secure " , and American engineer and construction units , including the 808th Engineer Aviation Battalion , started to arrive in October . By December they had begun work constructing an airfield and other base facilities around Dreger Harbour . Following this , Wootten began finalising his plans for assaulting Sattelberg . Because the 20th Brigade had borne the brunt of the fighting following the landing in September , the 26th Brigade , which had landed at Langemak Bay on the night of 20 October under Brigadier David Whitehead , was chosen to spearhead the attack . At the same time , the 20th and 24th Brigades , operating in the central and northern sectors , would continue patrolling operations in order to keep the Japanese off balance . Support for the 26th Brigade 's attack would be provided by divisional assets , including Matilda tanks from ' C ' Squadron , 1st Tank Battalion , whose presence the Australians took great lengths to keep secret , artillery from the 2 / 12th Field Regiment and later ( after it was found that the 25 @-@ pdrs could not be transported up the Sattelberg Road ) , the 2nd Mountain Battery , and support @-@ by @-@ fire from the 2 / 2nd Machine Gun Battalion . The 2 / 13th Field Company supplied engineer detachments to each battalion , while air assets were provided by the United States 5th Air Force and No. 4 Squadron , Royal Australian Air Force , which was an Army co @-@ operation squadron that was equipped with Boomerangs and Wirraways , and provided aerial observation in support of artillery operations . Vengeance dive bombers from No. 24 Squadron , RAAF also provided support , while Japanese supply lines were disrupted by Allied aircraft and PT boats . Supplies for the operation were landed by American landing craft from the 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment and brought forward using vehicles or carried by local porters . They were then " dumped " around Jivevaneng and Kumawa , where they could be distributed to individual battalions . However , the heavy rain that had fallen at the end of October hampered the buildup of stores and consequently delayed Australian preparations . As a result , their plans were not finalised until 15 November . At this time , Whitehead began issuing his orders . The concept of operations called for the capture of the 2 @,@ 200 feature — so called by the Australians because that was its height in feet — first , before a subsequent westward advance to the mission . The 2 / 48th Battalion would advance west from Jivevaneng along the Sattelberg road supported by tanks from the 1st Tank Battalion , while the 2 / 24th Battalion would advance north @-@ west across Siki Creek and capture the 2 @,@ 200 feature . The 2 / 23rd Battalion , which would hand over its defensive duties to the 2 / 4th Commando Squadron , would start further south from Kumawa , protecting the left flank , and after paralleling the Sattelberg road , they would marry up with the 2 / 48th at a position called " Steeple Tree Hill " , or the 2 @,@ 600 feature , by the Australians ( " Miyake @-@ dai " to the Japanese ) , where it was planned to halt for resupply and re @-@ appreciation before undertaking the final attack . It was decided that tanks , which would provide direct fire support for use against the Japanese bunker systems that were believed to be around Sattelberg , would only be employed along the Sattelberg road , as considerable engineer support was required to move the Matildas into position in the closed terrain . = = Battle = = = = = Initial Australian attack = = = On 17 November , fighting for the main position around Sattelberg commenced . The previous night , in order to prepare for the attack on the 2200 feature , the 2 / 48th Battalion captured Green Ridge , a small but important feature that dominated the Sattelberg road . The capture of the ridge secured a start line forward of Jivevaneng for Whitehead
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137,218
's 26th Brigade to launch the first stage of their attack upon Sattelberg . The following day , the 2 / 48th Battalion handed over responsibility for the defence of the ridge to a company from the 2 / 23rd Battalion , and the attack commenced amidst heavy supporting artillery and machine @-@ gun fire . In response , the Japanese artillery from Sattelberg fired a limited barrage onto the Australians on Green Ridge . The terrain upon which the Australians advanced hampered their movement considerably . Consisting mainly of steep " razor @-@ back " ridges and thick jungle which restricted the tactics that Whitehead could employ , the 26th Brigade mainly employed infiltration tactics , advancing on " narrow fronts " using columns of troops consisting of an infantry company forward , followed by a troop of tanks with an engineer section in support . Initially the Japanese were surprised by the presence of the Matilda tanks as their noise had been masked by the artillery and rocket barrage , and a number of positions were abandoned by Japanese soldiers who were put to flight upon seeing the tanks , however , as the day progressed the opposition stiffened and the defenders recovered after the initial shock . Progress subsequently became very slow , and as the 2 / 48th Battalion approached " Coconut Ridge " ( designated Highland 5 by the Japanese ) at around midday , one of the Matildas was disabled when it lost a track to an improvised explosive device which had been placed under the road by the defending Japanese . With the tanks isolated from their infantry support , a small Japanese team advanced from cover to attack a second tank which had come up to support the first , and taking the machine gunner by surprise , they placed an explosive charge in front of it . Although the resulting explosion did not knock the tank out of action , it trapped its crew inside for the rest of the day . Firing upon the Australians with machine @-@ guns , mortars and grenades , the Japanese defenders upon Coconut Ridge held up the advance . Throughout the rest of the day , the 2 / 48th Battalion undertook a series of flanking attacks in which at least 80 Japanese were killed , however by nightfall the Japanese still held the ridge , and the 2 / 48th Battalion withdrew to a nearby knoll to reorganise , having suffered six killed and 26 wounded . Elsewhere , the other two Australian battalions had also found the going slow : the 2 / 24th had dug in east of the 2200 feature , while the 2 / 23rd had only managed to advance about half the expected distance . The Japanese abandoned Coconut Ridge that night , while in the morning the Australians brought up three replacement tanks . At around 7 : 00 am , an Australian patrol scouted the ridge and an hour later a platoon attack was put in , confirming that the defenders had gone . As battlefield clearance operations got underway , the tanks that had been disabled the day before were also repaired , bringing the total number of Matildas available to seven . In the early afternoon , the advance was resumed , however the Australians only managed to progress a further 250 yards ( 230 m ) before they were halted by stiff opposition from Japanese armed with 37 mm anti @-@ tank guns . A number of these pieces were destroyed and at least 40 Japanese were killed or wounded , but Japanese snipers inflicted a number of casualties upon the Australians , and although none were fatal it prevented any further gains as the 2 / 48th spent most of the day hunting the snipers in the trees . Elsewhere , in front of the 2 @,@ 200 feature and on the southern flank , only limited progress was made by the Australians , who suffered a number of casualties from Japanese 75 mm mountain guns before these were silenced by a bombardment by the 2 / 12th Field Regiment . At dusk , the Australians dug in less than 30 yards ( 27 m ) from the Japanese defence line and sporadic fighting continued throughout the night . That night , Wootten decided to take stock of the slow progress along the southern and central routes . Based on captured documents , Australian intelligence reports placed the number of Japanese troops around the mission at about 2 @,@ 000 men . These men were believed to be from
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137,219
the 80th Infantry Regiment , which the Australians felt was close to exhaustion and unlikely to be able to withstand any further pressure . As a result of this information , Wootten decided to change the concept of operations . Although the 2 / 24th Battalion 's attack on the 2 @,@ 200 feature had originally been intended to serve as a holding action , the lack of progress by the 2 / 48th and 2 / 23rd encouraged Wootten to order the 26th Brigade 's commander , Whitehead , to concentrate his efforts upon the 2 @,@ 200 feature , turning the drive on Sattelberg into a " double @-@ pronged " attack , with the 2 / 24th also attempting to break through to Sattelberg . The following day , 19 November , the Australians came up against a series of prepared defences which further slowed their progress . Throughout the night the Japanese had dug a number of anti @-@ tank ditches , about 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) wide and 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) deep , which Australian engineers had to fill before the tanks could continue . Progress was made , however , and amidst hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting troops from the 2 / 48th managed to seize part of the 2 @,@ 600 feature ( Steeple Tree Hill ) , after engineers under the command of Lieutenant ( later Captain ) Augustus Spry , helped clear the way through the use of two fougasses that were fashioned out of 4 @-@ gallon drums filled with petrol , which were exploded in order to stun the Japanese and provide a smoke screen while the infantry attacked . The Japanese launched a counter @-@ attack as dusk fell , but this was repelled with heavy losses : the Australians had 20 men killed or wounded , while the Japanese left behind 46 killed , as well as a number of machine @-@ guns and mortars , as they withdrew from the position . The 2 / 23rd Battalion to the south , up against the same defensive system that was delaying the 2 / 48th , was also held up further , while on the northern route , the 2 / 24th found the 2 @,@ 200 feature unoccupied , but was unable to proceed further after they came under heavy machine @-@ gun and artillery fire . The fourth day of the assault , 20 November , brought no forward movement for the Australians at the 2 @,@ 200 feature as the 80th Infantry Regiment 's 2nd Battalion fought tenaciously to prevent the 2 / 24th from moving forward . Nevertheless , it was a different story for the Australians on the main road as the 3rd Battalion , 80th Infantry Regiment was forced back towards " Point 7 " . At the start of the day , the Australian 2 / 48th Battalion had only been able to advance a further 250 yards ( 230 m ) before their progress was held up by thick scrub which delayed their tank support , however , to the south , the 2 / 23rd Battalion moved up the southern slope of Steeple Tree Hill and over the course of the afternoon gradually forced the defenders back . The 2 / 48th made slow progress but by 6 : 35 pm they reported that they had reached the summit of the hill and as night fell , the two Australian battalions were separated by about 300 yards ( 270 m ) . Caught between two groups of Australians , during the course of the night the two Japanese companies that had been holding the position abandoned it , and fell back towards the main defensive position at Sattelberg . = = = Japanese counter @-@ attack = = = For the Japanese , the supply situation around Sattelberg was worsening . Although some supplies were successfully air dropped , the defenders were reduced to consuming only a third of the standard daily ration and Katagiri 's supply of artillery shells was very low , despite adherence to strict fire discipline . Given the desperate supply situation , which was made all the worse when the 24th Brigade cut the track between Gusika and Wareo , the Japanese 18th Army commander , Adachi , gave Katagiri approval to withdraw from Sattelberg after 20 November . Katagiri subsequently ordered
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137,220
Colonel Sadahiko Miyake , the commander of the 80th Infantry Regiment , to inflict as many casualties upon the Australians as possible and then begin a progressive withdrawal to Wareo . Nevertheless , Katagiri was determined to launch a counterattack further to the north @-@ east . When formulating his defence plans in October , he had originally intended to launch an attack from Nongora with the 79th Infantry Regiment on 25 November , however , with the Australians advancing steadily towards the main position at Sattelberg , Katagiri decided to bring this forward in order to take some of the pressure off the troops defending the mission . After moving into position on 21 November , the attack was launched the following day . Wootten had predicted this , based upon documents that had been captured by the Australians , and Brigadier Selwyn Porter 's 24th Brigade had thoroughly prepared for the onslaught . The 79th Infantry Regiment crossed the Song River and attacked Scarlet Beach from the west , while the 2nd Battalion , 238th Infantry Regiment , which had been detached from the 41st Division , attacked south from Gusika . By using infiltration tactics the Japanese skirted around the lead elements of the 24th Brigade in an attack that was intended to roll up the Australian rear elements , however , the Australians in turn attacked the flanks of the Japanese units , mauling their supply columns and inflicting heavy casualties upon them . This had the effect of squeezing the strength out of the Japanese counterattack and forcing them into undertaking piecemeal attacks which were dealt with by the Australians with relative ease . As a result , although the fighting around Scarlet Beach continued until 28 November when the Japanese units that had been involved were withdrawn towards Wareo , it did not have the urgency to affect the 26th Brigade 's advance on Sattelberg and was largely broken up by 23 November . = = = Australian attack resumed = = = After being forced off Steeple Tree Hill , Miyake , commanding the main Japanese defensive unit , the 80th Infantry Regiment , decided to concentrate his defence upon the saddle at " Point 10 " which was positioned to the west of the 2 @,@ 200 feature , at Sattelberg itself and on the 3 @,@ 200 feature to the north @-@ west . An intense five @-@ day Allied aerial bombardment , which had begun on 19 November , had destroyed the majority of the Japanese guns around Sattelberg , and the ammunition and food situation had become critical , despite the arrival of several tonnes of rice at Wareo the day before . Throughout 21 November , there was a lull in the battle as the Australians paused for resupply . However , by the end of the day Whitehead had made good his supply situation and the advance resumed the following day . In an effort to find the best possible route , the Australians sent out small reconnaissance patrols and based on the intelligence they gained Whitehead produced a new set of orders prior to stepping off on 22 November . The 2 / 48th continued to advance along the road ; the 2 / 23rd were to break track beyond Steeple Tree Hill at a location dubbed " Turn @-@ Off Corner " and advance around behind the mission , to attack the 3 @,@ 200 feature , while the 2 / 24th Battalion were to advance west , attempting to bypass the main Japanese positions in front of the 2 @,@ 200 feature via an adjacent saddle to assist in the capture of Sattelberg , while also sending a detachment further north to secure Palanko . Following the fall of Steeple Tree Hill , the Japanese were less inclined to engage the Australian forces , nevertheless the advance continued to be frustratingly slow for the Australian commanders . The terrain over which the final part of the advance was undertaken was particularly taxing on the troops involved . Many of the slopes up which they were required to advance had gradients of at least 45 degrees , which meant that even reasonably short distances took considerable time To make matters worse , near the junction of the Siki Creek , a landslide caused by the Allied bombing , coupled with a number of land mines that the Japanese had planted , blocked the main road to Sattelberg ,
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137,221
meaning that the soldiers from the 2 / 48th would have to make the final attack on Sattelberg without armoured support . In an effort to counter this problem , Whitehead determined that the tanks would be re @-@ allocated to the 2 / 23rd , in the hope that a new route would be opened up by the engineers . Although he was being pressured by the divisional commander to increase the speed of the advance , Whitehead was said to be reasonably happy with the progress being made by the 2 / 48th along the central route , although he had misgivings about the performance of the 2 / 23rd on the left and the 2 / 24th on the right . To some extent , the failure of the 2 / 24th to take the 2 @,@ 200 feature could be attributed to the importance which the Japanese commander , Katagiri , placed upon its defence , however , Whitehead believed that the battalion 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Gillespie , was procrastinating and being overly cautious in his tactics . Nevertheless , it was later realised that the terrain which the 2 / 24th faced was more formidable than first thought , and that in order for the battalion to make progress , they too , like the 2 / 48th , would need tanks . Some attempt was made by the Australians to bring these up from the rear areas , but ultimately the fighting around Sattelberg came to an end before this could be effected . On the brigade 's left , south of the main route , the pace of the 2 / 23rd 's advance had also caused Whitehead some concern . Indeed , Whitehead went as far to express this to the 2 / 23rd 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Tucker , who pointed out that his lack of progress had been caused by the large number of tasks that the battalion had been assigned , namely the competing demands to secure the flank while attempting to move quickly through broken country in order to make its scheduled rendezvous with the 2 / 48th . On 23 November , Allied bombers attacked the fortress at Sattelberg , as well as defensive positions around Kumawa . The 2 / 48th , nearing their objective , cautiously began to probe the outer positions , while to the north , three companies from the 2 / 24th managed to reach the saddle that lay below the north @-@ eastern approach to the mission , although there was still uncertainty as to whether or not the Japanese had withdrawn from the 2 @,@ 200 feature . To the south @-@ west , the 2 / 23rd began skirting north around the main positions at Sattelberg , making for the 3 @,@ 200 feature . After they had struck Turn @-@ Off Corner , the infantry from the 2 / 23rd were accompanied by engineers from the 2 / 13th Field Company , who were tasked with laying down a makeshift road , over which the tanks that had been re @-@ allocated to the 2 / 23rd would traverse . = = = Final assault = = = By 24 November the Australians were within striking distance of the mission atop the summit . A reconnaissance patrol the previous evening had provided the Australian commander with the idea to send a company from the 2 / 48th over the Siki Creek and attack the mission from the south @-@ east up a steep escarpment that was covered in thick kunai grass , which offered an attacking force a degree of concealment . A red roofed hut stood at the point where the attack was aimed . This was about 300 metres ( 330 yd ) below the Lutheran church that formed the main part of the mission . Around the hut , the Japanese had constructed a number of reinforced defensive positions and although they had not been damaged by the numerous aerial attacks that had been launched by the Allies during the previous week , it was believed that because the approach was so difficult , it might be lightly defended . During the morning , while a diversionary attack was made by the 2 / 23rd Battalion , and patrols from the 2 / 24th to the north attempted to break through , a company from the 2 / 48th , under the command of Captain Deane Hill , attempted to
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137,222
reach the summit at Sattelberg . Two platoons launched attacks during the early afternoon , but were beaten back by the twenty Japanese defenders that were dug in around the spur . Late in the afternoon , a third platoon , 11 Platoon , under the command of Sergeant ( later Lieutenant ) Tom Derrick , attempted another attack from further to the right of the position but it too was checked by machine @-@ gun fire and lobbed grenades . As the light began to fade , Derrick reported his lack of progress to his company commander and was subsequently ordered to withdraw , so that another attempt could be made in the morning . Derrick 's response to this order was to obfuscate , however , and instead of withdrawing , he subsequently led his platoon forward , attacking 10 Japanese positions with grenades as his men supported him with Bren and Owen submachine @-@ gun fire . After stopping about 100 yards ( 91 m ) from the summit , Derrick 's platoon continued to hold their position through the night . Elsewhere , the 2 / 24th Battalion reported that they were just below the crest of the 2 @,@ 200 feature , the last Japanese defensive position to the north , and that they would capture it the following morning , before proceeding on to their secondary objective at Palanko . Believing that the key to taking Sattelberg lay in having the 2 / 24th in a position to support the 2 / 48th 's final attack , Whitehead pressured for the tanks to get up to the 2 / 24th as soon as possible . The following morning , at first light , spurred on by the example provided by 11 Platoon , reinforcements from the 2 / 48th came up to complete the capture of Sattelberg . Just after dawn , a heavy artillery barrage was brought down on the summit by Australian artillery in preparation for the final attack . At 8 : 25 am patrols were sent out from ' B ' Company , 2 / 48th Battalion , and they subsequently reported that the Japanese had abandoned the position sometime during the night . Indeed , it was later established that Miyake , who had been in command of the troops gathered around the mission and had been given permission to abandon Sattelberg if the situation became untenable , had decided to withdraw from the position soon after Derrick 's attack . Fifty minutes later , the lead elements of the 2 / 48th Battalion entered the main mission complex , which was found to be quite badly damaged . Finally , at 10 : 00 am , upon the insistence of the 2 / 48th Battalion 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Robert Ainslie , Derrick was given the honour of raising the Australian flag over the mission , signifying that the battle had come to an end . Shortly after this , the tanks finally reached the 2 / 24th Battalion , and the 2 @,@ 200 feature was also captured . Upon completion of the flag @-@ raising ceremony , a company from the 2 / 48th moved on to the 3 @,@ 200 feature , which had also been abandoned , while further to the west , the 2 / 23rd , along with the 2 / 4th Commando Squadron cleared Mararuo and in the process found evidence that the Japanese had withdrawn towards Wareo . = = Aftermath = = During the fighting around Sattelberg , the Australians lost 49 men killed and a further 118 wounded . In the circumstances , this was considered to be light . Japanese casualties are unknown , but are believed to have been " heavy " : a large number of Japanese bodies were found during the advance on Sattelberg , while another 59 were counted around the 2 / 24th 's position on the 2200 feature , and captured documents indicated that the defenders had been close to starvation . A large quantity of weapons were also captured , including two 75 mm artillery pieces , three 37 mm anti @-@ tank guns and 18 Type 92 Heavy Machine Guns ( colloquially known as " Woodpeckers " ) , as well as a considerable number of mortars , light machine @-@ guns and assorted small arms . Following the capture of Sattelberg on 25 November , the 2
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"▁versions", "▁may", "▁use", "▁ed", "ible", "▁m", "ush", "rooms", "▁such", "▁as", "▁por", "c", "ini", "▁,", "▁wild", "▁her" ]
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6th Brigade continued to advance to the north . Further fighting ensued as they pushed on over difficult terrain to Wareo , where they arrived on 8 December . After the Australians took Wareo , the Japanese began to fall back to Sio , where subsequent fighting took place throughout December 1943 and early 1944 . For his actions during the final assault on the mission , Derrick was awarded the Victoria Cross — his nation 's highest military decoration . Derrick was the fourth soldier from the 2 / 48th Battalion to receive the award ; by the end of the hostilities the 2 / 48th had the distinction of being the most highly decorated Australian Army unit of the Second World War . The following Australian units received the battle honour of " Sattelberg " for their involvement in the battle : 1st Tank Battalion , 2 / 23rd Battalion , 2 / 24th Battalion , 2 / 48th Battalion and the 2 / 2nd Machine Gun Battalion . = Acquacotta = Acquacotta ( pronounced [ ˌakkwaˈkɔtta ] ; Italian for " cooked water " ) is a broth @-@ based hot soup in Italian cuisine that was originally a peasant food . Its preparation and consumption dates back to ancient history , and it originated in the coastal area of named Maremma in southern Tuscany and northern Lazio . The dish was invented in part as a means to make hardened , stale bread edible . In contemporary times , ingredients can vary , and additional ingredients are sometimes used . Variations of the dish include Aquacotta con funghi and Aquacotta con peperoni . = = History = = Acquacotta is a simple traditional dish originating in the coastal region of Italy known as Maremma , which spans the southern half of Tuscany 's coast and runs into northern Lazio . The word " acquacotta " means " cooked water " in the Italian language . It was originally a peasant food , and has been described as an ancient dish , the recipe of which was derived in part by people who lived in the Tuscan forest working as colliers ( charcoal burners ) , who were typically very poor and are " traditionally among the poorest of people " . It was also prepared and consumed by farmers and shepherds in the Maremma area . Historically , the soup was sometimes served as an antipasto dish , the first course in an Italian meal . It remains a popular dish in Maremma and throughout Italy . Acquacotta was invented in part as a means to make stale , hardened bread edible . People that worked away from home for significant periods of time , such as woodcutters and shepherds , would bring bread and other foods with them ( such as pancetta and salt cod ) to hold them over . Acquacotta was prepared and used to marinate the stale bread , thus softening it . A legend about acquacotta exists in relation to the concept of stone soup , which is generally based upon a premise of a poor traveler who arrived at a village having only a stone , but convinced the villagers to add ingredients to his stone soup , creating acquacotta ; variations of the legend exist . = = = Ingredients = = = Historically , acquacotta 's primary ingredients were water , stale bread , onion , tomato and olive oil , along with various vegetables and leftover foods that may have been available . In the earlier 1800s , some preparations used agresto , a juice derived from half @-@ ripened grapes , in place of tomatoes , which were not a common food in Italy prior to " the latter decades of the nineteenth century " . = = In contemporary times = = Contemporary preparations of acquacotta may use stale , fresh , or toasted bread , and can include additional ingredients such as vegetable broth , eggs , cheeses such as Parmigiano @-@ Reggiano and Pecorino Toscano , celery , garlic , basil , beans such as cannellini beans , cabbage , kale , lemon juice , salt , pepper , potatoes and others . Some versions may use edible mushrooms such as porcini , wild her
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"▁town", "▁policy", "▁requiring", "▁public", "▁officials", "▁to", "▁deal", "▁more", "▁directly", "▁to", "▁the", "▁public", "▁.", "▁Ron", "▁calls", "▁the", "▁policy", "▁\"", "▁my", "▁hell" ]
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bs , and leaf vegetables / greens such as arugula , endive , mint , chard , chicory , dandelion greens , watercress , valerian and others . As the greens boil down , they contribute to the broth 's flavor . The dish may be topped with a poached egg . Contemporary versions may be prepared in advance from a few hours to a day , stored in a cold place or refrigerated , and then reheated prior to serving . It can also be preserved by freezing . = = Variations = = Acquacotta con funghi is an aquacotta soup variation that uses porcini mushrooms as a primary ingredient . Additional ingredients include bread , stock or water , tomato conserva , Parmesan cheese , eggs , mentuccia , wild mint , garlic , olive oil , salt and pepper . This variation 's flavor and aroma has been described as based upon the porcini mushrooms that are used ; parsley may also be used . Acquacotta con peperoni is an aquacotta soup variation that includes celery , red pepper and garlic . = The Set Up ( Parks and Recreation ) = " The Set Up " is the 13th episode of the second season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation , and the nineteenth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 14 , 2010 . In the episode , Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) is set up on a blind date with an MRI technologist , played by Poehler 's then @-@ husband , comedic actor Will Arnett . The episode was directed by Troy Miller and written by Katie Dippold . In addition to Arnett 's performance , " The Set Up " featured the first of several guest appearances by Justin Theroux , who portrayed a love interest for Leslie , and Ben Schwartz , who played Tom 's fast @-@ talking friend Jean @-@ Ralphio . According to Nielsen Media Research , " The Set Up " was seen by 4 @.@ 59 million households , which was considered consistent with other second season episodes . " The Set Up " received generally positive reviews . = = Plot = = When Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) learns Pawnee is being sued by the previous owners of the lot where she is seeking to build a park , Ann ( Rashida Jones ) refers her to her lawyer friend Justin Anderson ( Justin Theroux ) , who she calls " the greatest guy ever " . Justin helps Leslie resolve the issue , and the two seem to get along very well together . Having recently broken up with her boyfriend , Leslie asks Ann to set her up on a date , but is surprised when Ann hesitates to set her up with Justin . Instead , she arranges a date with Chris ( Will Arnett ) an MRI technologist Ann works with . The date goes poorly , with Chris appearing annoyed upon learning Leslie attended a rival college , and that she was a director of regular parks , not amusement parks . When Leslie said she has never received an MRI , Chris takes her to the hospital to receive one . Chris makes uncomfortable comments , remarking that Leslie has an excellent uterus ( " could easily have triplets right off the bat " ) and asking whether she is having her period , presumably in anticipation of sex later . Leslie rejects his advances when the date ends , prompting him to make an angry goodbye , even though Leslie still needs to give him a ride home . Meanwhile , Mark ( Paul Schneider ) grows suspicious that Ann harbors romantic feelings for Justin . He eventually confronts Ann and accuses her of trying to " save " Justin for a possible relationship in the future . Mark asks Ann 's ex @-@ boyfriend Andy ( Chris Pratt ) , who also recalls Ann 's infatuation with Justin . Andy scolds Ann for hurting Mark 's feelings , then tries to trick her into thinking she was still dating him , which does not work . Realizing her behavior was inappropriate , Ann sets Leslie up on a date with Justin . Meanwhile , Ron ( Nick Offerman ) deals with complaints from local residents due to a new town policy requiring public officials to deal more directly to the public . Ron calls the policy " my hell
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" , and seeks a new assistant to protect him from the citizens . Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) volunteers to find Ron an assistant , but during job interviews he asks questions about " real @-@ world expertise " , such as what tie he should wear to the club and what to text girls after a party . Tom brings forward a fast @-@ talking candidate named Jean @-@ Ralphio ( Ben Schwartz ) , whose personality closely resembles Tom 's . Ron hates him right away . April ( Aubrey Plaza ) draws attention around the office for showing up late and slacking off at work . Bored with her internship , April insists she cannot wait to leave the parks department . However , after spending time with Andy at the town hall shoeshine stand where he works , April decides she wants to stay closer to him and volunteers to be Ron 's assistant . She also convinces Andy to sell his band 's CDs at the hall , which proves successful . When she slams the door on Tom while he tries to talk to them , Ron immediately hires her . = = Production = = " The Set Up " was directed by Troy Miller and written by Katie Dippold . It featured guest appearances by Will Arnett as MRI technologist Chris and Justin Theroux as Ann 's lawyer friend Justin , Arnett is the real @-@ life husband of Amy Poehler , who plays protagonist Leslie Knope . It was not Poehler who arranged for him to be on the show , but rather Parks and Recreation co @-@ creator Michael Schur , who is a good friend of Arnett and felt he would be a good fit for the character . Their date scenes marked the second on @-@ screen pairing between a Parks and Recreation actor and their real @-@ life spouse ; Megan Mullally , the wife of actor Nick Offerman , guest starred as Ron Swanson 's ex @-@ wife Tammy in the episode , " Ron and Tammy " . Although Theroux was slated to make appearances in multiple Parks and Recreation episodes , Arnett was scheduled to appear only in " The Set Up " . " The Set Up " also marked the first of several recurring appearances by Ben Schwartz as Tom 's friend Jean @-@ Ralphio Saperstein . Schur said the character was invented because the Parks and Recreation staff liked the actor and tried to find a way to work him into the show . = = Cultural references = = At the start of the episode , Leslie had a large framed photo of Dave Sanderson , the Pawnee police officer she had recently broken up with in the episode " Christmas Scandal " . Sanderson was played by stand @-@ up comedian Louis C.K. in several of Parks and Recreation episodes . When asked about her ideal man , Leslie said she wanted somebody with the brains of film star George Clooney and the body of Joe Biden , the 67 @-@ year @-@ old Vice President of the United States . April said she was late for work because she had to finish watching the 2002 teenage horror @-@ film Swimfan . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast on January 14 , 2010 , " The Set Up " was seen by 4 @.@ 59 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research . The viewership was considered consistent with other second season episodes . " The Set Up " drew a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 6 share among viewers aged between 18 and 49 . The episode received generally positive reviews . Entertainment Weekly writer Sandra Gonzalez favorably compared the on @-@ screen pairing of Poehler and Arnett to the comedic chemistry between Jennifer Aniston and her then @-@ husband Brad Pitt when he guest @-@ starred on the sitcom Friends . However , Gonzalez said the Poehler and Arnett scenes were " the best worst first date I ’ d seen on TV in a while " . Gonzalez also said she continued to be bored by the subplots involving Ann and Mark . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club complimented " The Set Up " and said the characters played off each other well , but added the episode " felt a little too plot driven to ascend to A @-@ material heights " . Heisler particularly praised the performances of Chris Pratt and Will Arnett , who he said displayed
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a subtler sense of humor than in his role on the television series Arrested Development . TV Squad writer Kona Gallagher praised the episode , and said she was glad the writers found a reason to keep April in the show without keeping her on as an intern indefinitely . Gallagher also said the jealousy issue was handled well between Mark and Ann , giving the impression of true feelings between the characters . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger praised the decision of April becoming Ron 's assistant because of the comedic potential of the duo . Sepinwall said although Theroux was charming and funny , Arnett " didn 't quite fit into the show 's low @-@ key , naturalistic vibe " . = = DVD release = = " The Set Up " , along with the other 23 second season episodes of Parks and Recreation , was released on a four @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on November 30 , 2010 . The DVD included deleted scenes for each episode . = Great Storm of 1975 = The Great Storm of 1975 ( also known as the Super Bowl Blizzard , Minnesota 's Storm of the Century , or the Tornado Outbreak of January , 1975 ) was an intense storm system that impacted a large portion of the Central and Southeast United States from January 9 to January 12 , 1975 . The storm produced 45 tornadoes in the Southeast U.S. resulting in 12 fatalities , while later dropping over 2 feet ( 61 cm ) of snow and killing 58 people in the Midwest . This storm remains one of the worst blizzards to ever strike parts of the Midwest , as well as one of the largest January tornado outbreaks on record in the United States . = = Meteorological synopsis = = The storm originated over the Pacific Ocean and crashed into the Northwest Pacific coast with damaging gale @-@ force winds on January 8 , 1975 . By January 9 it had cleared the Rocky Mountains and began to redevelop and strengthen . At the same time , Arctic air was being drawn southward from Canada into the Great Plains , and large amounts of warm tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico were being pulled northward into much of the eastern U.S. The storm was a classic Panhandle Hook which moved from Colorado into Oklahoma before turning northward towards the Upper Midwest . It produced record low barometric pressure readings in the Midwest , with the pressure falling to an estimated 28 @.@ 38 in ( 961 mb ) just north of the Minnesota border in Canada . = = Tornado outbreak = = = = = Tornado summary event = = = An unusual feature of this outbreak was that daytime heating , typically a key ingredient in the formation of tornadoes , had very little impact on their development . Rather , as the storm system pulled out into the central plains , strong thunderstorms and tornadoes quickly began to form despite the late hours . The first two tornadoes in the outbreak touched down after 10 : 00 p.m. CST on January 9 in Oklahoma and Louisiana . From there the progression of the twisters shifted eastward through the overnight and early morning hours , setting the stage for what would turn out to be a record setting day on January 10 . Texas saw five tornadoes between 1 : 30 a.m. – 3 : 30 a.m. , one tornado touched down in Arkansas at 6 : 00 a.m. , Louisiana saw seven tornadoes between 5 : 30 a.m. – 8 : 00 a.m. ( killing one person ) , Mississippi had five tornadoes between 8 : 15 a.m. – 10 : 00 a.m. ( killing nine ) , and Illinois and Indiana each experienced three lunch @-@ hour tornadoes . The tornadic line of storms then shifted into Alabama ( killing one ) and Florida during the afternoon and evening hours . Mississippi and Alabama were the two states hardest hit by this outbreak . Alabama saw the most twisters of any state with 13 , but Mississippi saw the largest and deadliest tornado . An F4 tornado that tore through Pike
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, Lincoln , Lawrence , and Simpson Counties at 8 : 14 a.m. killed nine people and injured over 200 ; severely damaging 38 blocks in the town of McComb . The 39 tornadoes that touched down on January 10 marked the most active tornadic day in January in U.S. history at that time . The 52 tornadoes that touched down during January 1975 also set a U.S. record for the most tornadoes during that month . Both of these records were eventually broken in January of 1999 . After a calm day on January 11 , four more tornadoes touched down in Florida and Georgia on January 12 , killing one person in Florida . By the time the outbreak was done it had produced 45 tornadoes , killed 12 people , injured 377 and caused $ 42 million in damages . = = Confirmed tornadoes = = = = = January 9 event = = = = = = January 10 event = = = = = = January 12 event = = = = = Blizzard = = As the storm system began to move northeastward out of Oklahoma , the cool air behind pulled down behind the system interacted with the moisture being pulled northward to produce snow over a large part of the Midwest . The snow began falling on Friday , January 10 and continued for the next two days . Snowfall of a foot ( 30 @.@ 5 cm ) or more was common from Nebraska to Minnesota , with a high amount of 27 inches ( 69 cm ) in Riverton , Minnesota . The heaviest snow fell to the west of the low pressure center , which tracked from northeast Iowa through central Minnesota up to Lake Superior . Sustained winds of 30 – 50 mph ( 48 – 80 km / h ) with gusts from 70 – 90 mph ( 113 – 145 km / h ) produced snowdrifts up to 20 feet ( 6 m ) in some locations . Some roads were closed for up to 11 days . Sioux Falls , South Dakota saw visibilities of below 1 ⁄ 4 mile ( 0 @.@ 4 km ) for 24 straight hours , and just east of Sioux Falls a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 610 m ) broadcast tower collapsed under the storm 's fury . In Willmar , Minnesota , 168 passengers were trapped in a stranded train for hours , unable to walk to shelter because of dangerously low wind chill values . In Omaha , Nebraska a foot ( 31 cm ) of snow fell , Sioux Falls saw 7 inches ( 18 cm ) , Duluth , Minnesota saw 8 inches ( 20 cm ) , and International Falls , Minnesota saw 24 inches ( 61 cm ) . Record low pressures were recorded in communities in Nebraska , Minnesota , Illinois , and Wisconsin , with a low of 28 @.@ 55 in ( 966 @.@ 8 mb ) in Duluth , Minnesota . In all , approximately 58 people died from effects of the blizzard and over 100 @,@ 000 farm animals were lost . The combination of snowfall totals , wind velocities , and cold temperatures made this one of the most severe blizzards the Upper Midwest has experienced . = = Record events = = This storm system had , in part , a large effect on the weather in the entire eastern half of the country . A number of different weather records ( at the time ) were set during the four days of this storm , especially in daily high temperatures , wind gusts , low barometric pressure readings , and number of tornadoes . = = = Daily high temperatures = = = = = = = January 10 = = = = Chicago , Illinois : 60 ° F ( 15 @.@ 6 ° C ) Indianapolis , Indiana : 62 ° F ( 16 @.@ 7 ° C ) Louisville , Kentucky : 66 ° F ( 18 @.@ 9
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° C ) South Bend , Indiana : 61 ° F ( 16 @.@ 1 ° C ) = = = = January 11 = = = = New York City , New York : 65 ° F ( 18 @.@ 3 ° C ) Providence , Rhode Island : 61 ° F ( 16 @.@ 1 ° C ) Washington DC : 75 ° F ( 23 @.@ 9 ° C ) = = = Low pressure measurements = = = Duluth , Minnesota : 28 @.@ 55 in ( 966 @.@ 8 mb ) Minneapolis , Minnesota : 28 @.@ 62 in ( 969 @.@ 2 mb ) Rochester , Minnesota : 28 @.@ 67 in ( 970 @.@ 9 mb ) Milwaukee , Wisconsin : 28 @.@ 86 in ( 977 @.@ 3 mb ) Rockford , Illinois : 28 @.@ 87 in ( 977 @.@ 6 mb ) St. Louis , Missouri : 28 @.@ 93 in ( 979 @.@ 7 mb ) = = = Tornadoes = = = Most tornadoes on one day in January : 39 Most tornadoes in the United States during January : 52 = Poquita Ropa = Poquita Ropa ( English : Few Clothes ) is the twelfth studio album by Guatemalan singer @-@ songwriter Ricardo Arjona . It was released on August 24 , 2010 through Warner Music . It was recorded in Mexico City , New York , and Los Angeles and was produced by Lee Levin and Dan Warner under their production name Los Gringo , with additional works from Matt Rollings and Brian Lang . Markedly different in style from his previous albums , Poquita Ropa was produced using as few musical instruments as possible . Arjona 's goal was to produce the songs " almost as they were born " ; he achieved this by using nonexistent sounds to make the songs sound more acoustic . Arjona achieved a production style that made the songs sound like a capella performances , and he said that " music and women look better with little clothes . " The album was critically and commercially successful , became his third number one album on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums chart , and also topped the charts in Argentina and Mexico . It was certified Platinum in Argentina and Mexico , and was certified Gold in Chile , Colombia and the United States . The album was nominated at the 53rd Grammy Awards for Best Latin Pop Album . Poquita Ropa was given generally positive reviews ; Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic considered the album a " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " and said that it was " impressive " . Poquita Ropa spawned three singles . " Puente " , a song with Cuban influences , was released as the lead single from the album and peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . The other two singles released were " Vida " and " Marta " , both of which failed to appear on the charts . Instead of promoting the album with a worldwide tour , Arjona produced an eponymous film which was broadcast on HBO and A & E. It was directed by Joaquín Cambre , and features Mexican telenovela actress Edith González . = = Composition = = With Poquita Ropa , Arjona wanted to drastically change his musical style . He tried to use as few instruments as possible , resulting in a production that sounds like a capella performances . Arjona said about the album , " music and women look better with little clothes " , and that " they [ the songs ] are like women ; they get things up and are so concerned about this that they forget that the less clothes , more beauty . The songs are often overwhelmed by ourselves , because we saturate them with arrangements looking to exalt their qualities and we end up hiding them . " Arjona produced the album with the assistance of Dan Warner
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, who has worked with Shakira , Celine Dion and Christina Aguilera . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic commented that Poquita Ropa " finds Arjona at his most naked , backed by spare arrangements of acoustic guitar , piano , and Hammond B @-@ 3 along with occasional touches of strings , woodwinds , and chorus vocals . " Poquita Ropa was the first album that Arjona recorded without producer Tommy Torres , whose last production was 5to Piso ( 2008 ) . The album is similar in style to Arjona 's work on Galería Caribe ( 2000 ) . " Puente " , the lead single , is eight minutes and thirty seconds long and is divided into three parts . The first part is an a cappella song with a piano accompaniment . The second part is a ballad with Caribbean and Latin sounds , with some salsa and Cuban influences . The third is a mixture of salsa and merengue , with Cuban influences . Mónica Maristain from newspaper La Nación compared it with " Habana " , a 1999 song by Fito Páez . = = Lyrical content = = When asked about " Puente " ' s main theme , Arjona commented , " Although many believe is a threshed topic , it isn 't for a Cuban , be it on the island or Florida . The status of this dispute hasn 't changed since 1959 and I 've never seen something as disgusting as a rivalry between people occasioned from politics . Chávez can fight with Uribe , Fidel with Obama , but what has this to do with two third @-@ generation cousins that inherit an enmity for a politic matter [ ? ] " . In the song , Arjona sings : " Habana / siempre en las mitades , tan mitad española , tan mitad africana / saben bien las olas que en cada ventana siempre hay un testigo / Habana . " He also said that " Puente " was the only song that was " not allowed to undress " . " Vida " , the second single , is considered by Arjona to be an autobiographical song . He said that it " contains a good dose of the life of my old man " , as a reference to his father , Don Ricardo Arjona , who died in 2010 . In an interview , music video director Joaquín Cambre said that , " ' Vida ' is a sweet song , exciting and bitter nonetheless . I tried to represent that mix of feelings crafting an ambience of hope inside of a story that inevitably has a tragic end . Ricardo Arjona plays the song while listening to the story playing on an old disc . " Arjona said that " Marta " is " one of those songs with brushworks related to something that happened , put on the magnifying glass of the author . " When asked if " Escribir Una Canción " could be considered a guide for songwriters , he stated that " there are no guides to write songs . If any , songwriters would stop writing songs and start writing guides . " Arjona also said that " Mi País " was " the story of anybody who left their land and searched for life in another place , with all that huge dose of nostalgia and memory those moments carries . " , and that he wrote the song when he left Guatemala . " Que Voy A Hacer Conmigo " was originally included as a rock song on his 1991 album Del Otro Lado del Sol , but the lyrics were slightly changed on the new version . Arjona stated that it was a difficult process to leave the songs " almost as they were born " , and that he had to convince the people who worked on the album that " it was the way the songs were to be " , without adding any sounds . = = Release and promotion = = Poquita Ropa was released first in Spain on 6 August 2010 , and was made available in the United States , Latin America , and the rest of Europe on 15 August 2010 . The compact disc version of the album was released in the United States , the United Kingdom , and Latin America on 24 August 2010 . A deluxe edition was released on iTunes , and contained the track " Estas Ganas de L
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137,230
lorar " . = = = Singles = = = " Puente " , the lead single from the album , was released on 9 August 2010 . The song is a political @-@ charged anthem to Havana , the relationship between Cuba and the United States , the international economic blockade against Cuba , and Cuban emigration to Florida . The song reached number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . " Puente " is one of Arjona 's least successful lead singles . The music video was filmed in Mexico and Argentina . The second single , " Vida " , was released on 7 December 2010 . Its music video was filmed in Mexico and was directed by Argentinian filmmaker Joaquín Cambre . The third and last single from the album was " Marta " , released on 29 March 2011 . It became the second consecutive single from Poquita Ropa to fail to chart in the United States . The accompanying music video featured Mexican telenovela actress Edith González . = = = Film = = = On 12 February 2011 , HBO premiered the film Poquita Ropa – Una Historia Apasionada , a compilation of the music videos for all of the songs on the album , interlaced into one story and with a duration of 67 minutes . It was directed by Joaquín Cambre , and co @-@ starred Arjona , González , Edgar Vivar , Daniel Arenas , Mimi Morales , and Kenny . Poquita Ropa – Una Historia Apasionada was produced in Argentina and Mexico . Jesús Grovas , HBO 's corporate communication manager for Mexico and Central America said that it was " a pleasure to have on screen the music of a songwriter like Ricardo Arjona , which is warranty of quality " . The film was later broadcast by A & E. = = Reception = = = = = Commercial performance = = = In the United States , Poquita Ropa sold over nine thousand copies in its first week , debuting at number one the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart , on the week ending 11 September 2010 , becoming Arjona 's third studio album to reach number one on that chart , following Galería Caribe ( 2000 ) and 5to Piso ( 2008 ) . The following week , it fell to number two as Enrique Iglesias ' Euphoria regained the top position . Poquita Ropa also debuted at number one on the Latin Pop Albums chart on the week ending 11 September 2010 . It became Arjona 's fourth album to reach number one , after Galería Caribe , 5to Piso and Quién Dijo Ayer ( 2007 ) . Poquita Ropa also debuted at number 43 on the Billboard 200 , becoming his highest entry on that chart . The album was also commercially successful outside the United States . In Mexico , Poquita Ropa debuted at number 29 , and jumped to number one in its second week . It remained at number one for two consecutive weeks , before dropping to number five . The album was the 31st best @-@ selling album of 2010 in Mexico . Poquita Ropa also peaked at number one in Argentina , and at number two in Chile . On the 2010 year @-@ end chart , Poquita Ropa was the 43rd best @-@ selling album on the Latin Albums chart , and the 12th best @-@ selling album on the Latin Pop Albums chart . Poquita Ropa was certified Platinum by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers ( CAPIF ) , denoting 40 @,@ 000 copies sold . It was also certified Platinum by the Mexican Association of Producers of Phonograms and Videograms ( AMPROFON ) , denoting 60 @,@ 000 copies sold . In the United States , Poquita Ropa was certified Gold ( Latin ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting 50 @,@ 000 copies shipped . It was certified Gold in Chile , denoting sales of 5 @,@ 000 copies , and
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in Colombia , denoting sales of 10 @,@ 000 copies . = = = Critical response = = = Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic gave the album a positive review , and wrote that it was a " stripped @-@ down acoustic effort " , and considered it " impressive " . An editor from El Carabobeño said that Poquita Ropa was " an album of ghetto and concept , with flawless production and carried out with the right amount of instruments . " = = Track listing = = Following , the track list of Poquita Ropa as is shown in Allmusic . All songs written and composed by Ricardo Arjona . iTunes Bonus Track = = Personnel = = The credits are taken from the iTunes exclusive digital booklet . = = = Technical credits = = = = = Chart performance = = = = Release history = = = 1988 – 89 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season = The 1988 – 89 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season was an active season that featured several storms moving near or over the Mascarene Islands or Madagascar . The eleven tropical storms was two greater than average , of which five became tropical cyclones – a storm with maximum sustained winds over 10 minutes of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) or greater . Storms were monitored by the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion island in an official capacity , as well as the American Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) on an unofficial base . The season began early with Moderate Tropical Storm Adelinina forming in early November , and continued through the middle of April . Adelinina was one of two storms to form in November , the other being Tropical Cyclone Barisaona which crossed from the adjacent Australian basin . After no activity in December , there were four storms in January , including the most notable of the season – Cyclone Firinga . The storm caused ₣ 1 billion ( 1989 francs , $ 157 million 1989 USD ) in damage when it struck Réunion . Tropical Cyclone Calasanjy also formed in the month , causing heavy damage when it struck western Madagascar . Three storms formed in February , the second of which , Hanitra , also crossed from the Australian basin . This storm , as well as later Tropical Cyclone Krisy , were the strongest of the season , attaining peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 95 mph ) . Tropical Cyclone Jinabo was the first of three storms to form in quick succession in late March , the others being Krisy and Tropical Storm Lezissy . Jinabo originated off the east coast of Madagascar and dropped heavy rainfall on Réunion . Krisy took a similar track and passed within 100 km ( 60 mi ) of Rodrigues and Mauritius , causing heavy crop damage . Lastly , Tropical Storm Lezissy merged with Krisy and dissipated on April 11 to end the season . = = Seasonal summary = = During the season , the Météo @-@ France office ( MFR ) on Réunion island issued warnings in tropical cyclones within the basin . Using satellite imagery from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the agency estimated intensity through the Dvorak technique , and warned on tropical cyclones in the region from the coast of Africa to 90 ° E , south of the equator . At the time , the World Meteorological Organization recognized the MFR as a Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centre , and would later label the agency as a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in 1993 . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , which is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force , also issued tropical cyclone warnings for the southwestern Indian Ocean . The season 's 11 named storms is slightly above the long term average , while the five tropical cyclones – a storm attaining maximum sustained winds of at least 120
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"▁November", "▁", "2", "3", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁=", "▁=", "▁=", "▁Trop", "ical", "▁Cy", "clone", "▁Cal", "as", "an", "j", "y", "▁=", "▁=", "▁=", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁The", "▁orig", "ins", "▁of", "▁Cal", "as", "an", "j", "y", "▁were", "▁from", "▁the", "▁I", "TC", "Z", "▁in", "▁the", "▁Moz", "amb", "ique", "▁Channel", "▁off", "▁the", "▁north", "west", "▁coast", "▁of", "▁Mad", "agas", "car", "▁in", "▁early", "▁January", "▁.", "▁An", "▁area", "▁of", "▁dist", "urbed", "▁weather", "▁moved", "▁south", "west", "ward", "▁at", "▁first", "▁,", "▁but", "▁gradually", "▁cur", "ved", "▁to", "▁the", "▁north", "west", "▁.", "▁On", "▁January", "▁", "9", "▁,", "▁the", "▁M", "FR", "▁class", "ified", "▁it", "▁as", "▁a", "▁tropical", "▁disturb", "ance", "▁,", "▁but", "▁upgrad", "ed" ]
137,232
km / h ( 75 mph ) – was the same as the long term average . There was an ongoing La Niña event in the middle of the season . The MFR considered the tropical cyclone year to begin on August 1 and continue to July 31 of the following year . In addition to the storms monitored by the MFR , the JTWC tracked a storm in March that formed off the west coast of Madagascar on March 7 . It moved generally to the south or south @-@ southeast , failing to intensify beyond 1 ‑ minute winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) . After passing west of Madagascar , the storm dissipated on March 11 . = = Storms = = = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Adelinina = = = The Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) over the eastern Indian Ocean was the origin of what would become Tropical Storm Adelinina . On October 30 , the JTWC began monitoring the system to the south of Diego Garcia , and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 01S on November 1 . On the next day , the MFR began issuing advisories on the system and quickly upgraded it to Moderate Tropical Storm Adelinina . The agency estimated 10 ‑ minute winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) as the storm moved to the southeast . By contrast , the JTWC assessed that Adelinina rapidly intensified into the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on November 2 , estimating peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) the next day . Without strengthening further , Adelinina began weakening on November 4 , turning to the east and later turning back to the northwest ; the track was influenced by a ridge to the south . Adelinina completed its five @-@ day loop on November 7 as it crossed westward over its former track . That day , the MFR re @-@ upgraded the system to tropical storm status , but discontinued advisories on November 8 . = = = Tropical Cyclone Barisaona = = = On November 5 , a tropical depression formed in the Australian basin south of Indonesia from a trough . It moved slowly and erratically to the west , only gradually organizing . On November 8 , the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 02S . Before entering the south @-@ west Indian Ocean , the Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) estimated that the system reached 10 ‑ minute winds of 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) . However , the BoM did not include the system in its annual summary of the season , and at the time it was considered a tropical depression in the Australian region . On November 12 , the system crossed 90 ° E , classified as Moderate Tropical Storm Barisaona by the MFR . By that time , the storm was moving steadily to the west @-@ southwest , steered by a ridge to the south , and it attained tropical cyclone status two days later . Also on November 14 , the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 135 km / h ( 85 mph ) , based on the well @-@ defined eye . Barisaona briefly weakened to tropical storm status on November 15 , only to regain tropical cyclone status the next day . On November 16 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . A passing trough turned the cyclone to the southwest . It gradually weakened thereafter , and JTWC discontinued advisories on November 20 . The MFR tracked Barisaona for a few more days as a ridge steered the system back to the north ; the system dissipated on November 23 . = = = Tropical Cyclone Calasanjy = = = The origins of Calasanjy were from the ITCZ in the Mozambique Channel off the northwest coast of Madagascar in early January . An area of disturbed weather moved southwestward at first , but gradually curved to the northwest . On January 9 , the MFR classified it as a tropical disturbance , but upgraded
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"▁The", "▁system", "▁turned", "▁more", "▁to", "▁the", "▁south", "▁ahead", "▁of", "▁a", "▁tr", "ough", "▁,", "▁passing", "▁east", "▁of", "▁St", ".", "▁Br", "andon", "▁and", "▁later", "▁to", "▁the", "▁west", "▁of", "▁Rod", "rig", "ues", "▁.", "▁Later", "▁,", "▁D", "ona", "▁turned", "▁to", "▁the", "▁sout", "heast", "▁,", "▁diss", "ip", "ating", "▁on", "▁January", "▁", "1", "4", "▁without", "▁affect", "ing", "▁land", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁=", "▁=", "▁=", "▁Se", "vere", "▁Trop", "ical", "▁Storm", "▁Ed", "me", "▁=", "▁=", "▁=", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁On", "▁January", "▁", "2", "0", "▁,", "▁a", "▁tropical", "▁disturb", "ance", "▁formed", "▁about", "▁", "2", "4", "0", "▁km", "▁(", "▁", "1", "5", "0", "▁mi", "▁)", "▁west", "▁of", "▁the", "▁C", "oc", "os", "▁Islands", "▁.", "▁That", "▁day", "▁,", "▁the", "▁J", "TW", "C", "▁class", "ified", "▁it", "▁as", "▁Trop", "ical", "▁Cy", "clone", "▁", "0", "7", "S", "▁,", "▁although", "▁it", "▁had", "▁monitor", "ed", "▁the", 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137,233
it to Moderate Tropical Storm Calasanjy on the next day . Also on January 10 , the JTWC designated the storm as Tropical Cyclone 06S . By that time , Calasanjy was just off the east coast of Mozambique , although it executed a tight loop to the southeast spare a landfall . Moving along its former path , the storm gradually intensified – the JTWC upgraded it to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on January 12 , and the MFR upgraded Calasanjy to tropical cyclone status two days later . Both agencies estimated peak winds of around 135 km / h ( 85 mph ) . Later on January 14 , Calasanjy made landfall in western Madagascar near Morondava , and soon after moving ashore it turned to the southwest , its motion changed due to a ridge to the southeast . It weakened to tropical depression status before re @-@ emerging into the Mozambique Channel on January 16 , becoming extratropical the next day . Cyclone Calasanjy caused heavy damage in western Madagascar , with a peak wind gust of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) in Maintirano . The storm caused the Morondava River to increase to a flow rate of 2 @,@ 702 m3 / s ( 95 @,@ 420 ft3 / s ) , with a peak height of 4 @.@ 08 m ( 13 @.@ 4 ft ) during the storm . Reforms enacted after previous cyclones Kamisy and Honorinina helped facilitate repairs following this storm . = = = Tropical Depression Dona = = = On January 10 , a tropical disturbance formed east @-@ northeast of St. Brandon , which is a small archipelago belonging to Mauritius . It originally consisted of a small , weak vortex , although it gradually organized . The system moved to the southwest and quickly intensified into a tropical depression , reaching peak winds of 50 km / h ( 30 mph ) . Despite it only being a depression , the Mauritius Meteorological Service named the depression Dona due to the threat to the island . The system turned more to the south ahead of a trough , passing east of St. Brandon and later to the west of Rodrigues . Later , Dona turned to the southeast , dissipating on January 14 without affecting land . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Edme = = = On January 20 , a tropical disturbance formed about 240 km ( 150 mi ) west of the Cocos Islands . That day , the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 07S , although it had monitored the system for the preceding three days . The nascent disturbance moved to the south and gradually intensified , becoming Moderate Tropical Storm Edme on January 21 . On the next day , the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , as Edme was aided by favorable upper level conditions beneath an anticyclone . On January 23 , the agency estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) ; however , the MFR only assessed peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) , just shy of tropical cyclone status . By the time of peak intensity , Edme had begun moving southwestward and thereafter weakened due to increasing wind shear , imparted by a trough in the Westerlies . On January 26 , the storm weakened to tropical depression status as it turned to the south . Edme dissipated the following day . = = = Tropical Cyclone Firinga = = = Firinga developed on January 24 well to the northeast of Mauritius . After initially moving to the southeast , it began a southwest motion that it would continue for several days . During that time , the system intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Firinga , and the JTWC upgraded it to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane on January 28 . Early the next day , it intensified to tropical cyclone status , reaching peak winds of 135 km / h ( 85 mph
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137,234
) . Around that time , Firinga passed 50 km ( 30 mi ) west of Mauritius , producing 190 km / h ( 120 mph ) wind gusts . Shortly thereafter , the cyclone struck Réunion , still at peak intensity , producing wind gusts as strong as 216 km / h ( 134 mph ) . Firinga turned more to the south as it weakened , degenerating into a tropical disturbance on January 31 . It fluctuated in intensity after turning to the southeast and executing a loop to the southwest , dissipating on February 7 . On Mauritius , Firinga destroyed 844 homes . Heavy crop damage occurred on the island , and damage nationwide was estimated at $ 60 million ( 1989 USD ) . One person was killed in Mauritius . The storm dropped torrential rainfall in the southern portion of Réunion , including 24 ‑ hour totals of 1 @,@ 309 mm ( 51 @.@ 5 in ) at Pas de Bellecombe and 1 @,@ 199 mm ( 47 @.@ 2 in ) at Casabois , both of which set records for the locations . The rains caused widespread river flooding and resulted in 32 mudslides . Firinga isolated several towns from the flooding and left power and water outages . A total of 2 @,@ 746 houses were damaged or destroyed , leaving 6 @,@ 200 people homeless . Damage was estimated at around ₣ 1 billion ( 1989 francs , $ 157 million 1989 USD ) , and there were 10 deaths on the island . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Gizela = = = A tropical disturbance formed on February 16 to the southeast of Diego Garcia . It moved to the west @-@ southwest , intensifying into Moderate Tropical Storm Gizela on February 18 . That day , the JTWC began classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 12S . Due to a passing trough , Gizela turned to the south and southeast , gradually strengthening . On February 20 , the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) , while the JTWC upgraded it to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane . Influenced by a ridge , Gizela turned back to the southwest and slowly weakened while remaining far away from any landmasses . On February 22 , it weakened to tropical depression status while turning to the south , and Gizela dissipated two days later . = = = Tropical Cyclone Leon @-@ Hanitra = = = A weak low pressure area was evident in the Australian basin as early as February 13 between the Cocos Islands and Christmas Island . It meandered for several days , executing a small loop , before beginning a westward motion . After passing south of the Cocos Islands , the system intensified into a tropical storm on February 18 and was named Leon . On the next day , the storm crossed into the south @-@ west Indian Ocean , whereupon the Mauritius Meteorological Service renamed it Hanitra . The storm quickly intensified once it entered the basin . The JTWC , which designated the storm as Tropical Cyclone 11S , upgraded Hanitra to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane late on February 19 . On February 22 , the agency estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) , by which time Hanitra had begun a steady southwest motion . By contrast , the MFR assessed slower strengthening , only upgrading it to tropical cyclone status on February 23 and estimating peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 95 mph ) . The storm gradually accelerated to the south and weakened , becoming extratropical over time . The motion shifted to the southeast on February 28 , and Hanitra dissipated the next day . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Iana = = = Before Iana formed , there was a persistent area of cloudiness across the Mozamb
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137,235
ique Channel in late February . A low pressure area originated over eastern Mozambique and moved eastward over water , emerging near Beira . On February 25 , a tropical disturbance formed off the west coast of southern Madagascar and moved east @-@ northeastward , steered by a ridge to the south . Shortly thereafter , the center passed just north of Europa Island . By the next day , it intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Iana , reaching peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) . Late on February 26 , the storm made landfall in western Madagascar near Morombe . Iana weakened slightly while moving east @-@ southeastward through the country , emerging into the Indian Ocean on February 27 near Farafangana . On the next day , the storm weakened to tropical depression status as it curved southward . Iana became extratropical the next day . The storm was not tracked by the JTWC . On Europa Island , Iana produced 86 km / h ( 53 mph ) wind gusts , while on Madagascar , gusts peaked at 80 km / h ( 49 mph ) at Morondava . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Jinabo = = = A tropical disturbance originated just east of St. Brandon on March 23 , initially consisting of a disorganized area of convection without a distinct center . Moving briskly westward , it slowly organized , becoming Moderate Tropical Storm Jinabo on March 25 . That day , the JTWC classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 19S . The storm turned to the southwest due to a trough in the region , bringing it parallel to the east coast of Madagascar . On March 26 , the JTWC upgraded Jinabo to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , and early the next day , the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) . Around that time , the storm stalled about 110 km ( 70 mi ) east of the coast of Madagascar , later turning to the southeast due to a ridge . Quickly weakening , Jinabo was only a minimal tropical storm by March 29 . On the next day , it turned back to the south . Jinabo weakened to tropical depression status on March 31 and dissipated the next day , having become extratropical and joining the westeries . The storm brought gusty winds and rainfall to Madagascar and Réunion . On the former island , gusts reached 107 km / h ( 67 mph ) at Mahanoro along the coast . On Réunion , the storm drenched the island for six days , with a peak of 565 mm ( 22 @.@ 2 in ) at Sainte @-@ Rose . = = = Tropical Cyclone Krisy = = = About a week after Jinabo formed , another tropical disturbance formed in the basin on March 28 south of Diego Garcia . In its formative stages , it moved erratically , although generally to the southwest . On March 30 , it intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Krisy , the same day that the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 21S . Due to a ridge to the south , Krisy 's track shifted to the west that day before turning southward on April 1 . During that time , the JTWC assessed that Krisy intensified to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane . The MFR upgraded the storm to cyclone status on April 2 , and on that day the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . On April 3 , the MFR estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 95 mph ) as the cyclone turned to the west @-@ southwest . Over the next few days , the storm slowly weakened , passing 100 km ( 60 mi ) north of Rodrigues on April 5 as a moderate tropical storm . On the next day , Krisy brushed the east coasts of Mauritius and Réunion , passing just 30 km
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( 18 mi ) east of the former island . It weakened to tropical depression status on April 7 while curving to the south and later to the east , becoming extratropical . A ridge turned the remnants of Krisy to the north toward Tropical Depression Lezissy , and the two systems merged on April 11 . Krisy first affected Rodrigues , producing 122 km / h ( 76 mph ) gusts and 97 @.@ 6 mm ( 3 @.@ 84 mm ) of rainfall . Gusts reached 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) on Réunion , and high waves affected the island for several days . However , effects were worst on Mauritius . While passing south of the island , Krisy produced wind gusts of 155 km / h ( 96 mph ) at Plaisance Airport on Mauritius . Rainfall on the island reached 182 mm ( 7 @.@ 2 in ) over a 24 period . On the island , the passages of Firinga and Krisy decreased the output of the sugar crop by 20 @,@ 000 tons , accounting for 15 % of the sugar cane , mostly in the southeastern portion of the island . Several other crops were affected by the two cyclones , resulting in a 50 % decrease of the banana output . As Krisy struck just two months after Firinga , residents heeded alerts and were well @-@ prepared , and 800 people sought shelter . There were no direct deaths , although one farmer committed suicide due to the threat of the storm . = = = Moderate Tropical Storm Lezissy = = = The final storm of the season formed on April 6 to the east @-@ southeast of Diego Garcia while Krisy was active near Rodrigues . That same day , the JTWC classified it as Tropical Cyclone 24S . It quickly intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Lezissy as it took a westward trajectory , reaching peak winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) by late on April 6 . Influenced by a broad area of low pressure , Lezissy turned to the southwest , gradually weakening . It approached former Cyclone Krisy , and the two systems merged by April 11 , both losing their circulations and leaving behind a disorganized remnant low . = Instant Karma ! = " Instant Karma ! " – sometimes referred to as " Instant Karma ! ( We All Shine On ) " – is a song written by English musician John Lennon , released as a single on Apple Records in February 1970 . In the UK , the single was credited to " Lennon / Ono with the Plastic Ono Band " . The song reached the top five in the British and American singles charts , competing with the Beatles ' " Let It Be " in America , where it became the first solo single by a member of the band to sell a million copies . " Instant Karma ! " was written , recorded and released within a period of ten days , making it one of the fastest @-@ released songs in pop music history . The recording was produced by Phil Spector , marking a comeback for the American producer after his self @-@ imposed retirement in 1966 , and leading to him being offered the producer 's role on the Beatles ' Let It Be album ( 1970 ) . Recorded at London 's Abbey Road Studios , " Instant Karma ! " employs Spector 's signature Wall of Sound technique and features contributions from George Harrison , Klaus Voormann , Alan White and Billy Preston . The B @-@ side was a song composed and performed by Yoko Ono , titled " Who Has Seen the Wind ? " Recently shorn of the long hair synonymous with their 1969 campaign for world peace , Lennon and Ono promoted the single with an appearance on Britain 's Top of the Pops . " Instant Karma ! " has appeared on many Lennon compilations , including Shaved Fish ( 1975 ) , Lennon Legend ( 1997 ) and Power to the People : The Hits ( 2010 ) . A version recorded at the " One to One " concerts
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in August 1972 was included on his posthumously released Live in New York City album ( 1986 ) . The song continues to receive critical praise as one of the finest recordings from Lennon 's solo career . Paul Weller , Duran Duran and U2 are among the acts who have covered " Instant Karma ! " , the chorus of which inspired the title to Stephen King 's 1977 novel The Shining . = = Background = = Together with his wife , Yoko Ono , John Lennon spent New Year 1970 in Aalborg , Denmark , establishing a relationship with Ono 's former husband , artist Tony Cox , and visiting Cox and Ono 's daughter Kyoko . The visit coincided with the start of what Lennon termed " Year 1 AP ( After Peace ) " , following his and Ono 's much @-@ publicised Bed @-@ Ins and other peace @-@ campaign activities throughout 1969 . To mark the new era , on 20 January 1970 , the couple shaved off their shoulder @-@ length hair , an act that Britain 's Daily Mirror described as " the most sensational scalpings since the Red Indians went out of business " . Lennon and Ono pledged to auction the shorn hair for a charitable cause , having similarly announced on 5 January that they would donate all future royalties from their recordings to the peace movement . Also while in Denmark , the Lennons , Cox and the latter 's current partner , Melinde Kendall , discussed the concept of " instant karma " , whereby the causality of one 's actions is immediate rather than borne out over a lifetime . Author Philip Norman writes of the concept 's appeal : " The idea was quintessential Lennon – the age @-@ old Buddhist law of cause and effect turned into something as modern and synthetic as instant coffee and , simultaneously , into a bogey under the stairs that can get you if you don 't watch out . " = = Composition = = On 27 January 1970 , two days after returning to the UK , Lennon woke up with the beginnings of a song inspired by his conversations with Cox and Kendall . Working at home on a piano , Lennon developed the idea and came up with a melody for the composition , which he titled " Instant Karma ! " The song employs a similar chord structure to that of " Three Blind Mice " and " Some Other Guy " , after Lennon had used the same progression in his 1967 composition for the Beatles , " All You Need Is Love " . Later in 1970 , he would adopt the melody of " Three Blind Mice " , an English nursery rhyme , for his song " My Mummy 's Dead " . In their book The Words and Music of John Lennon , Ben Urish and Kenneth Bielen suggest that in the first verse of " Instant Karma ! " , Lennon rebukes his listeners with the sarcastic lines : " Get yourself together / Pretty soon you 're gonna be dead . " Norman comments on the " hippie catchphrase of the moment " contained in the first of these two lines , which together provide a warning that is " obviously not to be taken literally " . Author Mark Hertsgaard notes the lyric " Why in the world are we here ? " as a further example of Lennon " asking what purpose his life on earth was to serve " , after his 1966 composition " Strawberry Fields Forever " . As with " Give Peace a Chance " and " Power to the People " – Lennon singles from 1969 and 1971 respectively – the chorus has an anthem @-@ like quality , as he sings : " We all shine on , like the moon and the stars and the sun . " Norman describes the chorus as Lennon restating his message of " peace campaigning and non @-@ violent , optimistic togetherness " . Lennon biographer John Blaney writes that the song is an appeal " for mankind to take responsibility for its fate " and that it was " Lennon developing his own brand of egalitarianism " . Lennon completed the writing of " Instant Kar
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137,238
ma ! " in an hour . He then telephoned bandmate George Harrison and American producer Phil Spector , who was in London at the invitation of the Beatles ' Apple Corps manager , Allen Klein . According to Lennon 's recollection , he told Spector : " Come over to Apple quick , I 've just written a monster . " = = Recording = = Although still officially a member of the Beatles , Lennon had privately announced his departure from the group in September 1969 . He was now keen to issue " Instant Karma ! " immediately as a single , the third under his and Ono 's Plastic Ono Band moniker . The recording session took place at Abbey Road Studios in north @-@ west London , on the evening of 27 January . Lennon 's fellow musicians at the session were Harrison , Klaus Voormann , Alan White and Billy Preston – all of whom had performed at the December 1969 Peace for Christmas Concert , as part of the Plastic Ono Supergroup . The recording engineer for " Instant Karma ! " was EMI mainstay Phil McDonald . Spector produced the session , arriving late after Harrison had found him at Apple 's office and persuaded him to attend . According to author Bruce Spizer , the line @-@ up for the basic track , before overdubs , was Lennon ( vocals , acoustic guitar ) , Harrison ( electric guitar ) , Preston ( organ ) , Voormann ( bass ) and White ( drums ) . Lennon later recalled of the recording : " Phil ( Spector ) came in and said , ' How do you want it ? ' And I said , ' 1950s ' and he said ' Right ' and BOOM ! ... he played it back and there it was . " The song uses a similar amount of echo to 1950s Sun Records recordings . The musicians recorded ten takes , the last of which was selected for overdubbing . To create what Spector biographer Mark Ribowsky terms a " four @-@ man Wall of Sound " production , Lennon added grand piano onto the basic track , while Harrison and White shared another piano and Voormann played electric piano . In addition , Beatles aide Mal Evans overdubbed chimes ( or tubular bells ) and White added a second , muffled drum part . With Lennon feeling that the chorus was missing something , Preston and Evans were sent to bring in a group of people from a nightclub to provide backing vocals . These newcomers and all the musicians , along with Allen Klein , then added chorus vocals , with Harrison directing the singing . Although Lennon and Spector disagreed over the bass sound , Lennon was " ecstatic " about the producer 's work on " Instant Karma " , author Peter Doggett writes . White 's drums assumed the role of a lead instrument , positioned prominently in the mix , of which Spector biographer Richard Williams would write in 1972 : " No Beatles record had ever possessed such a unique sound ; Spector had used echo to make the drums reverberate like someone slapping a wet fish on a marble slab , and the voices sounded hollow and decayed . " Spector wanted to add a string section to the track in Los Angeles , but Lennon insisted that the recording was complete . Having only recently returned to producing , after the commercial failure of Ike & Tina Turner 's 1966 single " River Deep – Mountain High " in America , Spector had " passed the audition " , according to Beatles Forever author Nicholas Schaffner . " Instant Karma ! " was the first of many Beatles @-@ related recordings that Spector worked on during the early 1970s , starting with the band 's final album release , Let It Be ( 1970 ) . = = = " Who Has Seen the Wind ? " = = = As with the Plastic Ono Band 's previous singles , " Give Peace a Chance " and " Cold Turkey " , Lennon and Ono recorded an Ono composition as a B @-@ side . Produced by Lennon , " Who Has Seen the Wind ? " was recorded at Trident Studios in central London , also in late January 1970 . The opening verse , sung a cappella by Ono , is from a work by nineteenth @-@ century English poet Christina Ros
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]
137,239
setti . The instrumentation on the recording includes Lennon playing acoustic guitar ; John Barham , Harrison 's regular collaborator and arranger , on harpsichord ; Ono on flute ; and various percussion instruments . Spizer suggests that Harrison may also have participated , on acoustic guitar . = = Release = = " Instant Karma ! " ranks as one of the fastest @-@ released songs in pop music history , arriving in UK record stores just ten days after it was written . Lennon remarked to the press that he " wrote it for breakfast , recorded it for lunch , and we 're putting it out for dinner " . Apple Records issued the single on 6 February 1970 in Britain – credited to the Plastic Ono Band – and on 20 February in America , where the A @-@ side was retitled " Instant Karma ! ( We All Shine On ) " and credited to John Ono Lennon . Spector remixed " Instant Karma ! " for the US release without Lennon 's knowledge . As with " Cold Turkey " , the single 's standard Apple Records A @-@ side face label carried the words " PLAY LOUD " , in both the UK and America . Reflecting the tender sound of " Who Has Seen the Wind ? " , the B @-@ side label read " PLAY QUIET " ( or " PLAY SOFT " in the US ) . The front of the US picture sleeve featured a black @-@ and @-@ white photo of Lennon along with a prominent producer 's credit for Spector , while the reverse had a similar picture of Ono . = = = Promotion = = = Following a year of highly publicised peace campaigning by the Lennons in 1969 , Apple press officer Derek Taylor was concerned that they had exhausted the media 's interest in their causes . On 4 February 1970 , Lennon and Ono donated a large plastic bag full of their hair , along with Apple 's poster for the new single , to north London @-@ based black power activist Michael X , in return for a pair of Muhammad Ali 's bloodstained boxing shorts . The " final proof " of the Lennons ' " overexpose [ ure ] " , according to Taylor , was that there was a large press turnout for the event yet " nobody printed anything " . On 11 February , Lennon and Ono filmed an appearance on BBC Television 's Top of the Pops to promote " Instant Karma ! " , accompanied by White , Voormann , Evans and BP Fallon . While the other musicians mimed their contributions , Lennon sang a live vocal over a mix of the song 's instrumental track , prepared by EMI engineer Geoff Emerick . This was the first appearance on the program by any member of the Beatles since 1966 , as well as the public unveiling of the Lennons ' new cropped look . Two versions of " Instant Karma ! " – known as " knitting " and " cue card " – were taped for Top of the Pops , and aired on 12 and 19 February , respectively . The clips differ from one another in terms of Lennon 's attire and the nature of Ono 's role as , in author Robert Rodriguez 's description , " an onstage focal point around which all activity was staged " ; in addition , Lennon 's vocal was treated with echo for the 19 February broadcast . In the " knitting " clip , Lennon is wearing a black polo @-@ neck jumper as Ono sits beside his piano , blindfolded , and knitting throughout . In " cue card " , Lennon wears a flower @-@ pattern shirt under a denim jacket , while Ono holds up a series of cryptically worded cue cards , the messages on which include " Smile " , " Hope " and " Peace " , as she speaks into a microphone . Although Ono appears to have a more active role , she is again blindfolded and the words she speaks cannot be heard . Rodriguez describes both clips as " terrifically engaging , providing suitably dynamic visuals to a powerful song " , yet he considers that the " cue card " performance " captures much more of the ambience , with frequent shots of White 's stellar work and the
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137,240
studio dancers " . = = = Commercial success and aftermath = = = " Instant Karma ! " was commercially successful , peaking at number 3 on America 's Billboard Hot 100 chart , number 2 in Canada , and number 5 on the UK Singles Chart . The single also reached the top ten in several other European countries and in Australia . The release took place two months before Paul McCartney announced the break @-@ up of the Beatles , whose penultimate single , the George Martin @-@ produced " Let It Be " , Lennon 's record competed with on the US charts . " Instant Karma ! " went on to become the first single by a solo Beatle to achieve US sales of 1 million , earning gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America on 14 December 1970 . Until Lennon 's death in December 1980 , " Instant Karma ! " remained his sole RIAA @-@ certified gold single . Despite the stated intentions for Lennon and Ono 's Year 1 AP , the proceeds from the auctioning of their hair benefited Michael X 's Black House commune rather than the peace movement , and , in the words of Beatles Diary author Barry Miles , the pledge to donate their royalties was also " discreetly forgotten " . In March 1970 , Lennon publicly split with the organisers of the planned Toronto Peace Festival , as he and Ono began treatment under Arthur Janov 's Primal Therapy . Before heading to California in April for intensive therapy through the summer , Lennon accused McCartney of using the Beatles ' break @-@ up to sell his album McCartney , and admitted that he wished that he himself had announced the break @-@ up months before to promote his own solo release . = = Critical reception = = On release , Chris Welch of Melody Maker declared : " Instant hit ! John Lennon is singing better than ever . With a beautiful rock ' n ' roll echo chamber on his mean but meaningful vocals and some superb drumming , it makes up the Plastics ' best piece of boogie yet . " Writing in the NME in 1975 , Charles Shaar Murray wrote of the song 's " volcanically desperate optimism " and rated it " a classic " . Shaar Murray added , with reference to " Cold Turkey " also : " I can 't remember anybody else who put out two such utter killers in a row over the same period of time . " Village Voice critic Robert Christgau has described " Instant Karma ! " as Lennon 's " best political song " , while other reviewers consider it his finest post @-@ Beatles recording . In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Roy Carr and Tony Tyler describe " Instant Karma ! " as a " snappy little rocker " that " owes as much to the skilful production of Phil Spector as to the vitality of the overall performance " , on which " [ d ] rummer Alan White excels . " Carr and Tyler remark that " Who Has Seen the Wind ? " " would have made a marvellous soundtrack for the movie of Henry James ' ' The Turn of the Screw ' , being a somewhat sinister ditty sung à la Wunderkind " . Bruce Spizer describes Ono 's song as " evok [ ing ] images of minstrels at a Renaissance fair " and considers the single " a far cry … and welcome relief from the avant @-@ garde discs issued by John and Yoko in 1969 " . Another to highlight White 's drumming amid the " collective genius " of all the participants on " Instant Karma ! " , author Robert Rodriguez concludes of Lennon 's activities on 27 January 1970 : " Not many days in the history of rock and roll proved as everlastingly fruitful . " In 1981 , NME critic Bob Woffinden wrote of the single : " It was excellent . Lennon was characteristically simple and direct , but this time on a song with one of those magically catchy refrains . " Among Lennon 's biographers , Ben Urish and Kenneth Bielen view " Instant Karma ! " as " a chiding though positive message for humanity
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" , while Jon Wiener praises Lennon 's " rich , deep voice " on a recording where the sound is " irresistible " . Philip Norman describes the song as " similar to ' Cold Turkey ' in tempo but far more relaxed and humorous " , adding that Spector 's production gave Lennon 's voice " a taut expressiveness it had not had since ' Norwegian Wood ' " . While noting the significance of the session for George Harrison 's career , author Simon Leng praises the recording as being " full of urgency and sheer excitement " . In 1989 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked " Instant Karma ! " the 79th best single of the previous 25 years . In NME Originals : Beatles – The Solo Years 1970 – 1980 , David Stubbs lists the song second among Lennon 's " ten solo gems " ( behind " Cold Turkey " ) , with the comment : " ' Instant Karma ! ' epitomises the Lennon paradox , melding hippie idealism and rock 'n'roll primal energy in an exhilarating mix . " Matt Melis of Consequence of Sound placed it third on his 2009 list of " Top Ten Songs by Ex @-@ Beatles " . According to the website Acclaimed Music , " Instant Karma ! " has also appeared in the following critics ' best @-@ songs lists and books , among others : Dave Marsh 's The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made ( 1989 ; at number 638 ) , 1000 Songs that Rock Your World by Dave Thompson ( 2011 ; number 56 ) , the NME 's " The 100 Best Songs of the 1970s " ( 2012 ; number 77 ) , and Q magazine 's " The 1001 Best Songs Ever " ( 2003 ; number 193 ) . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame includes the track among its " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " . = = Re @-@ releases and live version = = " Instant Karma ! " ' s first appearance on a Lennon album , albeit slightly edited in length , was the 1975 compilation Shaved Fish . Urish and Bielen observe that the " advertising hyperbole " inherent in the song 's title , through the inclusion of an exclamation mark , is given extra emphasis on this album cover . The song has featured – often with the full title " Instant Karma ! ( We All Shine On ) " – on numerous posthumous compilations , including The John Lennon Collection ( 1982 ) , the Lennon box set ( 1990 ) , Lennon Legend ( 1997 ) , Working Class Hero : The Definitive Lennon ( 2005 ) and Power to the People : The Hits ( 2010 ) . " Who Has Seen the Wind ? " appeared as a bonus track on the 1997 Rykodisc reissue of the couple 's third album of experimental music , Wedding Album ( 1969 ) . Lennon played " Instant Karma ! " at his last full @-@ length concert performance – the One to One benefit shows held at Madison Square Garden , New York , on 30 August 1972 . His backing band comprised the group Elephant 's Memory , in addition to Ono and drummer Jim Keltner . The 1986 album and video Live in New York City contains the afternoon performance of the song . In July 1992 , " Instant Karma ! " was re @-@ released as a single in the Netherlands , backed by " Oh My Love " . Originally , copies of it were given away with early editions of The John Lennon Video Collection . When released in the rest of Europe ( barring the UK ) , this single reissue gained two extra B @-@ sides : " Mother " and " Bless You " . Of the two 1970 Top of the Pops performances , the " cue card " version appeared on The John Lennon Video Collection in October 1992 , while the " knitting " performance was remixed and extended for release on the Lennon Legend DVD ( 2003 ) . The " knitting " version was
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"▁prom", "in", "ence", "▁during", "▁the", "▁reign", "▁of", "▁Med", "ieval", "▁Ch", "olas", "▁when", "▁it", "▁served", "▁as", "▁the", "▁capital", "▁of", "▁the", "▁emp", "ire", "▁.", "▁After", "▁the", "▁fall", "▁of", "▁Ch", "olas", "▁,", "▁the", "▁city", "▁was", "▁ruled", "▁by", "▁various", "▁dynast", "ies", "▁like", "▁P", "andy", "as", "▁,", "▁V", "ij", "ay", "an", "agar", "▁Empire", "▁,", "▁Mad", "ur", "ai", "▁N", "ay", "aks", "▁,", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁N", "ay", "aks", "▁,", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁Mar", "ath", "as", "▁and", "▁the", "▁British", "▁Empire", "▁.", "▁It", "▁has", "▁been", "▁a", "▁part", "▁of", "▁independent", "▁India", "▁since", "▁", "1", "9", "4", "7", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁=", "▁=", "▁History", "▁=", "▁=", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁According", "▁to", "▁local", "▁legend" ]
137,242
also included on the 2003 UK single " Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) " , released on 8 December that year . = = Cover versions and cultural references = = Artists who have covered " Instant Karma ! " include Toad the Wet Sprocket , Paul Weller , Duran Duran , Tater Totz with Cherie Currie and Tokio Hotel . In 2007 , the song provided the title for Amnesty International 's multi @-@ artist compilation of Lennon compositions , Instant Karma : The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur , for which U2 recorded a cover version . The title of Stephen King 's horror novel The Shining ( 1977 ) came from Lennon 's line " We all shine on … " King has said that he was going to call the book The Shine , before realising that " shine " had been used as a derogatory term for black people . In 1988 , Ono allowed the footwear and apparel company Nike to feature " Instant Karma ! " in an advertising campaign , after a public outcry the previous year had forced her to withdraw permission for the use of Lennon 's Beatles composition " Revolution " . Instant Karma Records was named after the song , and the Flaming Lips recorded their track " I Don 't Understand Karma " in 2009 as a reply to " Instant Karma ! " = = Personnel = = The following musicians contributed to the recording of " Instant Karma ! " : John Lennon – lead vocals , acoustic guitar , piano , backing vocals George Harrison – electric guitar , piano , backing vocals Klaus Voormann – bass guitar , electric piano , backing vocals Alan White – drums , piano , backing vocals Billy Preston – organ , backing vocals Yoko Ono – backing vocals Mal Evans – chimes , handclaps , backing vocals uncredited – tambourine Allen Klein and several dozen revellers from London 's Hatchett Club – backing vocals = = Charts and certifications = = = Thanjavur = Thanjavur , formerly Tanjore , is a city in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Thanjavur is an important center of South Indian religion , art , and architecture . Most of the Great Living Chola Temples , which are UNESCO World Heritage Monuments , are located in and around Thanjavur . The foremost among these , the Brihadeeswara Temple , is located in the centre of the city . Thanjavur is also home to Tanjore painting , a painting style unique to the region . Thanjavur is the headquarters of the Thanjavur District . The city is an important agricultural centre located in the Cauvery Delta and is known as the " Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu " . Thanjavur is administered by a municipal corporation covering an area of 36 @.@ 33 km2 ( 14 @.@ 03 sq mi ) and had a population of 222 @,@ 943 in 2011 . Roadways are the major means of transportation , while the city also has rail connectivity . The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport , located 59 @.@ 6 km ( 37 @.@ 0 mi ) away from the city . The nearest seaport is Karaikal Port , which is 94 km ( 58 mi ) away from Thanjavur . Scholars believe the name Thanjavur is derived from Tanjan , a legendary demon in Hindu mythology . While the early history of Thanjavur remains unclear , the city first rose to prominence during the reign of Medieval Cholas when it served as the capital of the empire . After the fall of Cholas , the city was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas , Vijayanagar Empire , Madurai Nayaks , Thanjavur Nayaks , Thanjavur Marathas and the British Empire . It has been a part of independent India since 1947 . = = History = = According to local legend
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"rak", "uta", "▁king", "▁Kr", "ish", "na", "▁II", "▁(", "▁", "8", "7", "8", "▁–", "▁", "9", "1", "4", "▁)", "▁,", "▁a", "▁contemporary", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Ch", "ola", "▁king", "▁Par", "ant", "aka", "▁I", "▁(", "▁", "9", "0", "7", "▁–", "▁", "9", "5", "0", "▁)", "▁,", "▁claims", "▁to", "▁have", "▁conquer", "ed", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁,", "▁but", "▁there", "▁are", "▁no", "▁records", "▁to", "▁support", "▁the", "▁claim", "▁.", "▁Grad", "ually", "▁,", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁became", "▁the", "▁most", "▁important", "▁city", "▁in", "▁the", "▁Ch", "ola", "▁Empire", "▁and", "▁remained", "▁its", "▁capital", "▁till", "▁the", "▁emer", "gence", "▁of", "▁G", "anga", "ik", "onda", "▁Ch", "ol", "ap", "ur", "am", "▁in", "▁about", "▁", "1", "0", "2", "5", "▁.", "▁During", "▁the", "▁first", "▁de", "cade", "▁of", "▁the", "▁ele", "vent", "h", "▁century", "▁,", "▁the", "▁Ch", "ola", "▁king", "▁R", "aja", "▁R", "aja", "▁Ch", "ola", "▁I", "▁(", "▁", "9", "8", "5", "▁–", "▁", "1", "0", "1", "4", "▁)", 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"▁", "1", "3", "0", "6", "▁)", "▁and", "▁Del", "hi", "▁Sultan", "ate", "▁.", "▁The", "▁Sultan", "ate", "▁extended", "▁its", "▁authority", "▁directly", "▁over", "▁the", "▁conquer", "ed", "▁regions", "▁from", "▁", "1", "3", "1", "1", "▁to", "▁", "1", "3", "3", "5", "▁and", "▁then", "▁through", "▁the", "▁semi", "▁@", "-", "@", "▁independent", "▁Ma", "▁'", "bar", "▁Sultan", "ate", "▁from", "▁", "1", "3", "3", "5", "▁to", "▁", "1", "3", "7", "8", "▁.", "▁Starting", "▁from", "▁the", "▁", "1", "3", "5", "0", "s", "▁,", "▁the", "▁Ma", "▁'", "bar", "▁Sultan", "ate", "▁was", "▁stead", "ily", "▁absor", "bed", "▁into", "▁the", "▁rising", "▁V", "ij", "ay", "an", "agar", "▁Empire", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁is", "▁believed", "▁to", "▁have", "▁been", "▁conquer", "ed", "▁by", "▁K", "amp", "anna", "▁U", "day", "ar", "▁during", "▁his", "▁invasion", "▁of", "▁S", "rir", "ang", "am", "▁between", "▁", "1", "3", "6", "5", "▁and", "▁", "1", "3", "7", "1", "▁.", "▁De", "va", "▁R", "aya", "▁'", "s", "▁ins", "cription", "▁dated", "▁", "1", "4", "4", "3", "▁,", "▁Th", "ir", "um", "ala", "▁'", "s", "▁ins", "cription", "▁dated", "▁", "1", "4", "5", "5", "▁and", "▁Ach", "uta", "▁De", "va", "▁'", "s", "▁land", "▁gr", "ants", "▁dated", "▁", "1", "5", "3", "2", "▁and", "▁", "1", "5", "3", "9", "▁att", "est", "▁V", "ij", "ay", "an", "agar", "▁'" ]
137,243
, the word Thanjavur is derived from " Tanjan " , an asura ( giant ) in Hindu mythology who was killed in what is now Thanjavur by the Hindu god Neelamegha Perumal , a form of Vishnu . The word Thanjavur is indeed a Tamil name . " Than " -cold , " chei " -farmland , " ur " - city , a city surrounded by cold farmlands.The word " Thancheiur " has become " Thanjavur " There are no references to Thanjavur in any of the Sangam period ( third century BC to fourth century AD ) Tamil records , though some scholars believe that the city has existed since that time . Kovil Venni , situated 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the east of the city , was the site of the Battle of Venni between the Chola king Karikala and a confederacy of the Cheras and the Pandyas . The Cholas seemed to have faced an invasion of the Kalabhras in the third century AD after which the kingdom faded into obscurity . The region around present day Thanjavur was conquered by the Mutharayars during sixth century , who ruled it up to 849 . The Cholas came to prominence once more through the rise of the Medieval Chola monarch Vijayalaya ( 841 – 878 ) in about 850 . Vijayalaya conquered Thanjavur from the Mutharayar king Elango Mutharayar and built a temple dedicated to Hindu goddess Nisumbhasudani . His son Aditya I ( 871 – 901 ) consolidated the hold over the city . The Rashtrakuta king Krishna II ( 878 – 914 ) , a contemporary of the Chola king Parantaka I ( 907 – 950 ) , claims to have conquered Thanjavur , but there are no records to support the claim . Gradually , Thanjavur became the most important city in the Chola Empire and remained its capital till the emergence of Gangaikonda Cholapuram in about 1025 . During the first decade of the eleventh century , the Chola king Raja Raja Chola I ( 985 – 1014 ) constructed the Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur . The temple is considered to be one of the best specimens of South Indian temple architecture . When the Chola Empire began to decline in the 13th century , the Pandyas from the south invaded and captured Thanjavur twice , first during 1218 – 19 and then during 1230 . During the second invasion , the Chola king Rajaraja III ( 1216 – 56 ) was set in exile and he sought the help of the Hoysala king Vira Narasimha II ( 1220 – 35 ) to regain Thanjavur . Thanjavur was eventually annexed along with the rest of the Chola kingdom by the Pandya king Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I ( 1268 – 1308 ) in 1279 and the Chola kings were forced to accept the suzerainty of the Pandyas . The Pandyas ruled Thanjavur from 1279 to 1311 when their kingdom was raided and annexed by the forces of Malik Kafur ( 1296 – 1306 ) and Delhi Sultanate . The Sultanate extended its authority directly over the conquered regions from 1311 to 1335 and then through the semi @-@ independent Ma 'bar Sultanate from 1335 to 1378 . Starting from the 1350s , the Ma 'bar Sultanate was steadily absorbed into the rising Vijayanagar Empire . Thanjavur is believed to have been conquered by Kampanna Udayar during his invasion of Srirangam between 1365 and 1371 . Deva Raya 's inscription dated 1443 , Thirumala 's inscription dated 1455 and Achuta Deva 's land grants dated 1532 and 1539 attest Vijayanagar '
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137,244
s dominance over Thanjavur . Sevappa Nayak ( 1532 – 80 ) , the Vijayanagar viceroy of Arcot , established himself as an independent monarch in 1532 ( 1549 , according to some sources ) and founded the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom . Achuthappa Nayak ( 1560 – 1614 ) , Raghunatha Nayak ( 1600 – 34 ) and Vijaya Raghava Nayak ( 1634 – 73 ) are some of the important rulers of the Nayak dynasty who ruled Thanjavur . Thanjavur Nayaks were notable for their patronage of literature and arts . The rule of the dynasty came to an end when Thanjavur fell to the Madurai Nayak king Chokkanatha Nayak ( 1662 – 82 ) in 1673 . Vijaya Raghunatha Nayak , the son of Chokkanatha , was killed in a battle and Chokkanatha 's brother Alagiri Nayak ( 1673 – 75 ) was crowned as the ruler of the empire . Thanjavur was successfully conquered in 1674 by Ekoji I ( 1675 – 84 ) , the Maratha feudatory of the sultan of Bijapur and half @-@ brother of Shivaji ( 1627 / 30 @-@ 80 ) of the Bhonsle dynasty . Ekoji founded the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom which ruled Thanjavur till 1855 . The Marathas exercised their sovereignty over Thanjavur throughout the last quarter of the 17th and the whole of the 18th century . The Maratha rulers patronized Carnatic music . In 1787 , Amar Singh , the regent of Thanjavur , deposed the minor Raja , his nephew Serfoji II ( 1787 – 93 ) and captured the throne . Serfoji II was restored in 1799 with the assistance of the British , who induced him to relinquish the administration of the kingdom and left him in charge of Thanjavur fort and surrounding areas . The kingdom was eventually absorbed into British India in 1855 by the Doctrine of Lapse when Shivaji II ( 1832 – 55 ) , the last Thanjavur Maratha ruler , died without a legitimate male heir . The British referred to the city as Tanjore in their records . Five years after its annexation , the British replaced Negapatam ( modern @-@ day Nagapattinam ) with Thanjavur as the seat of the district administration . Under the British , Thanjavur emerged as an important regional centre . The 1871 India census recorded a population of 52 @,@ 171 , making Thanjavur the third largest city in the Madras Presidency . After India 's independence , Thanjavur continued as the district headquarters . = = Geography and climate = = Thanjavur is located at 10 @.@ 8 ° N 79 @.@ 15 ° E  / 10 @.@ 8 ; 79 @.@ 15 The tributaries of river Cauvery , namely , the Grand Anaicut canal ( Pudhaaru ) , Vadavaaru and Vennaaru rivers flow through the city . Thanjavur is situated in the Cauvery delta , at a distance of 314 km ( 195 mi ) south @-@ west of Chennai and 56 km ( 35 mi ) east of Tiruchirappalli . While the plains immediately adjoining the Cauvery river have been under cultivation from time immemorial , most of Thanjavur city and the surrounding areas lie in the " New Delta " – a dry , barren upland tract which has been brought under irrigation during the early 19th century . To the south of Thanjavur city , is the Vallam tableland , a small plateau insterspersed at regular intervals by ridges of sandstone . The nearest seaport is Nagapattinam which is 84 km ( 52 mi )
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137,245
east of Thanjavur . The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport , located at a distance of 56 km ( 35 mi ) . The city has an elevation of 57 m ( 187 ft ) above mean sea level . The total area of the city is 36 @.@ 33 km2 ( 14 @.@ 03 sq mi ) . The period from November to February in Thanjavur is pleasant , with a climate full of warm days and cool nights . The onset of summer is from March , with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June . The average temperatures range from 81 ° F ( 27 ° C ) in January to 97 ° F ( 36 ° C ) in May and June . Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon , the South @-@ West monsoon , sets in June and continues till September . North @-@ East monsoon sets in October and continues till January . The rainfall during South @-@ West monsoon period is much lower than that of North @-@ East monsoon . North @-@ East monsoon is beneficial to the district at large because of the heavy rainfall and the Western ghats feeding the river Cauvery . The average rainfall is 37 inches ( 940 mm ) , most of which is contributed by the North @-@ East monsoon . = = Tourism and culture = = Thanjavur is an important pilgrim centre and a major tourist destination of Tamil Nadu . South Zone Culture Centre in Thanjavur is one of the regional cultural centres established by the Government of India to preserve and promote cultural heritage of India . There were 2 @,@ 002 @,@ 225 Indian and 81 @,@ 435 foreign tourist arrivals in 2009 to Thanjavur . The most visited monument in Thanjavur is the Brihadeeswarar Temple , whose construction , the historian Percy Brown described as " a landmark in the evolution of building art in South India " . Built in the 11th century by the Chola king Raja Raja Chola I ( 985 – 1014 ) , the temple is dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva . The walls of the sanctum are covered with wall paintings from the Chola and Nayak periods . The temple was designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . It is replicated in the Gangaikonda Cholesvarar Temple constructed by Raja Raja 's son Rajendra Chola I ( 1012 – 44 ) . The Thanjavur Maratha palace was the official residence of the Bhonsle family who ruled over the Thanjavur region from 1674 to 1855 . It was originally constructed by the rulers of Thanjavur Nayak kingdom and after their fall , it served as the official residence of the Thanjavur Marathas . When most of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom was annexed by the British Empire in 1799 , the Thanjavur Marathas continued to hold sway over the palace and the surrounding fort . The southern side of the third quadrangle of the palace has 190 ft ( 58 m ) tower like building , called the Goodagopuram . The Saraswathi Mahal Library , established around 1700 and located in the premises of the palace , contains over 30 @,@ 000 Indian and European manuscripts written on palm leaf and paper . Over eighty per cent of its manuscripts are in Sanskrit and many of them are on palm leaves . The Tamil works include treatise on medicine , and commentaries on Sangam literature . The Rajaraja Chola art gallery is located inside the palace – it has a large collection of stone and bronze images from the ninth to 12th centuries . Most of the idols present in the gallery were collected from various temples in the Thanjavur district . The Sivaganga Park is situated to the east of the Brihadeeswarar Temple and encompasses the Sivaganga Tank believed to have been built by the king Raja Raja Chola . It was created as a people 's park by the Tanjore municipality in 1871 – 72 . It has a collection of
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"▁Bank", "▁,", "▁Central" ]
137,246
plants , animals and birds and serves as a zoo for children within the city . Schwartz Church , a historic monument located in the palace garden , was built in 1779 by Serfoji II as a token of affection for Rev. C.V. Schwartz of the Danish Mission . There are five museums in the city namely Archeological Museum , Tamil University Museum located with the Tamil University premises , the Saraswathi Mahal Library Museum located inside the Saraswathi Mahal , Nayak Durbar Hall Art Museum and Rajaraja Chola Museum . Raja Rajan Manimandapam is one of the tourist attractions in Thanjavur , built during the Thanjavur Tamil Conference in 1991 . " Sangeetha Mahal " has a permanent handicrafts exhibition centre . Thanjavur is the cradle for many of the arts and crafts in South India . Carnatic music was codified in Thanjavur and the art flourished during the Nayak rule in the 16th century . Bharathanatyam , a classical dance form of South India , had its major styles developed in Thanjavur . Sathaya Thiruvizha is the annual birthday festival of Raja Raja Chola held during October every year . Thanjavur is the base for the Tyagaraja Aradhana , a Carnatic music festival held annually during January – February at Thiruvaiyaru , located 13 km ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) away from the city . Thanjavur painting is a major form of classical South Indian painting from Thanjavur . It dates back to about 1600s , the period of Nayakas of Thanjavur , who encouraged art , classical dance , music literature , both in Telugu and Tamil . The art is usually a combination of raised and painted surfaces , with the Hindu god Krishna being the most popular image depicted . In modern times , these paintings have become souvenirs of festive occasions in South India , wall decors , and collectors ' items for art lovers . = = Economy = = The major occupation of the inhabitants of the city is tourism and service @-@ oriented industry , while the traditional occupation is agriculture . Thanjavur is known as the " Rice bowl of Tamil Nadu " . Paddy is the crops and the other crops grown are blackgram , banana , coconut , gingelly , ragi , red gram , green gram , sugarcane and maize . The total percentage of land fit for cultivation is 58 % . There are three seasons for agriculture in Thanjavur – Kuruvai ( June to September ) , Samba ( August to January ) and Thaladi ( September , October to February , March ) . The total rice production has been maintained at 10 @.@ 615 L.M.T and 7 @.@ 077 L.M.T. The city acts as a focal point for food grains transported from the adjoining areas of the Cauvery Delta . Organic farming is gradually being known to the farmers of Thanjavur . To maximise agricultural produce organic farming is being implemented . Though agriculture is the main economic activity , only 7 % of the population is involved in it . There is a lot of agricultural related trading that forms the key economic activity in the city . Thanjavur is an important centre of silk weaving in Tamil Nadu . There were 200 silk weaving units in the city in 1991 with around 80 @,@ 000 people working in them . The sarees produced in the villages surrounding Thanjavur are sold in Thanjavur and neighbouring towns . Increasing production costs and competition from large @-@ scale producers have reduced the number of people involved in the production . The city produces bell metal craft like Thanjavur metal plates , bronze images bowls , napkins and powder boxes made of copper and bronze . The city is a major manufacturer of pith works consisting of models of Hindu idols , mosques , garlands and other bird figurines . Manufacture of musical instruments like veena , tambura , violin , mrithamgam , thavil and kanjira is another economic activity in the city . All major nationalised banks such as State Bank of India , Indian Bank , Central
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"ira", "pp", "al", "li", "▁,", "▁Mad", "ur", "ai", "▁,", "▁K", "umb", "ak", "on" ]
137,247
Bank of India , Punjab National Bank , Indian Overseas Bank and private banks like ICICI Bank , City Union Bank have their branches in Thanjavur . All these banks have their automated teller machines located in various parts of the city . = = Demographics = = According to 2011 census , Thanjavur had a population of 222 @,@ 943 with a sex @-@ ratio of 1 @,@ 042 females for every 1 @,@ 000 males , much above the national average of 929 . A total of 19 @,@ 860 were under the age of six , constituting 10 @,@ 237 males and 9 @,@ 623 females . Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 9 @.@ 22 % and .21 % of the population respectively . The average literacy of the city was 83 @.@ 14 % , compared to the national average of 72 @.@ 99 % . There were a total of 78 @,@ 005 workers , comprising 803 cultivators , 2 @,@ 331 main agricultural labourers , 2 @,@ 746 in house hold industries , 65 @,@ 211 other workers , 6 @,@ 914 marginal workers , 110 marginal cultivators , 235 marginal agricultural labourers , 322 marginal workers in household industries and 6 @,@ 247 other marginal workers . As per the religious census of 2011 , Thanjavur ( M ) had 82 @.@ 87 % Hindus , 8 @.@ 34 % Muslims , 8 @.@ 58 % Christians , 0 @.@ 01 % Sikhs , 0 @.@ 01 % Buddhists , 0 @.@ 06 % Jains , 0 @.@ 11 % following other religions and 0 @.@ 01 % following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference . As of 2008 , a total 2 @,@ 013 @.@ 34 ha ( 4 @,@ 975 @.@ 1 acres ) ( 55 @.@ 4 % ) of the land was used for residential , 11 @.@ 32 ha ( 28 @.@ 0 acres ) ( 3 @.@ 06 % ) for commercial , 82 @.@ 68 ha ( 204 @.@ 3 acres ) ( 2 @.@ 28 % ) for industrial , 320 @.@ 2 ha ( 791 acres ) ( 8 @.@ 81 % ) for public & semi public , 108 @.@ 11 ha ( 267 @.@ 1 acres ) ( 2 @.@ 98 % ) for educational and 996 @.@ 85 ha ( 2 @,@ 463 @.@ 3 acres ) ( 27 @.@ 47 % ) for agriculture . Tamil is the widely spoken language , with the standard dialect being Central Tamil dialect . Telugu , Thanjavur Marathi and Saurashtra are other languages spoken in the city . Thanjavur is the cultural and political center of the Thanjavur Marathi people . While Hindus form the majority , the city also has a substantial population of Muslims and Christians . Roman Catholics in Thanjavur are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore and Protestants are affiliated to the Trichy – Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India . The workforce is predominantly involved in service industry involving trade and commerce . With the expansion of the city area , the opportunities for agriculture is limited and only 7 % of population is involved in it . = = Transport = = The National Highways 67 , 45C , 226 and 226 Extn pass through Thanjavur . The city is connected with Chennai , Coimbatore , Erode , Karur , Tirupur , Vellore , Perambalur , Ariyalur , Mysuru , Salem , Cuddalore , Viluppuram , Tiruchirappalli , Madurai , Kumbakon
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137,248
am , Mayiladuthurai , Karaikal , Mannargudi , Pattukkottai , Dindigul , Pudukkottai , Karaikudi , Tirunelveli , Bengaluru , Ernakulam , Nagercoil , Tirupathi , Trivandrum and Ooty through regular bus services . Thanjavur had a single bus terminus located at the heart of the city . An integrated bus terminus , called New Bus stand was constructed in 1997 near Raja Serfoji College to handle the passenger traffic . Thanjavur has a well @-@ maintained sub @-@ urban public transport system . Government and private buses operate frequently between the two bus termini and other towns and villages like Vallam , Budalur , Mohamed Bunder , Nadukkavery , Pillaiyarpatti , Vallam Pudursethi , Sengipatti , Vadakkur North and Kuruvadipatti . The railway line connecting Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station to Chennai Egmore via Thanjavur , the Main Line is a historical line established by South Indian Railway Company in 1879 . The Great South Indian Railway Company ( GSIR ) operated a broad gauge rail service between Nagapattinam and Tiruchirapalli via Thanjavur between 1861 and 1875 . During 1875 it was converted to a meter gauge line ( MG line ) . Modern day Thanjavur railway junction has three rail heads leading to Tiruchirapalli , Kumbakonam and Thiruvarur . Thanjavur is connected by rail with most important cities and towns in India . There are daily express trains to Chennai , Mysore , Ernakulam , Thrissur , Palakkad , Coimbatore , Erode , Tiruppur , Tiruchirapalli , Salem , Karur , Madurai , Tirunelveli , Rameswaram , Tiruchendur , Cuddalore , Dharmapuri , Viluppuram , Chengalpattu , Mannargudi , Bengaluru , Dindigul , Karaikudi , Manamadurai and weekly trains to Tirupati , Nellore , Itarsi , Visakhapatnam , Hubli , Vasco da Gama , Goa , Vijayawada , Nagpur , Jabalpur , Satna , Katni , Allahabad , Varanasi and Bhubaneswar . There are frequent passenger trains from the city to towns like Thiruvarur , Nagapattinam , Karaikal , Tiruchirapalli , Kumbakonam , Mayiladuthurai and Nagore . In the early 1990s , Thanjavur was connected with Chennai via the Vayudoot flight service , which was stopped due to poor patronage . A full @-@ fledged air force station is operational at Thanjavur . Thanjavur Air Force Station was to become a major air base by 2012 , to handle Fighter , Transport aircraft and also refuelling aircraft . However , the establishment and activation of air base has been delayed as of March 2013 . The IAF will base a squadron of its Sukhoi Su @-@ 30 Supermaneuverability Fighter aircraft at Thanjavur , making it the first fighter squadron in Tamil Nadu . The nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport . The nearest Seaport is located at Nagapattinam . = = Administration and politics = = The municipality of Tanjore was created in 1866 as a third grade municipality as per Town Improvements Act 1865 and initially consisted of 12 members . The number was increased to 18 in 1879 and 24 in 1883 . In 1897 , the members were empowered to elect a Municipal Chairperson to lead them . Tanjore was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1933 and first grade in 1943 . Since 1983 , Thanjavur has been a special grade municipality. a As of 2008 , the municipality covers an area of 36 @.@ 33 km2 ( 14 @.@ 03 sq mi ) and has a total of 51 members . The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments : General ,
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Engineering , Revenue , Public Health , Town planning and the Computer Wing . All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head . The legislative powers are vested in a body of 62 members , one each from the 62 wards . The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson . On 10 April 2013 , the state government announced in the Assembly that Thanjavur municipality will be upgraded to a Municipal corporation . Thanjavur City Corporation is likely to have an area of 110 @.@ 27 km2 ( 42 @.@ 58 sq mi ) of area , with a population of 3 @,@ 20 @,@ 828 and an income of ₹ 411 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 1 million ) . The villages Pudupattinam , Nanjikottai , Neelagiri , Melaveli , Pillaiyarpatti , Ramanathapuram , Pallieri , Vilar and Inathukanpatti are likely to be added to the municipal corporation limits . Thanjavur became City Corporation on February 19 , 2014 . Thanjavur comes under the Thanjavur State Assembly Constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years . From the 1977 elections , the assembly seat was won by Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) six times during the 1977 , 1980 , 1989 , 1996 , 2001 and 2006 elections , the Indian National Congress party once during the 1984 elections and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) twice during the 1991 and 2011 elections . The current MLA of the constituency is M. Rengasamy from AIADMK . M. Karunanidhi , who served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for a record five terms , was elected from the Thanjavur assembly constituency in the 1962 elections . Thanjavur is also a part of the Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India , once every five years . The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for Seven terms during 1951 – 56 , 1957 – 62 , 1962 – 1967 , 1980 – 84 , 1984 – 1989 , 1989 – 91 and 1991 – 96 , Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for Seven terms during 1967 – 71 , 1971 – 77 , 1996 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 @-@ 04 , 2004 – 09 and 2009 – present and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam for one term during 1977 – 80 . R. Venkataraman , who served as the President of India from 1987 to 1992 , was elected from the Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency in the 1951 elections . Law and order in the city is maintained by the Thanjavur sub division of the Tamil Nadu Police , headed by a Deputy Superintendent ( DSP ) . The Thanjavur district level police administration is headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police , whose office is located in the city . There are six police stations in the city , one of them being an all @-@ women police station . There are special units like prohibition enforcement , district crime , social justice and human rights , district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police ( SP ) . = = Education = = Thanjavur has a total of four Universities , namely the Tamil University , SASTRA University , PRIST University and Periyar Maniammai University . The Tamil University is a state run institute , started during 1
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"▁total", "▁of", "▁", "9", "▁@", ",", "@", "▁", "7", "4", "5", "▁street", "▁l", "amps", "▁:", "▁", "4", "9", "2", "▁sod", "ium", "▁l", "amps", "▁,", "▁", "2", "▁@", ",", "@", "▁", "0", "6", "1", "▁mer", "cur", "y", "▁v", "ap", "our", "▁l", "amps", "▁,", "▁", "7", "▁@", ",", "@", "▁", "1", "8", "0", "▁t", "ube", "▁lights", "▁and", "▁twelve", "▁high", "▁m", "ast", "▁beam", "▁l", "amps", "▁.", "▁The", "▁Corporation", "▁oper", "ates", "▁three", "▁mark", "ets", "▁,", "▁namely", "▁the", "▁Ser", "fo", "ji", "▁Market", "▁,", "▁Am", "ar", "ar", "▁Sw", "amin", "athan", "▁Market", "▁and", "▁K", "amar", "aj", "▁Market", "▁and", "▁another", "▁market", "▁,", "▁the", "▁Sub", "ram", "ani", "ya", "▁Sw", "ami", "▁Ko", "il", "▁Market", "▁,", "▁is", "▁maintained", "▁by", "▁the", "▁Sub", "ram", "ania", "▁Sw", "ami", "▁Temple", "▁authority", "▁.", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁comes", "▁under", "▁the", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁Tele", "com", "▁circle", "▁of", "▁the", "▁B", "har", "at", "▁San", "char", "▁N", "ig", "am", "▁Limited", "▁(", "▁B", "SN", "L", "▁)", "▁,", "▁India", "▁'", "s", "▁state", "▁@", "-", "@", "▁owned", "▁tele", "com", "▁and", "▁internet", "▁services", "▁provider", "▁.", "▁A", "part", "▁from", "▁tele", "com", "▁,", "▁B", "SN", "L", "▁also", "▁provides", "▁broad", "band", "▁internet", "▁service", "▁.", "▁The", "▁Regional", "▁Pass", "port", "▁office", "▁Tr", "ich", "y", "▁oper", "ates", "▁a", "▁Pass", "port", "▁Se", "va", "▁K", "endra", "▁(", "▁PS", "K", "▁)", "▁in", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁.", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁PS", "K", "▁covers", "▁the", "▁Nag", "app", "att", "in", "am", "▁,", "▁Th", "ir", "u", "var", "ur", "▁,", "▁Th", "an", "jav", "ur", "▁,", "▁P", "ud", "uk", "k", "otta", "i", "▁,", "▁and", "▁Ari", "yal", "ur", "▁re", "venue", "▁districts", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁=", "▁Order", "▁of", "▁St", "▁Patrick", "▁=", "▁" ]
137,250
981 and obtained its statutory recognition from the University Grants Commission in 1983 . It is the only one of its kind for the Tamil language doing higher research in Tamilology and advanced study in various allied branches like linguistics , translation , lexicography , music , drama and manuscriptology . Thanjavur has a total of 15 arts , science & management colleges and nine engineering colleges . The Thanjavur Medical College was established in 1961 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in Tamil Nadu . The Paddy Processing Research Centre ( PPRC ) , which later became the Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology ( IICPT ) in 2008 , is a hub for food processing research . The Saraswati Mahal Library which dates back to the end of the 16th century and the Central Library , managed by the district administration are the two most prominent libraries in the city . There are 20 registered schools in Thanjavur , catering to the primary , secondary and higher secondary educational needs of the city . St.Peter 's Higher Secondary School at Thanjavur was established by Rev. C F Schwartz during 1784 . Originally established as a college , it was the first school in South India which taught English to the local populace . St.Antony 's Higher Secondary School , established in 1885 by the Diocese of Thanjavur , is one of the oldest schools in Thanjavur district . Christian Missionaries played a prominent role in promoting English education in Thanjavur . Kalyanasundaram Higher Secondary School , established in 1891 , is one of the oldest schools in the city . = = Utility services = = Electricity supply to Thanjavur is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board ( TNEB ) . The city along with its suburbs is a part of Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle . Water supply is provided by the Thanjavur Corporation from the Vadavar Canal , supplied through overhead tanks located in various parts of the city . During the 2000 – 01 period , a total of 31 million litres of water was supplied everyday for households in the city . About 110 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Thanjavur every day by door @-@ to @-@ door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Thanjavur Corporation . The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100 % as of 2001 . The underground drainage system covers 70 % of the city and the remaining sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks , open drains and public conveniences . The Corporation maintains a total of 155 km ( 96 mi ) of storm water drains : 53 @.@ 27 km ( 33 @.@ 10 mi ) surfaced drains and 101 @.@ 73 km ( 63 @.@ 21 mi ) unlined drains . There are 37 hospitals and seven clinical labs in Thanjavur that take care of the health care needs of the citizens . There are a total of 9 @,@ 745 street lamps : 492 sodium lamps , 2 @,@ 061 mercury vapour lamps , 7 @,@ 180 tube lights and twelve high mast beam lamps . The Corporation operates three markets , namely the Serfoji Market , Amarar Swaminathan Market and Kamaraj Market and another market , the Subramaniya Swami Koil Market , is maintained by the Subramania Swami Temple authority . Thanjavur comes under the Thanjavur Telecom circle of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited ( BSNL ) , India 's state @-@ owned telecom and internet services provider . Apart from telecom , BSNL also provides broadband internet service . The Regional Passport office Trichy operates a Passport Seva Kendra ( PSK ) in Thanjavur . Thanjavur PSK covers the Nagappattinam , Thiruvarur , Thanjavur , Pudukkottai , and Ariyalur revenue districts . = Order of St Patrick =
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"▁,", "▁Duke", "▁of", "▁Gl", "ouc", "ester", "▁,", "▁died", "▁in", "▁", "1", "9", "7", "4", "▁.", "▁The", "▁Queen", "▁,", "▁however", "▁,", "▁remains", "▁the", "▁S", "over", "eign", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁,", "▁and", "▁one", "▁officer", "▁,", "▁the", "▁Ul", "ster", "▁King", "▁of", "▁Ar", "ms", "▁(", "▁now", "▁combined", "▁with", "▁Nor", "roy", "▁King", "▁of", "▁Ar", "ms", "▁)", "▁,", "▁also", "▁surv", "ives", "▁.", "▁St", "▁Patrick", "▁is", "▁patron", "▁of", "▁the", "▁order", "▁;", "▁its", "▁mot", "to", "▁is", "▁Qu", "is", "▁separ", "ab", "it", "▁?", "▁,", "▁Latin", "▁for", "▁\"", "▁Who", "▁will", "▁separate", "▁[", "▁us", "▁]", "▁?", "▁\"", "▁:", "▁an", "▁all", "usion", "▁to", "▁the", "▁V", "ul", "gate", "▁translation", "▁of", "▁Rom", "ans", "▁", "8", "▁:", "▁", "3", "5", "▁,", "▁\"", "▁Who", "▁shall", "▁separate", "▁us", "▁from", "▁the", "▁love", "▁of", "▁Christ", "▁?", "▁\"", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁Most", "▁British", "▁orders", "▁of", "▁ch", "ival", "ry", "▁cover", "▁the", "▁entire", "▁kingdom", "▁,", "▁but", "▁the", "▁three", "▁most", "▁ex", "alt", "ed", "▁ones", "▁each", "▁per", "tain", "▁to", "▁one", "▁constitu", "ent", "▁nation", "▁only", "▁.", "▁The", "▁Order", "▁of", "▁St", "▁Patrick", "▁,", "▁which", "▁per", "tain", "s", "▁to", "▁Ireland", "▁,", "▁is", "▁the", "▁most", "▁junior", "▁of", "▁these", "▁three", "▁in", "▁preced", "ence", "▁and", "▁age", "▁.", "▁Its", "▁equivalent", "▁in", "▁England", "▁,", "▁The", "▁Most", "▁No", "ble", "▁Order", "▁of", "▁the", "▁G", "arter", "▁,", "▁is", "▁the", "▁oldest", "▁order", "▁of", "▁ch", "ival", "ry", "▁in", "▁the", "▁United", "▁Kingdom", "▁,", "▁d", "ating", "▁to", "▁the", "▁middle", "▁four", "teenth", "▁century", "▁.", "▁The", "▁Scottish", "▁equivalent", "▁is", "▁The", "▁Most", "▁An", "cient", "▁and", "▁Most", "▁No", "ble", "▁Order", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Th", "ist", "le", "▁,", "▁d", "ating", "▁in", "▁its", "▁modern", "▁form", "▁to", "▁", "1", "6", "8", "7", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁=", "▁=", 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"▁bearing", "▁co", "ats", "▁of", "▁arms", "▁)", "▁on", "▁both", "▁their", "▁father", "▁'", "s", "▁and", "▁mother", "▁'", "s", "▁side", "▁.", "▁In", "▁practice", "▁,", "▁however", "▁,", "▁only", "▁Irish", "▁Pe", "ers", "▁(", "▁and", "▁occas", "ional", "▁foreign", "▁princes", "▁with", "▁ten", "uous", "▁or", "▁no", "▁Irish", "▁connections", "▁)", "▁were", "▁ever", "▁appointed", "▁to", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁.", "▁The", "▁cross", "▁of", "▁St", "▁Patrick", "▁(", "▁a", "▁red", "▁salt", "ire", "▁on", "▁a", "▁white", "▁background", "▁)", "▁was", "▁chosen", "▁as", "▁one", "▁of", "▁the", "▁symbols", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁.", "▁A", "▁flag", "▁of", "▁this", "▁design", "▁was", "▁later", "▁incorpor", "ated", "▁into", "▁the", "▁Union", "▁Flag", "▁.", "▁Its", "▁association", "▁with", "▁St", ".", "▁Patrick", "▁or", "▁with", "▁Ireland", "▁prior", "▁to", "▁the", "▁foundation", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁is", "▁unclear", "▁,", "▁however", "▁.", "▁One", "▁of", "▁the", "▁first", "▁kn", "ights", "▁was", 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"▁Duke", "▁of", "▁Aber", "c", "orn", "▁in", "▁", "1", "9", "2", "2", "▁,", "▁who", "▁served", "▁as", "▁the", "▁first", "▁Governor", "▁of", "▁Northern", "▁Ireland", "▁.", "▁When", "▁the", "▁Irish", "▁Free", "▁State", "▁left", "▁the", "▁United", "▁Kingdom", "▁that", "▁same", "▁year", "▁,", "▁the", "▁Irish", "▁Executive", "▁Council", "▁under", "▁W", ".", "▁T", ".", "▁Cos", "gra", "ve", "▁chose", "▁to", "▁make", "▁no", "▁further", "▁appoint", "ments", "▁to", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁.", "▁The", "▁British", "▁government", "▁continued", "▁to", "▁entertain", "▁hopes", "▁for", "▁the", "▁order", "▁'", "s", "▁rev", "ival", "▁as", "▁a", "▁pan", "▁@", "-", "@", "▁Irish", "▁institution", "▁.", "▁Therefore", "▁,", "▁while", "▁there", "▁was", "▁no", "▁legal", "▁or", "▁constitution", "al", "▁bar", "▁to", "▁the", "▁British", "▁government", "▁continu", "ing", "▁to", "▁make", "▁appoint", "ments", "▁from", "▁among", "▁British", "▁subjects", "▁resident", "▁in", "▁Northern", "▁Ireland", "▁,", "▁it", "▁chose", 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"▁the", "▁British", "▁monarch", "▁as", "▁its", "▁official", "▁head", "▁of", "▁state", "▁.", "▁In", "▁", "1", "9", "3", "7", "▁,", "▁however", "▁,", "▁the", "▁Irish", "▁Free", "▁State", "▁adopted", "▁a", "▁new", "▁constitution", "▁,", "▁rendering", "▁the", "▁Crown", "▁'", "s", "▁position", "▁in", "▁Irish", "▁affairs", "▁ambigu", "ous", "▁.", "▁The" ]
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The Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick is a dormant British order of chivalry associated with Ireland . The Order was created in 1783 by George III at the request of the then Lord @-@ Lieutenant , Lord Buckingham . The regular creation of knights of Saint Patrick lasted until 1922 , when most of Ireland became independent as the Irish Free State . While the Order technically still exists , no knight of St Patrick has been created since 1936 , and the last surviving knight , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , died in 1974 . The Queen , however , remains the Sovereign of the Order , and one officer , the Ulster King of Arms ( now combined with Norroy King of Arms ) , also survives . St Patrick is patron of the order ; its motto is Quis separabit ? , Latin for " Who will separate [ us ] ? " : an allusion to the Vulgate translation of Romans 8 : 35 , " Who shall separate us from the love of Christ ? " Most British orders of chivalry cover the entire kingdom , but the three most exalted ones each pertain to one constituent nation only . The Order of St Patrick , which pertains to Ireland , is the most junior of these three in precedence and age . Its equivalent in England , The Most Noble Order of the Garter , is the oldest order of chivalry in the United Kingdom , dating to the middle fourteenth century . The Scottish equivalent is The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , dating in its modern form to 1687 . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = The order was founded in 1783 , a year after the grant of substantial autonomy to Ireland , as a means of rewarding ( or obtaining ) political support in the Irish Parliament . The Order of the Bath , founded in 1725 , was instituted for similar reasons . The statutes of the Order restricted membership to men who were both knights and gentlemen , the latter being defined as having three generations of " noblesse " ( i.e. ancestors bearing coats of arms ) on both their father 's and mother 's side . In practice , however , only Irish Peers ( and occasional foreign princes with tenuous or no Irish connections ) were ever appointed to the Order . The cross of St Patrick ( a red saltire on a white background ) was chosen as one of the symbols of the Order . A flag of this design was later incorporated into the Union Flag . Its association with St. Patrick or with Ireland prior to the foundation of the Order is unclear , however . One of the first knights was The 2nd Duke of Leinster , whose arms carry the same cross . The Order of St Patrick earned international coverage when , in 1907 , its insignia , known generally as the Irish Crown Jewels , were stolen from the Bedford Tower in Dublin Castle shortly before a visit by the Order 's Sovereign , King Edward VII . Their whereabouts remain a mystery . = = = Post @-@ 1922 = = = The last non @-@ royal appointed to the order was James Hamilton , 3rd Duke of Abercorn in 1922 , who served as the first Governor of Northern Ireland . When the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom that same year , the Irish Executive Council under W. T. Cosgrave chose to make no further appointments to the Order . The British government continued to entertain hopes for the order 's revival as a pan @-@ Irish institution . Therefore , while there was no legal or constitutional bar to the British government continuing to make appointments from among British subjects resident in Northern Ireland , it chose not to do so . Since then , only three people have been appointed to the Order , all members of the British Royal Family . The then @-@ Prince of Wales ( the future King Edward VIII and later Duke of Windsor ) was appointed in 1927 and his younger brothers , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , in 1934 and Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later King George VI ) , in 1936 . It is likely that these appointments were considered possible because the Irish Free State continued to recognise the British monarch as its official head of state . In 1937 , however , the Irish Free State adopted a new constitution , rendering the Crown 's position in Irish affairs ambiguous . The
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ambiguity was resolved 12 years later when the Irish Free State formally declared itself a republic and left the British Commonwealth . The basis for such appointments thus ceased and no further ones have been made . The Duke of Gloucester at his death in 1974 was the last surviving member of the Order . The last living non @-@ royal member of the Order , the 9th Earl of Shaftesbury , died in 1961 . The Order has , however , never actually been abolished and its resurrection has been discussed in Irish Government circles on a number of occasions and never pursued . = = = Possible revival = = = Prime Minister Winston Churchill suggested reviving the Order in 1943 to recognise the services of General The Hon. Sir Harold Alexander in Tunisia , but the opinion of the other ministers and civil servants was that it would upset the diplomatic balance between London and Dublin . Taoiseach Seán Lemass considered reviving the Order during the 1960s , but did not take a decision . The Constitution of Ireland provides , " Titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the State " ( Article 40 @.@ 2 @.@ 1 ° ) and " No title of nobility or of honour may be accepted by any citizen except with the prior approval of the Government " ( Article 40 @.@ 2 @.@ 2 ° ) . Legal experts are divided on whether this clause prohibits the awarding of membership of the Order of St Patrick to Irish citizens , but some suggest that the phrase " titles of nobility " implies hereditary peerages and other noble titles , not lifetime honours such as knighthoods . In any case , an Irish citizen would require the approval of the Government of Ireland to receive an award from a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom in this manner . = = Composition = = = = = Members = = = The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order of St Patrick . The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , the monarch 's representative in Ireland , served as the Grand Master . The office of Lord Lieutenant was abolished in 1922 ; the last Lord Lieutenant and Grand Master was The 1st Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent . Rather oddly , the statutes of the Order did not provide that the Grand Master be admitted to the Order as a matter of right . While some Lords Lieutenant were in fact appointed to the Order , this seems to have been the exception rather than the rule . The Order originally consisted of fifteen knights in addition to the Sovereign . In 1821 , however , George IV appointed six additional knights ; he did not issue a Royal Warrant authorising the change until 1830 . William IV formally changed the statutes in 1833 , increasing the limit to twenty @-@ two knights . The original statutes , based heavily on those of the Order of the Garter , prescribed that any vacancy should be filled by the Sovereign upon the nomination of the members . Each Knight was to propose nine candidates , of whom three had to have the rank of Earl or higher , three the rank of Baron or higher , and three the rank of Knight or higher , and a vote taken . In practice this system was never used ; the Grand Master would nominate a Peer , the Sovereign would usually assent , and a chapter meeting held at which the knights " elected " the new member . The Order of St Patrick differed from its English and Scottish counterparts , the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle , in only ever appointing peers and princes . Women were never admitted to the Order of St Patrick ; they were not eligible to become members of the other two orders until 1987 . The only woman to be part of the Order was Queen Victoria , in her capacity as Sovereign of the Order . Although it was associated with the established Church of Ireland until 1871 , several Roman Catholics were appointed to the order throughout its history . = = = Officers = = = The Order of St Patrick initially had thirteen officers : the Prelate , the Chancellor , the Registrar , the Usher , the Secretary , the Genealogist , the King of Arms , two heralds and four pursuivants . Many of these offices were held by clergymen of the Church of Ireland , the then @-@ established church . After the disestablishment of
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"ined", "▁with", "▁white", "▁sil", "k", "▁.", "▁The", "▁star", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁(", "▁see", "▁below", "▁)", "▁was", "▁dep", "icted", "▁on", "▁the", "▁left", "▁of", "▁the", "▁mant", "le", "▁.", "▁A", "▁blue", "▁h", "ood", "▁was", "▁attached", "▁to", "▁the", "▁mant", "le", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁The", "▁hat", "▁of", "▁the", "▁Order", "▁was", "▁originally", "▁of", "▁white", "▁sat", "in", "▁,", "▁l", "ined", "▁with", "▁blue", "▁,", "▁but", "▁was", "▁changed", "▁to", "▁black", "▁vel", "vet", "▁by", "▁George", "▁IV", "▁.", "▁It", "▁was", "▁pl", "umed", "▁with", "▁three", "▁falls", "▁of", "▁fe", "athers", "▁,", "▁one", "▁red", "▁,", "▁one", "▁white", "▁and", "▁one", "▁blue", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁The", "▁col", "lar", "▁was", "▁made", "▁of", "▁gold", "▁,", "▁consisting", "▁of", "▁T", "ud", "or", "▁ros", "es", "▁and", "▁har", "ps", "▁attached", "▁with", "▁kn", "ots", "▁.", "▁The", "▁two", "▁ros", "es", "▁which", "▁compr", "ise", "▁the", "▁T", "ud", "or", "▁rose", "▁were", "▁altern", "ately", "▁en" ]
137,253
the Church in 1871 , the ecclesiastics were allowed to remain in office until their deaths , when the offices were either abolished or reassigned to lay officials . All offices except that of Registrar and King of Arms are now vacant . The office of Prelate was held by the Lord Archbishop of Armagh , the most senior clergyman in the Church of Ireland . The Prelate was not mentioned in the original statutes , but created by a warrant shortly afterwards , apparently because the Archbishop at the time had asked to be appointed to the post . Since the death of the last holder in 1885 , the office of Prelate has remained vacant . The Church of Ireland 's second highest cleric , the Lord Archbishop of Dublin , originally served as the Chancellor of the Order . From 1886 onwards , the office was held instead by the Chief Secretary for Ireland . Since the abolition of the position of Chief Secretary in 1922 , the office of Chancellor has remained vacant . The Dean of St Patrick 's Cathedral was originally the Registrar of the Order . In 1890 , on the death of the Dean who had held the post in at the time of disestablishment , the office was attached to that of the King of Arms of the Order . This position was held by Ulster King of Arms , Ireland 's chief heraldic official , a post which had been created in 1552 . In 1943 , this post was in effect divided in two , reflecting the partition of Ireland in the Government of Ireland Act , 1920 . The position , insofar as it related to Northern Ireland , was combined with that of Norroy King of Arms ( who had heraldic jurisdiction in the north of England ) . The post of Norroy and Ulster King of Arms still exists , and thus continues to hold the offices of Registrar and King of Arms of the Order of St Patrick . The office of Ulster King of Arms , insofar as it related to the Irish Free State ( now officially called Ireland ) , became the position of Chief Herald of Ireland . The Order of St Patrick had six other heraldic officers , many more than any other British order . The two heralds were known as Cork Herald and Dublin Herald . Three of the four pursuivancies were untitled , the fourth was held by Athlone Pursuivant , an office founded in 1552 . The Usher of the Order was " the Usher at Arms named the Black Rod " . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in Ireland was distinct from the English officer of the same name , though like his counterpart he had some duties in the Irish House of Lords . ( The latter continues to serve as Usher to the Order of the Garter and as Serjeant @-@ at @-@ Arms of the House of Lords . ) The Irish post has been vacant since 1933 . The offices of Secretary and Genealogist were originally held by members of the Irish House of Commons . The office of Secretary has been vacant since 1926 . The position of Genealogist was left vacant in 1885 , restored in 1889 , but left vacant again in 1930 . = = = Current officers and members = = = Sovereign : Elizabeth II Officers : Registrar and King of Arms : Timothy Duke ( Norroy and Ulster King of Arms ) Members : None = = Vestments and accoutrements = = For important occasions , such as Coronations and investitures of new members of the Order , Knights of St Patrick wore elaborate vestments : The mantle was a celestial blue robe lined with white silk . The star of the Order ( see below ) was depicted on the left of the mantle . A blue hood was attached to the mantle . The hat of the Order was originally of white satin , lined with blue , but was changed to black velvet by George IV . It was plumed with three falls of feathers , one red , one white and one blue . The collar was made of gold , consisting of Tudor roses and harps attached with knots . The two roses which comprise the Tudor rose were alternately en
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137,254
amelled white within red , and red within white . The central harp , from which the badge of the Order was suspended , was surmounted by a crown . On certain " collar days " designated by the Sovereign , members attending formal events wore the Order 's collar over their military uniform , formal day dress , or evening wear . When collars were worn ( either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations ) , the badge was suspended from the collar . Aside from these special occasions , however , much simpler accoutrements were used : The star of the Order was an eight @-@ pointed figure , with the four cardinal points longer than the intermediate points . Each point was shown as a cluster of rays . In the centre was the same motto , year and design that appeared on the badge . The star was worn pinned to the left breast . The broad riband was a celestial blue sash worn across the body , from the right shoulder to the left hip . The badge was pinned to the riband at the left hip . Made of gold , it depicted a shamrock bearing three crowns , on top of a cross of St Patrick and surrounded by a blue circle bearing the motto in majuscules , as well as the date of the Order 's foundation in Roman numerals ( " MDCCLXXXIII " ) . The Grand Master 's insignia were of the same form and design as those of the Knights . In 1831 , however , William IV presented the Grand Master with a star and badge , each composed of rubies , emeralds and Brazilian diamonds . These two insignia were designated " Crown Jewels " in the Order 's 1905 Statutes , and the designation " Irish Crown Jewels " was emphasised by newspapers when they were stolen in 1907 , along with the collars of five Knights ; they have not since been recovered . A number of items pertaining to the Order of St Patrick are held in museums in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The robes of The 4th Baron Clonbrock , the 122nd Knight of the Order , are on display in the National Museum of Ireland , Dublin ; the robe belonging to The 3rd Earl of Kilmorey is held by the Newry Museum ; the National Gallery and Genealogical Museum in Dublin both have Stars of the Order ; and the Ulster Museum ( part of the National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland ) in Stranmillis has a large collection on display and two mantles in storage . The Irish Guards take their capstar and motto from the Order . = = Chapel and Chancery = = The Chapel of the Order was originally in St Patrick 's Cathedral in central Dublin . Each member of the Order , including the Sovereign , was allotted a stall in the choir of the Chapel , above which his ( or her , in the case of Queen Victoria ) heraldic devices were displayed . Perched on the pinnacle of a knight 's stall was a helm , decorated with mantling and topped by his crest . Above the crest , the knight 's heraldic banner was hung , emblazoned with his coat of arms . At a considerably smaller scale , to the back of the stall was affixed a piece of brass ( a " stall plate " ) displaying its occupant 's name , arms and date of admission into the Order . Upon the death of a Knight , the banner and crest were taken down and replaced with those of his successor . After the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871 , the Chapel ceased to be used ; the heraldic devices of the knights at the time were left in place at the request of Queen Victoria . The Order was without a ceremonial home until 1881 when arrangements were made to display banners , helms and hatchment plates ( the equivalent of stall plates , in the absence of stalls ) in the Great Hall , officially called St. Patrick 's Hall , in Dublin Castle . On the establishment of the Irish Free State the banners of the living knights were removed . When the Hall was redecorated in 1962 it was decided that it should be hung with the banners of the members of the Order in 1922 . The existing banners were repaired or new ones made
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"▁has", "▁car", "ved", "▁the", "▁g", "orge", "▁through", "▁five", "▁major", "▁rock", "▁form", "ations", "▁from", "▁the", "▁Dev", "onian", "▁and", "▁Car", "bon", "ifer", "ous", "▁periods", "▁.", "▁Native", "▁Americans", "▁once", "▁used", "▁the", "▁P", "ine", "▁Creek", "▁Path", "▁along", "▁the", "▁cre", "ek", "▁.", "▁The", "▁path", "▁was", "▁later", "▁used", "▁by", "▁l", "umber", "men", "▁,", "▁and", "▁then", "▁became", "▁the", "▁course", "▁of", "▁a", "▁rail", "road", "▁from", "▁", "1", "8", "8", "3", "▁to", "▁", "1", "9", "8", "8", "▁.", "▁Since", "▁", "1", "9", "9", "6", "▁,", "▁the", "▁", "6", "2", "▁@", "-", "@", "▁mile", "▁(", "▁", "1", "0", "0", "▁km", "▁)", "▁P", "ine", "▁Creek", "▁Rail", "▁Tra", "il", "▁has", "▁followed", "▁the", "▁cre", "ek", "▁through", "▁the", "▁g", "orge", "▁.", "▁The", "▁P", "ine", "▁Creek", "▁G", "orge", "▁was", "▁named", "▁a", "▁National", "▁Natural", "▁Land", "mark", "▁in", "▁", "1", "9", "6", "8", "▁and", "▁is" ]
137,255
; it is these banners which can be seen today . The Hall , which was renamed St Patrick 's Hall from its association with the Order , also served as the Chancery of the Order . Installation ceremonies , and later investitures , were held here , often on St Patrick 's Day , until they were discontinued . A banquet for the Knights was often held in the Hall on the occasion of an installation . St Patrick 's Hall now serves as the location for the inauguration of the President of Ireland . Unlike many of the other British Orders , the stall plates ( or hatchment plates ) do not form a continuous record of the Knights of the Order . There are only 34 stall plates for the 80 or so knights appointed before 1871 , ( although others were destroyed in a fire in 1940 ) , and 40 hatchments plates for the 60 knights appointed subsequently . In the case of the stall plates this was perhaps due to their size , 30x36 cm ( 12x14 in ) . = = Precedence and privileges = = Since the members of the Order were required to be knights , and in practice had higher rank , many of the privileges of membership were rendered moot . As knights they could prefix " Sir " to their forenames , but the form was never used in speech , as they were referred to by their peerage dignities . They were assigned positions in the order of precedence , but had higher positions by virtue of their peerage dignities . Knights used the post @-@ nominal letters " KP " . When an individual was entitled to use multiple post @-@ nominal letters , KP appeared before all others , except " Bt " and " Btss " ( Baronet and Baronetess ) , " VC " ( Victoria Cross ) , " GC " ( George Cross ) , " KG " ( Knight of the Garter ) and " KT " ( Knight of the Thistle ) . Knights could encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet ( a blue circle bearing the motto ) and the collar ; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter . The badge is depicted suspended from the collar . They were also entitled to receive heraldic supporters . This high privilege was , and is , only shared by members of the Royal Family , peers , Knights and Ladies of the Garter , Knights and Ladies of the Thistle , and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the junior orders . ( Of course , Knights of St Patrick , normally all being members of the British Royal Family or peers , were mostly entitled to supporters in any event . ) = Colton Point State Park = Colton Point State Park is a 368 @-@ acre ( 149 ha ) Pennsylvania state park in Tioga County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is on the west side of the Pine Creek Gorge , also known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania , which is 800 feet ( 240 m ) deep and nearly 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) across at this location . The park extends from the creek in the bottom of the gorge up to the rim and across part of the plateau to the west . Colton Point State Park is known for its views of the Pine Creek Gorge , and offers opportunities for picnicking , hiking , fishing and hunting , whitewater boating , and camping . Colton Point is surrounded by Tioga State Forest and its sister park , Leonard Harrison State Park , on the east rim . The park is on a state forest road in Shippen Township 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of U.S. Route 6 . Pine Creek flows through the park and has carved the gorge through five major rock formations from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods . Native Americans once used the Pine Creek Path along the creek . The path was later used by lumbermen , and then became the course of a railroad from 1883 to 1988 . Since 1996 , the 62 @-@ mile ( 100 km ) Pine Creek Rail Trail has followed the creek through the gorge . The Pine Creek Gorge was named a National Natural Landmark in 1968 and is
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"▁Creek", "▁or", "▁to", "▁Ly", "coming", "▁Creek", "▁,", "▁further", "▁to", "▁the", "▁east", "▁.", "▁As", "▁a", "▁result", "▁,", "▁the", "▁land", "▁between", "▁them", "▁was", "▁disput", "ed", "▁territory" ]
137,256
also protected as a Pennsylvania State Natural Area and Important Bird Area , while Pine Creek is a Pennsylvania Scenic and Wild River . The gorge is home to many species of plants and animals , some of which have been reintroduced to the area . The park is named for Henry Colton , a Williamsport lumberman who cut timber there starting in 1879 . Although the Pine Creek Gorge was clearcut in the 19th and early 20th centuries , it is now covered by second @-@ growth forest , thanks in part to the conservation efforts of the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) in the 1930s . The CCC built the facilities at Colton Point before and shortly after the park 's 1936 opening . Most of the CCC @-@ built facilities remain in use , and have led to the park 's listing as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places . Since a successful publicity campaign in 1936 , the park and gorge have been a popular tourist destination , attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors each year . Colton Point State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( DCNR ) Bureau of Parks for its " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " list , which praised its " spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of Pine Creek Gorge " . = = History = = = = = Native Americans = = = Humans have lived in what is now Pennsylvania since at least 10 @,@ 000 BC . The first settlers were Paleo @-@ Indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools . The hunter @-@ gatherers of the Archaic period , which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 BC , used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artifacts . The Woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi @-@ permanent villages and horticulture , between 1000 BC and 1500 AD . Archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles , burial mounds , pipes , bows and arrows , and ornaments . Colton Point State Park is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin , the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Iroquoian @-@ speaking Susquehannocks . They were a matriarchal society that lived in stockaded villages of large long houses , and " occasionally inhabited " the mountains surrounding the Pine Creek Gorge . Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois , and by 1675 they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes . After this , the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois . The Iroquois lived in long houses , primarily in what is now New York , and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers . They and other tribes used the Pine Creek Path through the gorge , traveling between a path on the Genesee River in modern New York in the north , and the Great Shamokin Path along the West Branch Susquehanna River in the south . The Seneca tribe of the Iroquois believed that Pine Creek Gorge was sacred land and never established a permanent settlement there . They used the path through the gorge and had seasonal hunting camps along it , including one just north of the park near what would later be the village of Ansonia . To fill the void left by the demise of the Susquehannocks , the Iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the West Branch watershed , including the Shawnee and Lenape ( or Delaware ) . The French and Indian War ( 1754 – 63 ) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin . On November 5 , 1768 , the British acquired the New Purchase from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix , including what is now the Pine Creek Gorge east of the creek . The Purchase line established by this treaty was disputed , as it was unclear whether the border along " Tiadaghton Creek " referred to Pine Creek or to Lycoming Creek , further to the east . As a result , the land between them was disputed territory
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until 1784 and the Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix . After the American Revolutionary War , Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania ; some isolated bands of natives remained in Pine Creek Gorge until the War of 1812 . = = = Lumber era = = = Prior to the arrival of William Penn and his Quaker colonists in 1682 , up to 90 percent of what is now Pennsylvania was covered with woods : more than 31 @,@ 000 square miles ( 80 @,@ 000 km2 ) of eastern white pine , eastern hemlock , and a mix of hardwoods . The forests near the three original counties , Philadelphia , Bucks , and Chester , were the first to be harvested , as the early settlers used the readily available timber and cleared land for agriculture . By the time of the American Revolution , logging had reached the interior and mountainous regions , and became a leading industry in Pennsylvania . Trees furnished fuel to heat homes , tannin for the state 's many tanneries , and wood for construction , furniture , and barrel making . Large areas of forest were harvested by colliers to fire iron furnaces . Rifle stocks and shingles were made from Pennsylvania timber , as were a wide variety of household utensils , and the first Conestoga wagons . By the early 19th century the demand for lumber reached the Pine Creek Gorge , where the surrounding mountainsides were covered with eastern white pine 3 to 6 feet ( 1 to 2 m ) in diameter and 150 feet ( 50 m ) or more tall , eastern hemlock 9 feet ( 3 m ) in circumference , and huge hardwoods . Each acre ( 0 @.@ 4 ha ) of these virgin forests produced 100 @,@ 000 board feet ( 200 m3 ) of white pine and 200 @,@ 000 board feet ( 500 m3 ) of hemlock and hardwoods . For comparison , the same area of forest today produces a total of only 5 @,@ 000 board feet ( 10 m3 ) on average . According to Steven E. Owlett , environmental lawyer and author , shipbuilders considered pine from Pine Creek the " best timber in the world for making fine ship masts " , so it was the first lumber to be harvested on a large scale . The original title to the land that became Colton Point State Park was sold to the Wilhelm Wilkins Company in 1792 . Pine Creek was declared a public highway by the Pennsylvania General Assembly on March 16 , 1798 , and rafts of spars were floated down the creek to the Susquehanna River , then to the Chesapeake Bay and the shipbuilders at Baltimore . The lumbermen would then walk home , following the old Pine Creek Path at the end of their journey . As the 19th century progressed , fewer pines were left and more hemlocks and hardwoods were cut and processed locally . By 1810 there were 11 sawmills in the Pine Creek watershed , and by 1840 there were 145 , despite a flood in 1832 which wiped out nearly all the mills along the creek . Selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract . The first lumbering activity close to what is now Colton Point was in 1838 when William Dodge and partners built a settlement at Big Meadows and formed the Pennsylvania Joint Land and Lumber Company . Dodge 's company purchased thousands of acres of land in the area , including what is now Colton Point State Park . In 1865 the last pine spar raft floated down the creek , and on March 28 , 1871 the General Assembly passed a law which allowed construction of splash dams and allowed creeks to be cleared to allow loose logs to float better . The earliest spring log drives floated up to 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 board feet ( 50 @,@ 000 m3 ) of logs in Pine Creek at one time . These logs floated to the West Branch Susquehanna River and to sawmills near the Susquehanna Boom at Williamsport . Log drives could
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be dangerous : just north of the park is Barbour Rock , named for Samuel Barbour , who lost his life on Pine Creek there after breaking up a log jam . Hemlock wood was not widely used until the advent of wire nails , but the bark was used to tan leather . After 1870 the largest tanneries in the world were in the Pine Creek watershed , and required 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 900 kg ) of bark to produce 150 pounds ( 70 kg ) of quality sole leather . In 1879 Henry Colton , who worked for the Williamsport Lumber Company , supervised the cutting of white pine on the land owned by Silas Billings ; this land would later become the park . Colton gave his name to the Colton Point overlook on the west rim of the Pine Creek Gorge . Deadman Hollow Road in the park is named for a trapper whose decomposed body was found in his own bear trap there in the early 20th century . Fourmile Run flows through the park : its O 'Connor Branch is named for the dead trapper 's brothers , who were loggers in the area . In 1883 the Jersey Shore , Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway opened , following the creek through the gorge . The new railroad used the relatively level route along Pine Creek to link the New York Central Railroad ( NYC ) to the north with the Clearfield Coalfield to the southwest , and with NYC @-@ allied lines in Williamsport to the southeast . By 1896 the rail line 's daily traffic included three passenger trains and 7 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 short tons ( 6 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 t ) of freight . In the surrounding forests , log drives gave way to logging railroads , which transported lumber to local sawmills . There were 13 companies operating logging railroads along Pine Creek and its tributaries between 1886 and 1921 , while the last log drive in the Pine Creek watershed started on Little Pine Creek in 1905 . By 1900 the Leetonia logging railroad was extended to the headwaters of Fourmile Run , which has several high waterfalls that prevented logs from being floated down it . In 1903 the line reached Colton Point and Bear Run , which is the northern border of the park today . Lumber on Fourmile Run that had been previously inaccessible was harvested and transported by train , initially to Leonard Harrison 's mill at Tiadaghton . When that mill burned in 1905 , the lumber went to the Leetonia mill on Cedar Run in Elk Township . The old @-@ growth forests were clearcut by the early 20th century and the gorge was stripped bare . Nothing was left except the dried @-@ out tree tops , which became a fire hazard . As a result , much of the land burned and was left barren . On May 6 , 1903 , the Wellsboro newspaper had the headline " Wild Lands Aflame " and reported landslides through the gorge . The soil was depleted of nutrients , fires baked the ground hard , and jungles of blueberries , blackberries , and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land , which became known as the " Pennsylvania Desert " . Floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out . = = = Conservation = = = George Washington Sears , an early conservationist who wrote under the pen name " Nessmuk " , was one of the first to criticize the Pennsylvania lumber industry and its destruction of forests and creeks . In his 1884 book Woodcraft he wrote of the Pine Creek watershed where A huge tannery ... poisons and blackens the stream with chemicals , bark and ooze . ... The once fine covers and thickets are converted into fields thickly dotted with blackened stumps . And , to crown the desolation , heavy laden trains of ' The Pine Creek and Jersey Shore R.R. ' go thundering [ by ] almost hourly ... Of course , this is progress ; but , whether backward or forward , had better be decided sixty years hence . Nessmu
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137,259
k 's words went mostly unheeded in his lifetime and did not prevent the clearcutting of almost all the virgin forests in Pennsylvania . Sears lived in Wellsboro from 1844 until his death in 1890 , and was the first to describe the Pine Creek Gorge . He also described a trip to what became Leonard Harrison State Park and the view west across the gorge to what became Colton Point State Park : after a 6 @-@ mile ( 10 km ) buggy ride , he had to hike 7 miles ( 11 km ) through tangles of fallen trees and branches , down ravines , and over banks for five hours . At last he reached " The Point " , which he wrote was " the jutting terminus of a high ridge which not only commands a capital view of the opposite mountain , but also of the Pine Creek Valley , up and down for miles " . The land on which Colton Point State Park sits was sold to the Commonwealth in the late 19th century for $ 2 @.@ 50 per acre ( $ 6 @.@ 25 per ha ) by the Pennsylvania Joint Land and Lumber Company , which had no further use for it . Elsewhere in the gorge the state bought land abandoned by lumber companies , sometimes for less than $ 2 per acre ( $ 5 per ha ) . These purchases became the Tioga State Forest , which was officially established in 1925 . As of 2015 the state forest encompasses 165 @,@ 052 acres ( 66 @,@ 794 ha ) , mostly in Tioga County , and surrounds Colton Point State Park to the north , west , and south . Leonard Harrison State Park is on the eastern border of Colton Point . In 1922 , Wellsboro lumber baron Leonard Harrison donated his picnic grounds on the eastern rim of the gorge to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , which named it " Leonard Harrison State Forest Park " . Harrison also built two cabins , named " Wetumka " and " Osocosy " , on the west side of Pine Creek , just north of the mouth of Fourmile Run . Sometime after 1903 , former Pennsylvania Governor William A. Stone built a cabin named " Heart 's @-@ ease " just south of the mouth of Fourmile Run . In 1966 these cabins were still standing and were three of " only four man @-@ made structures inside the canyon proper " , but by 1993 only Stone 's cabin and one of Harrison 's cabins remained . As of 2004 , these properties were still owned by the Stone family , and are part of a small parcel of private land within the park . = = = Modern era = = = The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) started work on the park in June 1935 , and it opened as " Colton Point State Forest Park " in 1936 . The CCC , founded by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression , created jobs for unemployed young men from throughout the United States . Much of the work of the CCC at Colton Point is still visible as of 2015 , and is one of many examples of the work of the CCC throughout northcentral Pennsylvania . In 1936 , the year the park opened , Larry Woodin of Wellsboro and other Tioga County business owners began a tourism campaign to promote the Pine Creek Gorge as " The Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania " . Greyhound Bus Lines featured a view of the canyon from a Leonard Harrison lookout on the back cover of its Atlantic Coast timetable . The bus line 's Chicago to New York City tour had an overnight stay in Wellsboro and a morning visit to the canyon for $ 3 . More than 300 @,@ 000 tourists visited the canyon by the autumn of 1936 , and 15 @,@ 000 visited Leonard Harrison over Memorial Day weekend in 1937 . That year more visitors came to the Pine Creek Gorge than to Yellowstone National Park . In response to the heavy use of the local roads , the CCC widened the highways in the area , and guides from the CCC gave tours of the canyon . Colton Point originally opened with only " limited facilities " ,
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137,260
but the success of the tourism campaign led to the park 's expansion by the CCC . New facilities were added in 1938 , and included buildings such as picnic pavilions , latrines , and a concession stand , as well as " stone cook stoves , tables , and developed trails and overlooks ... an amazing amount of work in one year " . The CCC also built the road to the park and planted stands of larch , spruce and white pine for reforestation . On February 12 , 1987 , the entire 368 @-@ acre ( 149 ha ) park was listed in the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) , including " eight buildings and nine structures " . The park has five CCC @-@ built picnic shelters : pavilions 1 , 3 , and 4 are made of stone and timber with stone fireplaces , while pavilions 2 and 5 each has log columns that support a pyramidal roof . The CCC also built six rustic latrines with clapboard siding and gable roofs , and an underground reservoir that is covered with a low hipped roof . Additional structures constructed by the CCC include three overlooks and a rectangular gable @-@ roofed maintenance building with wane edge siding and exposed rafters made of logs . The structures built by the CCC are noteworthy in that they exemplify the rustic style of construction that was prevalent at national and state parks built during the Great Depression . Workers used locally found , natural materials in construction that blended with the natural surroundings . Not all of the CCC 's work has survived . A concession stand was built by the CCC and sold food and souvenirs from the late 1930s to at least 1953 , but was not listed on the 1986 NRHP nomination form . The CCC also built a brick and stone incinerator , but it is in ruins now . The Pennsylvania Geographic Board dropped the word " Forest " and officially named it " Colton Point State Park " on November 11 , 1954 . The first major change in the park was in 1970 , when a camping area was established . That same decade saw the completion of a new water system in 1973 , and a holding tank dump station was added to the camping area in 1977 . A park office was built in 1983 , but as of 2009 the park headquarters are in the adjoining Leonard Harrison State Park and the Colton Point office does not appear on the official park map . Pine Creek was named a state scenic river on December 4 , 1992 , which ensured further protection of Pine Creek Gorge in its natural state . In 1997 the park 's Important Bird Area ( IBA ) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania . In 2000 the park became part of the Hills Creek State Park complex , an administrative grouping of eight state parks in Potter and Tioga counties . As of 2004 , the park does not have telephone or electrical lines , although it uses solar cells for limited electricity needs . The second half of the 20th century also saw significant changes to the rail line through the Pine Creek Gorge . Regular passenger service on the canyon line ended after the Second World War , and in 1960 the second set of train tracks was removed . Conrail abandoned the section of the railroad that passed through the gorge on September 21 , 1988 . The right @-@ of @-@ way eventually became the Pine Creek Rail Trail , which follows the path of the former Pine Creek Path . The first section of the rail trail opened in 1996 and included the 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) section in the park : as of 2015 the Pine Creek Rail Trail is 62 miles ( 100 km ) long . Colton Point State Park continued to attract national attention in the post @-@ war era . The New York Times featured the park and its " breath @-@ taking views of the gorge " as well as its trails and location in the wilds of the state forest in a 1950 article , and in 1966 praised the whitewater boating on Pine Creek and the park
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's " outstanding look @-@ out points " . The Pine Creek Gorge , including Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks and a 12 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) section of Tioga State Forest , was named a National Natural Landmark ( NNL ) in April 1968 . A 1973 New York Times article on whitewater canoeing noted the damage along Pine Creek done by Hurricane Agnes the year before . Another Times story in 2002 noted the park for its beauty and wildlife , and cited it as a starting point for hiking the West Rim Trail . In the new millennium , the two state parks on either side of the Pine Creek Gorge are frequently treated as one . A 2002 New York Times article called Colton Point and Leonard Harrison state parks " Two State Parks , Divided by a Canyon " and noted their " overlooks offer the most spectacular views " . Colton Point and Leonard Harrison were each included in the list of state parks chosen by the DCNR Pennsylvania Bureau of Parks for its " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " list . The DCNR describes how they " offer spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of Pine Creek Gorge , also known as Pennsylvania 's Grand Canyon " . It goes on to praise their inclusion in a National Natural Landmark and State Park Natural Area , hiking and trails , and the Pine Creek Rail Trail and bicycling . = = Pine Creek Gorge = = Colton Point State Park lies on the west side of the Pine Creek Gorge , also known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania . A sister park , Leonard Harrison State Park , is on the east side , and the two parks combined form essentially one large park that includes parts of the gorge and creek and parts of the plateau dissected by the gorge . Pine Creek has carved the gorge nearly 47 miles ( 76 km ) through the dissected Allegheny Plateau in northcentral Pennsylvania . The canyon begins in southwestern Tioga County , just south of the village of Ansonia , and continues south to near the village of Waterville in Lycoming County . The depth of the gorge in Colton Point State Park is about 800 feet ( 240 m ) and it measures nearly 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) across . The Pine Creek Gorge National Natural Landmark includes Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks and parts of the Tioga State Forest along 12 miles ( 19 km ) of Pine Creek between Ansonia and Blackwell . This federal program does not provide any extra protection beyond that offered by the land owner . The National Park Service 's designation of the gorge as a National Natural Landmark notes that it " contains superlative scenery , geological and ecological value , and is one of the finest examples of a deep gorge in the eastern United States . " The gorge is also protected by the state of Pennsylvania as the 12 @,@ 163 @-@ acre ( 4 @,@ 922 ha ) Pine Creek Gorge Natural Area , which is the second largest State Natural Area in Pennsylvania . Within this area , 699 acres ( 283 ha ) of Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks are designated a State Park Natural Area . The state Natural Area runs along Pine Creek from Darling Run in the north ( just below Ansonia ) to Jerry Run in the south ( just above Blackwell ) . It is approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) long and 2 miles ( 3 km ) wide , with state forest roads providing all of the western border and part of the eastern border . Within the park , Pine Creek and the walls of the gorge " visible from the opposite shoreline " are also protected by the state as a Pennsylvania Scenic River . In 1968 Pine Creek was one of only 27 rivers originally designated as eligible to be included in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System , and one of only eight specifically mentioned in the law establishing the program . Before Pine Creek could be included in the federal program , the state enacted its State Scenic Rivers Act , then asked that Pine Creek be withdrawn from the national designation . There was much local opposition to its inclusion , based at least
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partly on mistaken fears that protection would involve seizure of private property and restricted access . Eventually this opposition was overcome , but Pennsylvania did not officially include it as one of its own state Scenic and Wild Rivers until November 25 , 1992 . The state treated Pine Creek as a state scenic river between 1968 and 1992 . It protected the creek from dam @-@ building and water withdrawals for power plants , and added public access points to reduce trespassing on private property by visitors to the creek . = = Geology and climate = = Although the rock formations exposed in Colton Point State Park and the Pine Creek Gorge are at least 300 million years old , the gorge itself formed about 20 @,@ 000 years ago , in the last ice age . Pine Creek had flowed northeasterly until then , but was dammed by rocks , soil , ice , and other debris deposited by the receding Laurentide Continental Glacier . The dammed creek formed a lake near what would later be the village of Ansonia , and the lake 's glacial meltwater overflowed the debris dam , reversing the flow of Pine Creek . The creek flooded to the south and quickly carved a deep channel on its way to the West Branch Susquehanna River . The park is at an elevation of 1 @,@ 637 feet ( 499 m ) on the Allegheny Plateau , which formed in the Alleghenian orogeny some 300 million years ago , when Gondwana ( specifically what became Africa ) and what became North America collided , forming Pangaea . Although the gorge and its surroundings seem to be mountainous , the area is a dissected plateau . Years of erosion have cut away the soft rocks , forming the valleys , and left the hardest of the ancient rocks relatively untouched on the top of sharp ridges , giving them the appearance of " mountains " . The land on which Colton Point State Park sits was once part of the coastline of a shallow sea that covered a great portion of what is now North America . The high mountains to the east of the sea gradually eroded , causing a buildup of sediment made up primarily of clay , sand and gravel . Tremendous pressure on the sediment caused the formation of the rocks that are found today in the Pine Creek drainage basin : sandstone , shale , conglomerates , limestone , and coal . Five major rock formations present in Colton Point State Park are from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods . The youngest of these , which forms the highest points in the park and along the gorge , is the early Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation , a gray conglomerate that may contain sandstone , siltstone , and shale , as well as anthracite coal . Low @-@ sulfur coal was once mined at three locations within the Pine Creek watershed . Below this is the late Mississippian Mauch Chunk Formation , which is formed with grayish @-@ red shale , siltstone , sandstone , and conglomerate . Millstones were once carved from the exposed sections of this conglomerate . Together the Pottsville and Mauch Chunk formations are some 300 feet ( 91 m ) thick . Next below these is the late Devonian and early Mississippian Huntley Mountain Formation , which is made of relatively soft grayish @-@ red shale and olive @-@ gray sandstone . This is relatively hard rock and forms many of the ridges . Below this is the red shale and siltstone of the Catskill Formation , about 760 feet ( 230 m ) thick and some 375 million years old . This layer is relatively soft and easily eroded , which helped to form the Pine Creek Gorge . Cliffs formed by the Huntley Mountain and Catskill formations are visible north of the park at Barbour Rock . The lowest and oldest layer is the Lock Haven Formation , which is gray to green @-@ brown siltstone and shale over 400 million years old . It forms the base of the gorge , contains marine fossils , and is up to 600 feet ( 180 m ) thick . The Allegheny Plateau has a continental climate , with occas
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137,263
ional severe low temperatures in winter and average daily temperature ranges of 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) in winter and 26 ° F ( 14 ° C ) in summer . The mean annual precipitation for the Pine Creek watershed is 36 to 42 inches ( 914 to 1 @,@ 070 mm ) . The highest recorded temperature at the park was 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) in 1936 , and the record low was − 30 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) in 1934 . = = Ecology = = Descriptions from early explorers and settlers give some idea of what the Pine Creek Gorge was like before it was clearcut . The forest was up to 85 percent hemlock and white pine ; hardwoods made up the rest of the forest . The area was inhabited by a large number of animal species , many of which have vanished by the end of the 20th century . A herd of 12 @,@ 000 American bison migrated along the West Branch Susquehanna River in 1773 . Pine Creek was home to large predators such as wolves , lynx , wolverines , panthers , fishers , bobcats and foxes ; all are locally extinct except for the last three as of 2007 . The area had herds of elk and deer , and large numbers of black bears , river otters , and beavers . In 1794 , two of the earliest white explorers to travel up Pine Creek found so many rattlesnakes on its banks that they had to sleep in their canoe . Further upstream , insects forced them to do the same . The virgin forests cooled the land and streams . The creeks and runs flowed more evenly year @-@ round , since centuries of accumulated organic matter in the forest soil caused slow percolation of rainfall into them . Pine Creek was home to large numbers of fish , including trout , but dams downstream on the Susquehanna River have eliminated the shad , salmon , and eels once found here by blocking their migrations . Habitat for land animals was destroyed by the clearcutting of forests , but there was also a great deal of hunting , with bounties paid for large predators . = = = State Natural Area and wildlife = = = While Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks and parts of the surrounding Tioga State Forest are now the Pine Creek Gorge National Natural Landmark , it is their status as part of a Pennsylvania State Natural Area that provides the strongest protection for them . Within this Natural Area , logging , mining , and drilling for oil and gas are prohibited . Furthermore , only foot trail access is allowed . In 1988 the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources , precursor to the DCNR , described it as about 95 % State owned , unroaded , and designated the Pine Creek Gorge Natural Area . It is a place of unique geologic history and contains some rare plant communities , an old growth hemlock stand , ... active bald eagle nest [ s ] ... and is a major site of river otter reintroduction . Departmental policy is protection of the natural values of the Canyon from development and overuse , and restoration of the area to as near a natural condition as possible . The gorge has over 225 species of wildflowers , plants and trees , with scattered stands of old growth forest on some of its steepest walls . The rest of the gorge is covered with thriving second growth forest that can be over one hundred years old . Since clearcutting , nearly 90 percent of the forest land has burnt at least once . Typical south @-@ facing slopes here have mountain laurel below oak and hickory trees , while north @-@ facing slopes tend to have ferns below hemlocks and hardwoods . Large chestnuts and black cherry can also be found . The Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania is known for its fall foliage , and Colton Point State Park is a popular place to observe the colors , with the first three weeks of October as the best time to see the leaves in their full color . Red leaves are found on red maple , black cherry , and red oak , while orange and yellow leaves are on black walnut ,
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137,264
sugar maple , tulip poplar , chestnut oak , aspen and birch , and brown leaves are from beech , white oak , and eastern black oak trees . Despite the logging , there are some old @-@ growth hardwoods and hemlocks on Fourmile Run . Plants of " special concern " in Pennsylvania that are found in the gorge include Jacob 's ladder , wild pea , and hemlock parsley . There are over 40 species of mammals in the Pine Creek Gorge . Colton Point State Park 's extensive forest cover makes it a habitat for " big woods " wildlife , including white @-@ tailed deer , black bear , wild turkey , red and gray squirrels . Less common creatures include bobcats , coyote , fishers , river otters , and timber rattlesnakes . There are over 26 species of fish in Pine Creek , including trout , suckers , fallfish , and rock bass . Other aquatic species include crayfish and frogs . Several species have been reintroduced to the gorge . White @-@ tailed deer were imported from Michigan and released throughout Pennsylvania to reestablish what had once been a thriving population . The current population of deer in Pennsylvania are descended from the original stock introduced since 1906 , after the lumbermen had moved out of the area . The deer population has grown so much that today they exceed their carrying capacity in many areas . River otters were successfully reintroduced in 1983 and now breed in the gorge . Despite the otters ' diet of 5 percent trout , some anglers fear the animals would deplete the game fish in the gorge . Fishers , medium @-@ sized weasels , were reintroduced to Pine Creek Gorge as part of an effort to establish a healthy population of fishers in Pennsylvania . Prior to the lumber era , fishers were numerous throughout the forests of Pennsylvania . They are generalized predators and will hunt any smaller creatures in their territory , including porcupines . Elk have been reintroduced west of the gorge in Clinton County and occasionally wander near the west rim of the canyon . Coyotes have come back on their own . Invasive insect species in the gorge include gypsy moth larvae , which eat all the leaves off trees , especially oaks , and hemlock woolly adelgids , which weaken and kill hemlocks . Invasive plant species include purple loosestrife and Japanese knotweed . = = = Important Bird Area = = = Colton Point State Park is part of Important Bird Area # 28 , which encompasses 31 @,@ 790 acres ( 12 @,@ 860 ha ) of both publicly and private held land . State managed acreage accounts for 68 percent of the total area and includes Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks and the surrounding Tioga State Forest lands . The Pennsylvania Audubon Society has designated all 368 acres ( 149 ha ) of Colton Point State Park as part of the IBA , which is an area designated as a globally important habitat for the conservation of bird populations . Ornithologists and bird watchers have recorded a total of 128 species of birds in the IBA . Several factors contribute to the high total of bird species observed : there is a large area of forest in the IBA , as well as great habitat diversity , with 343 acres ( 139 ha ) of open water that is used by many of the birds , especially bald eagles . The location of the IBA along the Pine Creek Gorge also contributes to the diverse bird populations . In addition to bald eagles , which live in the IBA year round and have successfully established a breeding population there , the IBA is home to belted kingfishers , scarlet tanagers , black @-@ throated blue warblers , common mergansers , blue and green herons , hermit thrushes , and wood ducks . Large numbers of ospreys use the gorge during spring and fall migration periods . The woodlands are inhabited by wild turkeys and Pennsylvania 's state bird the ruffed grouse . Swainson 's thrush breeds in the IBA and the Northern harrier breeds and overwinters in Pine Creek Gorge .
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A variety of warblers is found in Colton Point State Park . The Pennsylvania Audubon Society states that Pine Creek Gorge is " especially rich in warbler species , including Pine , Black @-@ throated blue , Black @-@ throated green , Blackburnian , and Black @-@ and @-@ white . " Many of these smaller birds are more often heard than seen as they keep away from the trails and overlooks . = = Recreation = = = = = Trails = = = Colton Point State Park has some challenging hikes in and around the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania , with 4 @.@ 0 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) of trails that feature very rugged terrain , pass close to steep cliffs , and can be very slick in some areas . Governor Robert P. Casey took a hiking tour of the park in July 1990 , and in 2003 the DCNR reported that 18 @,@ 239 people used the trails in the park . Rim Trail is a relatively flat 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) loop trail , which follows the perimeter of Colton Point and links all of the canyon viewing areas . Turkey Path is a difficult trail , 3 miles ( 5 km ) long ( down and back within the park ) , that follows Four Mile Run down the side of the canyon , descending over 800 feet ( 240 m ) to Pine Creek and the rail trail at the bottom of the gorge . It was originally a mule drag used to haul timber to the creek . There is a 70 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 21 m ) cascading waterfall about 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) down the trail . The park website classifies it as a " down and back trail " since there is no bridge across Pine Creek . The Turkey Path continues in Leonard Harrison State Park , going from a point on Pine Creek just downstream of the end of the trail in Colton Point up to the Leoanrd Harrison overlook on the east rim of the gorge . According to Owlett , the creek can be forded with care when the water is low , and the Turkey Path connects the two parks . Pine Creek Rail Trail is a 62 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 100 km ) rail trail from Wellsboro Junction , just north of Wellsboro , south through the Pine Creek Gorge to Jersey Shore : 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of this trail is in Colton Point and Leonard Harrison State Parks . A 2001 article in USA Today said the scenic beauty of the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania made the trail one of " 10 great places to take a bike tour " in the world . West Rim Trail is a 30 @.@ 5 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 49 @.@ 1 km ) hiking trail that runs along the west rim of the Pine Creek Gorge from near the village of Ansonia in the north to Rattlesnake Rock near the village of Blackwell in the south . It is mostly on Tioga State Forest land , but passes through the extreme north of the park and then forms the western border of the park in the south . When the West Rim Trail opened in 1982 , it was 21 miles ( 34 km ) long and ended just south of the park , but it was extended 9 miles ( 14 km ) north in 1985 , passing through Colton Point . It was chosen by Outside Magazine as its " Best Hike in Pennsylvania " in April 1996 . = = = Camping and picnics = = = Camping is a popular pastime at Colton Point State Park ; 1 @,@ 989 persons have used the camping facilities in 2003 . With no modern amenities like flush toilets or showers , the campsites take on a rustic nature . There are outhouses , fire rings , a sanitary dump station and picnic tables at the campground . An Organized Group Tenting area , intended for organized youth or adult groups , can accommodate up to 90 campers . 1 @,@
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137,266
490 campers used the area in 2003 . The park also has approximately 100 picnic tables and five CCC @-@ built picnic shelters which can be reserved . These facilities were used by 15 @,@ 379 picnickers in 2003 . = = = Hunting , fishing , and whitewater = = = Hunting is permitted in 100 acres ( 40 ha ) of Colton Point State Park , and is regulated by the Pennsylvania Game Commission . The common game species are ruffed grouse , eastern gray squirrels , wild turkey , white @-@ tailed deer , and black bears . The hunting of groundhogs is prohibited . More acres of forested woodlands are available for hunting on the grounds of the adjacent Tioga State Forest . Fishing is permitted at Colton Point State Park . Anglers must descend the Turkey Path to reach Pine Creek . The species of fish found in Pine Creek are trout , smallmouth bass , and some panfish . There are several small trout streams that are accessible from within the park . Historically , the stretch of Pine Creek in the park has been fished by notable anglers , including President Theodore Roosevelt and Pennsylvania Governor William A. Stone . Edward Gertler writes in Keystone Canoeing that Pine Creek " is possibly Pennsylvania 's most famous canoe stream " and attributes this partly to the thousands who decide to boat on it after they " peer into Pine Creek 's spectacular abyss from the overlooks of Leonard Harrison and Colton Point state parks " . The park contains 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of Pine Creek , which is classified as Class 1 to Class 2 whitewater . Boaters do not normally start or end their run in the park : it is part of the 16 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 27 @.@ 0 km ) trip from Ansonia ( Marsh Creek ) south to Blackwell ( Babb Creek ) . = = Nearby state parks = = Colton Point State Park is in Shippen Township , and is 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of U.S. Route 6 and the village of Ansonia on Colton Road . The following state parks are within 30 miles ( 50 km ) of Colton Point State Park : = Call the Shots = " Call the Shots " is a song by British girl group Girls Aloud from their fourth studio album , Tangled Up ( 2007 ) . The song was written by Miranda Cooper , with inspiration from an article about the advance of women in business , and Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Lisa Cowling , and Giselle Somerville also received songwriting credits . Polydor Records originally intended to release it as a single for The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits ( 2006 ) ; however , " Something Kinda Ooooh " was selected instead . In September 2007 , " Call the Shots " leaked online , and on 26 November of the same year , it was released as the second single from Tangled Up through Fascination Records , a week after the album 's release . Produced by Xenomania , the dance @-@ pop and pop rock song showcases a more mature side from Girls Aloud , and received positive reviews from music critics , with one deeming it as the " greatest pop song of the 21st century " . In 2008 , the song won the award for the Popjustice £ 20 Music Prize , an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organised by music website Popjustice to the singer ( s ) of the best British pop single of the past year . " Call the Shots " proved to be commercially successful upon its release , charting at number three on the UK Singles Chart , continuing the band 's string of hits by becoming their sixteenth consecutive single to chart within the top ten , and being later certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry . The song also peaked at number nine on the Irish Singles Chart . The accompanying music video was directed by Sean de Sparengo , and features the girls in purple dresses performing on Malibu Beach at night with flames and white fabric surrounding them . Each member of the band is also shown other locations , following several story lines . " Call the
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Shots " was promoted through numerous live appearances , including a high @-@ profile performance on The X Factor , and has since been performed on three of Girls Aloud 's subsequent concert tours . Several artists and bands including Coldplay and Mark Morriss have covered the song . = = Background and release = = The first part of " Call the Shots " to be composed was the instrumentation , which was done by Xenomania in 2005 . The lyrics of the song were written in 2006 , when songwriter Miranda Cooper was " inspired by an article she read on something called ( coincidentally ) the Miranda Complex , named after the ambitious lawyer in Sex and the City , about how women are earning more than men and pushing ahead . " Polydor Records originally intended to release it as a single for The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits ( 2006 ) the same year , but was deemed " too downbeat , when a greatest hits single needs to be a celebration . " Nicola Roberts , Cheryl Cole , Sarah Harding and Kimberley Walsh recorded vocals for the song in London , England , while Nadine Coyle recorded her vocals in Los Angeles . Cole deemed the song her favourite from Tangled Up , adding that it gave her " goosebumps " . An early version of " Call the Shots " leaked online in September 2007 . On 16 November 2007 , Tangled Up was released , with " Call the Shots " being released for digital download on 26 November 2007 , through Polydor Records , while it was also made available on two different CD single formats the same day . The first disc included a live cover version of Amy Winehouse 's 2007 single " Rehab " , as performed on the BBC Radio 1 programme Jo Whiley 's Live Lounge . The second CD format featured an original composition entitled " Blow Your Cover " , co @-@ written by Girls Aloud with Xenomania . The Tony Lamenza Remix of " Call the Shots " was being included on the CD single also at first , however , the Xenomania Club Mix was selected instead . The Tony Lamenza Remix was then included on the Singles Box Set , released in 2009 . = = Composition = = " Call the Shots " is a dance @-@ pop and pop rock track written in the key of D major and with a moderate tempo of 126 beats per minute . Unlike previous singles released by the band , the song follows the verse – chorus form . The lyrics are concerned with the ending of a relationship , and opens with a repetitive melody followed by Coyle singing , " Static tone on the phone , I 'll be breaking again / Must be something better babe " . As the chorus begins , the five members of the group trade lines and sing , " Just ' cause you 're raising the bet and call the shots now on me / It really doesn 't faze me how you spend your time " , with Alexis Petridis of The Guardian stating that " only anterograde amnesia could wipe [ this part ] from your brain " . During the middle @-@ eight , Roberts sings lyrics that were the inspiration for Girls Aloud 's autobiography Dreams that Glitter – Our Story , released in 2008 : " I 've seen life burn bright , seen it shimmer / Then fade like starlight to a glimmer , oh no / I 've seen life flow by like a river / So full of twilight , dreams that glitter " . Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy said that the instrumentation of " Call the Shots " was based on 1990s dance productions , and added that it incorporated " oohs " and " ah ah ahs " that " reverberate around an infectious chorus , " while John Lucas of Allmusic wrote that the song showcased a more mature side from Girls Aloud . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Call the Shots " received positive reviews from music critics . Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy rated the song four out of five stars , writing that it is " more tasteful " than few of Girls Aloud 's previous releases . Daily Star journalist Kim Dawson said " Call the Shots " is one of the band 's best singles , while another reviewer for
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"ings" ]
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the same newspaper deemed the song " classy electronic Euro @-@ pop with real edge . " Jennie McNulty of Marie Claire said that the song " has a wonderfully ambient feel , echoing an arty electro band " , while Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that Tangled Up " begins disappointingly " with " Call the Shots " as the opening track because the song 's structure is " a bit commonplace " compared to Girls Aloud 's previous singles such as " Biology " ( 2005 ) . On the countdown of the top singles of 2007 , Digital Spy placed " Call the Shots " at number 17 , commenting that the band had not lost " their knack for making supremely catchy pop hits . " In 2008 , the song won the Popjustice £ 20 Music Prize – Girls Aloud 's fourth win . Popjustice writer Peter Robinson deemed it as the " greatest pop song of the 21st century . " = = = Chart performance = = = Following the availability of " Call the Shots " due to the release of Tangled Up , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number nine . The following week , " Call the Shots " rose six places to peak at number three . It managed to stay at number three the following week , but slipped to number five in its fourth week . Through the Christmas week chart , the single managed to stay in the top ten , returning to its debut position of number nine . " Call the Shots " was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry . On the chart issue of 22 November 2007 , the song debuted at number 44 in Ireland , reaching a new peak at number 9 the following week . It attained the same peak on the European Hot 100 Singles chart . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Call the Shots " was directed by Sean de Sparengo , and filmed in October 2007 in Malibu , California , while Girls Aloud were filming The Passions of Girls Aloud . The video features the girls in purple dresses performing on Malibu Beach at night with flames and white fabric surrounding them . The girls are also shown in different locations with individual story lines . Cole is simply seen looking out of a sunny window . Walsh is sat in front of a mirror , putting on make @-@ up ; her fictional boyfriend comes to get her and they hug , though she appears to be sad . Coyle is seated on a couch , flipping through photographs featuring her and a man . She takes a lighter to the photos and sets them alight . Roberts is lying down by a swimming pool , running her fingers through the water . A young man walks up to her with a bouquet of flowers and tosses them into the water . Harding watches her boyfriend in the shower and goes through his phone . The video premiered on 17 October 2007 . = = Live performances and covers = = Girls Aloud first performed " Call the Shots " at a charity ball in aid of children 's charity UNICEF on 10 November 2007 . The band also performed the song on The X Factor on 17 November 2007 , on The Paul O 'Grady Show on 21 November 2007 , on This Morning on 27 November 2007 , and on Top of the Pops on 25 December 2007 . " Call the Shots " was performed on 2008 's Tangled Up Tour , and , later that year , at The Girls Aloud Party TV special held by ITV1 , and at the V Festival . For 2009 's Out of Control Tour , the band began the performance on a smaller , specially @-@ constructed stage in the centre of the arena , and flew back to the main stage before it ended . The same year , Bloc Party covered the song for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . In 2013 , the song was performed during the second act of the Ten : The Hits Tour . " Call the Shots " was also covered by several artists and bands such as Coldplay , David Jordan , Fyfe Dangerfield , Malcolm Middleton , and Mark Morriss . = = Formats and track listings = = These are the formats and track listings
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of major single releases of " Call the Shots " . = = Credits and personnel = = Guitar – Nick Coler , Owen Parker Keyboard – Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Matt Gray , Tim Powell , Toby Scott Mastering – Dick Beetham for 360 Mastering Mixing – Jeremy Wheatley Production – Brian Higgins , Xenomania Programming – Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Matt Gray , Tim Powell , Toby Scott Songwriting – Miranda Cooper , Brian Higgins , Tim Powell , Lisa Cowling , Giselle Somerville Vocals – Girls Aloud Published by Warner / Chappell Music and Xenomania Music Credits adapted from the liner notes of Tangled Up . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = = = Árpád = Árpád ( Hungarian pronunciation : [ ˈaːrpaːd ] ; c . 845 – c . 907 ) was the head of the confederation of the Hungarian tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries . He may have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the Hungarians , or their military leader or gyula , although most details of his life are debated by historians , because different sources contain contradictory information . Despite this , many Hungarians refer to him as the " founder of our country " , and Árpád 's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles . The dynasty descending from Árpád ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301 . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Árpád was the son of Álmos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Hungarian tribes by all Hungarian chronicles . His mother 's name and family are unknown . According to historian Gyula Kristó , Árpád was born around 845 . His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley ( árpa ) . The Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus ( r . 913 – 959 ) states that the Hungarians " had never at any time had any other prince " before Árpád , which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles ' report of the position of Árpád 's father . In Porphyrogenitus 's narration , the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them . The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians . However , Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Álmos or Árpád should be promoted instead of him . The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal . They preferred Árpád to his father , because he was " greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour , and capable of this rule " . Thereafter , Árpád was made " prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars , by lifting him upon a shield . " Constantine Porphyrogenitus refers to Árpád as " great prince of Hungary " ( Greek : μέγας Τουρχίας άρχωυ ) . The reliability of the Byzantine emperor 's report of Árpád 's election is debated by modern historians : for instance , Victor Spinei states that it is " rather vague and scarcely credible " , but András Róna @-@ Tas writes that its core is reliable . The latter historian adds that Árpád 's election was promoted by Álmos who forced Levedi kende to renounce . Accordingly , in Róna @-@ Tas 's view , Árpád succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler or kende , which enabled his father to preserve his own position of the actual leader of the Hungarians or gyula . = = = Towards the Hungarian Conquest = = = The earliest reliable source of Árp
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"▁contempor", "aneous", "▁sources" ]
137,270
ád 's life is an early 10th @-@ century document , the Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk . It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise ( r . 886 – 912 ) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 " to give presents " and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire . Sclerus met with their two leaders , Árpád and Kurszán , at the Lower Danube . Sclerus 's mission succeeded : a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria . An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus 's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Árpád 's son , Liüntika . The positions held by Árpád and Kurszán at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians . Spinei wrote that Árpád was the gyula , and Kurszán was the kende . In contrast , Kristó said that Kurszán was the gyula and Árpád represented his father , Álmos kende . At that time , the Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were raiding through the Thracian countryside . Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God , the emperor of all , and they quickly met up with their punishment . While our forces were engaged against the Saracens , divine Providence led the [ Hungarians ] , in place of the Romans , to campaign against the Bulgarians . Our Majesty 's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube . [ Providence ] sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and , as though they were public executioners , they decisively defeated them in three engagements , so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians . The Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians , but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them . The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians ' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896 . The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain . The Illuminated Chronicle says that Árpád 's father Álmos " could not enter Pannonia , for he was killed in Erdelw " or Transylvania . Engel , Kristó and Molnár , who accept the reliability of this report , wrote that Álmos 's death was a ritual murder , similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people . In contrast with them , Róna @-@ Tas states that even if the report on Álmos 's murder " reflects true event , the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage " killed the aged prince . Spinei rejects the Illuminated Chronicle 's report on Álmos 's murder in Transylvania , because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the Gesta Hungarorum is connected to a siege of Ungvár ( Uzhhorod , Ukraine ) by the Hungarians . The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád " as leader and master " of the Hungarians on this occasion . = = = Reign = = = Árpád 's name " is completely unknown " to all sources written in East Francia , which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries . These sources , including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses , only mention an other Hungarian leader , Kurszán . According to Kristó and other historians , these sources suggest that Kurszán must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces , while Árpád succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende . Proposing a contrasting theory , the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszán was the kende and Árpád gyula only succeeded him when Kurszán was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904 . In contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources
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137,271
, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events — for instance , the Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle — emphasize Árpád 's pre @-@ eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin . The Gesta Hungarorum also highlights Árpád 's military skills and his generosity . This chronicle also emphasizes that Tétény , one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes , acquired " the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity " only after Árpád had authorized him to conquer it . Having crossed the Danube , they encamped beside the Danube as far as Budafelhévíz . Hearing this , all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia , saved their lives by flight . Next day , Prince Árpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the city of King Attila and they saw all the royal palaces , some ruined to the foundations , others not , and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of King Attila , of whose line Prince Árpád descended . They feasted every day with great joy in the palace of King Attila , sitting alongside one another , and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them ... Prince Árpád gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them , and , when they heard this , many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him . The Gesta Hungarorum says that Árpád took " an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary , " and " had his son , Prince Zoltán elevated " to prince in his life . However , the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious . For instance , it ignores Fajsz , who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950 . = = = Death = = = The date of Árpád 's death is debated . The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907 . However , Kristó wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian " land @-@ taking " instead of its actual date around 895 . If the Gesta 's report on his funeral is reliable , Árpád was buried " at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila " where a village , Fehéregyháza , developed near Buda a century later . = = Legacy = = The Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád . Árpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum , which attributes " almost all memorable events " of the " Hungarian land @-@ taking " to him . Furthermore , until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301 , Hungary was ruled by " a single line of princes " , all descending from Árpád . Árpád is still famed among the Hungarians as honalapító or the " founder of our country " . = = Family = = Porphyrogenitus says Árpád " had four sons : first , Tarkatzous ; second , Ielech ; third , Ioutotzas ; fourth , Zaltas " . However , he also refers to one " Liuntikas , son of " Árpád ; Kristó wrote that Liuntikas ( Liüntika ) was an alternative name of Tarkatzous ( Tarhos ) . The name and family of the mother of Árpád 's sons are unknown . The following is a family tree presenting Árpád 's ancestors and his descendants to the end of the 10th century : * Liüntika and Tarkatzus are supposed to have been identical . * * The father of Tas was one of Árpád 's four or five sons , but his name is unknown . * * * All later grand princes and kings of Hungary descended from Taksony . = James B. Longacre = James Barton Longacre ( August 11 , 1
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137,272
794 – January 1 , 1869 ) was an American portraitist and engraver , and from 1844 until his death the fourth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint . Longacre is best known for designing the Indian Head cent , which entered commerce in 1859 , and for the designs of the Shield nickel , Flying Eagle cent and other coins of the mid @-@ 19th century . Longacre was born in Delaware County , Pennsylvania in 1794 . He ran away to Philadelphia at age 12 , becoming an apprentice in a bookstore . His artistic talent developed and he was released to apprentice in an engraving firm . He struck out on his own in 1819 , making a name providing illustrations for popular biographical books . He portrayed the leading men of his day ; support from some of them , such as South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun , led to his appointment as chief engraver after the death of Christian Gobrecht in 1844 . In Longacre 's first years as a chief engraver , the Philadelphia Mint was dominated by Mint Director Robert M. Patterson and Chief Coiner Franklin Peale . Conflict between Longacre and the two men developed after Congress ordered a new gold dollar and double eagle , with both to be designed by Longacre . Peale and Patterson nearly had Longacre fired , but the chief engraver was able to convince Treasury Secretary William M. Meredith that he should be retained . Both Patterson and Peale left the Mint in the early 1850s , ending the conflict . In 1856 , Longacre designed the Flying Eagle cent . When that design proved difficult to strike , Longacre was responsible for the replacement , the Indian Head cent , issued beginning in 1859 . Other coins designed by Longacre include the silver and nickel three @-@ cent pieces , the Shield nickel , and the two @-@ cent piece . In 1866 – 1867 , he redesigned the coins of Chile . Longacre died suddenly on New Year 's Day 1869 ; he was succeeded by William Barber . Longacre 's coins are generally well @-@ regarded today , although they have been criticized for lack of artistic advancement . = = Early life ; private sector career = = James Barton Longacre was born on a farm in Delaware County , Pennsylvania on August 11 , 1794 . His mother Sarah ( Barton ) Longacre died early in his life ; his father , Peter Longacre , was the descendent of early Swedish settlers of North America . When Peter Longacre remarried , his son found the home life intolerable , and James Longacre left home at the age of 12 , seeking work in the nearby city of Philadelphia . He apprenticed himself at a bookstore ; the owner , John E. Watson , took the boy into his family . Over the following years , Longacre worked in the bookstore , but Watson realized that the boy 's skill was in portraiture . Watson granted Longacre a release from his apprenticeship in 1813 so that he could follow an artistic muse , but the two remained close , and Watson would often sell Longacre 's works . Longacre became apprenticed to George Murray , principal in the engraving firm Murray , Draper , Fairman & Co. at 47 Sansom Street in Philadelphia . This business derived from the firm established by the Philadelphia Mint 's first chief engraver , Robert Scot . Longacre remained at the Murray firm until 1819 ; his major work there was portraits of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , and John Hancock which were placed on a facsimile of the Declaration of Independence by publisher John Binns ; the work cost Binns a total of $ 9 @,@ 000 ( equal to $ 139 @,@ 128 today ) . Also employed at the Murray firm from 1816 was the man who would be Longacre 's predecessor as chief engraver , Christian Gobrecht . Longacre 's work at the company gave him a good reputation as an engraver skilled in rendering other artists ' paintings as a printed engraving , and in 1819 , he set up his own business at 230 Pine Street in Philadelphia . Longacre 's
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"8", "4", "5", "▁.", "▁According", "▁to", "▁num", "ism", "at", "ist", "▁David", "▁L", "ange", "▁,", "▁Long", "acre", "▁was", "▁glad", "▁to", "▁get" ]
137,273
first important commission were plates for S.F. Bradford 's Encyclopedia in 1820 ; an engraving of General Andrew Jackson by Longacre based on a portrait by Thomas Sully achieved wide sales . Longacre then agreed to engrave illustrations for Joseph and John Sanderson 's Biographies of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence , published in nine volumes between 1820 and 1827 . Although the venture was marked by criticism of the writing , sales were good enough that the project was completed . Numismatic writer Richard Snow suggests that the books sold on the strength of the quality of Longacre 's illustrations . Longacre also completed a series of studies of actors in their roles in 1826 for The American Theatre . With lessons learned from the Sanderson series , Longacre proposed to issue his own set of biographies illustrated with plates of the subjects . He was on the point of launching this project , having invested $ 1 @,@ 000 of his own money ( equal to $ 23 @,@ 703 today ) in preparation , when he learned that James Herring of New York City was planning a similar series . In October 1831 , he wrote to Herring , and the two men agreed to work together on The American Portrait Gallery ( later called the National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans ) , published in four volumes between 1834 and 1839 . Herring was an artist , but much of the work of illustrating fell to Longacre , who travelled widely in the United States to sketch subjects from life . He again sketched Jackson , who was by now president , as well as former president James Madison , both in July 1833 . He met many of the political leaders of the day , who were impressed by his portraits . Among these advocates was the former vice president , South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun . In July 1832 , Niles ' Register described a Longacre engraving , " one of the finest specimens of American advancement in the art " . Longacre had married Eliza Stiles in 1827 ; between 1828 , when their daughter Sarah was born , and 1840 , they had three boys and two girls . Sales of the Gallery lagged due to the Panic of 1837 ; Longacre was forced to declare bankruptcy and travel through the southern and midwestern states , peddling his books from town to town , with his wife and elder daughter managing shipping and finances at home . Later in 1837 , he was able to return to Philadelphia and open a banknote engraving firm with partners , Toppan , Draper , Longacre & Co . With great demand for engraving for notes being issued by state banks , the firm prospered , and had offices at 60 Walnut Street in Philadelphia and a branch at 1 Wall Street in New York . According to Snow , Longacre was known as the best engraver in the country . = = = Longacre engravings , 1819 – 1844 = = = = = Chief engraver ( 1844 – 1869 ) = = = = = Appointment = = = Gobrecht 's death in July 1844 left the United States Bureau of the Mint ( generally , " Mint " ) without a chief engraver . Among those who hoped for appointment were Philadelphia banknote engraver Charles Welsh , and Allen Leonard , who had modeled the Mint 's medal for former president John Quincy Adams . Through the influence of Senator Calhoun , however , Longacre secured the appointment . According to coin historian Don Taxay , Longacre did not attempt to gain the support of Mint Director Robert M. Patterson in seeking the appointment from President John Tyler , and " if Patterson resented the slight , however , he was more annoyed by Leonard 's importunities . " Longacre was commissioned by President Tyler on September 16 , 1844 ; his was a recess appointment as the post of chief engraver required Senate confirmation , and that body was not then sitting . Tyler transmitted Longacre 's nomination to the Senate on December 17 , 1844 , which confirmed Longacre without recorded opposition on January 7 , 1845 . According to numismatist David Lange , Longacre was glad to get
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"▁and", "▁Pe", "ale", "▁in", "▁his", "▁medal", "▁business", "▁.", "▁When", "▁Long", "acre", "▁compla", "ined", "▁that", "▁Pe", "ale", "▁was", "▁mon", "opol", "izing", "▁the", "▁device", "▁,", "▁Pe", "ale", "▁decided", "▁to", "▁sab", "ot", "age", "▁Long", "acre", "▁'", "s" ]
137,274
the position because engravers were receiving less work due to the advent of daguerrotype photography . According to coin dealer and author Q. David Bowers , upon appointment as chief engraver , Longacre " found that he had entered a hornet 's nest of intrigue , politics , and infighting , dominated by Franklin Peale , chief coiner since 1839 " . Peale sent Mint personnel to work on his private residence , and in addition to his official duties — mostly performed by his predecessor , Adam Eckfeldt , who continued in his work without pay despite his retirement — he had a thriving side business preparing dies for private medals using government resources . Peale controlled access to dies and materials , and was close to Director Patterson ; the two men later proved to have been skimming metal from bullion deposits . The remaining Mint officers were cronies of Patterson , and Longacre found himself a loner among them . Walter Breen , in his comprehensive volume on U.S. coins , suggests that Patterson resented Longacre because of the engraver 's sponsorship by Calhoun , whom the director disliked as a southerner . = = = Patterson / Peale years ( 1844 – 1853 ) = = = In Longacre 's first years as chief engraver , no original designs were required for coins . Gobrecht had redesigned every denomination of U.S. coinage between 1835 and 1842 , and his successor had time to learn arts necessary for coin production that he had not needed as a maker of print engravings . These arts included coin design , making of punches for design elements , and die sinking . Longacre 's work in the private sector had involved cutting lines into a copper plate which was then used to print reproductions . Patterson wrote in August 1845 to Treasury Secretary Robert J. Walker that Longacre " is a gentleman of excellent character , highly regarded in this community , and has acquired some celebrity as an engraver of copper ; but he is not a Die @-@ Sinker . Indeed I do not know that he has ever made an attempt in this art . " By December of that year , the Mint director had written to Walker in praise of Longacre , stating that the engraver had " more taste and judgment in making devices for an improved coinage here than have been exhibited by any of his predecessors . He has shown too that he is quite competent to make the required model from his drawings . " Taxay attributed Patterson 's lavish praise of Longacre to continued attempts by Leonard to gain the post of chief engraver . A number of blunders can be seen among the early coins produced at the Mint under Longacre , though it is uncertain to whom these errors should be attributed . These include the 1844 half dollar struck at the New Orleans Mint ( 1844 @-@ O ) with a doubled date , and the 1846 half dollar with the 6 overlying an identical digit , but one which had been placed horizontally . Bowers indicates that Longacre likely delegated such work , although in 1849 he wrote that his daily work was punching dates into working dies . Tom DeLorey , in his 2003 article on Longacre , notes that Peale and his staff often made punches without consulting the Engraver 's Department ( headed by Longacre ) , and believes the chief coiner more likely to be responsible . Despite the charged atmosphere at the Philadelphia Mint , Longacre avoided conflict with Patterson and Peale until March 1849 , when Congress authorized a gold dollar and double eagle or twenty @-@ dollar gold piece , both new coins . By then , Patterson had come to desire Longacre 's departure as he was deemed a threat to Peale 's medal business , and opposed new coins which would require the chief engraver 's skills . According to Richard Snow in his book on Flying Eagle and Indian Head cents , " having an ethical chief engraver threatened their sideline . " The conflict came over the use of the Contamin portrait lathe , necessary in the making of dies both for Longacre in producing the new coins and Peale in his medal business . When Longacre complained that Peale was monopolizing the device , Peale decided to sabotage Longacre 's
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"val", "▁.", "▁Pe", "ale", "▁,", "▁however", "▁,", "▁persu", "aded", "▁P", "atter", "son", "▁to", "▁change", "▁his", "▁mind", "▁and", "▁author", "ize", "▁the", "▁chief", "▁co", "iner", "▁to", "▁propose", "▁a", "▁version", "▁himself", "▁,", "▁copying", "▁design", "▁elements", "▁G", "obre", "cht", "▁had", "▁used", "▁in", "▁", "1", "8", "3", "6", "▁.", "▁The", "▁issue", "▁was", "▁submitted", "▁to", "▁the", "▁new", "▁Tre", "as" ]
137,275
coin work and have him removed from his position . In early 1849 , according to a letter written by Longacre the following year , the chief engraver was approached by a member of the Mint staff , warning him that another officer ( plainly Peale ) sought to have the engraving work done outside of the Mint , making Longacre redundant . The outside engraver in question was Frenchman Louis Bouvet , whom Patterson had prepare a design for the half eagle , though it was not adopted . Longacre 's response to the information was to spend much of March 1849 preparing the dies for the gold dollar , at some cost to his health , as he later related . He demanded that Patterson hire assistance for him , but found the director willing only to have work contracted out . Longacre was unwilling to consent to this , as he could not supervise work done outside the Mint ( he did get help within the Mint from assistant engraver Peter Filatreu Cross , who worked on the reverse of the gold dollar ) . Longacre proceeded with work on the double eagle through late 1849 , and described the obstacles set in his path by Peale : The plan of operation selected for me was to have an electrotype mould made from my model , in copper , to serve as a pattern for a cast in iron . The operations of the galvanic battery for this purpose were conducted in the apartments of the chief coiner . The galvanic process failed , my model was destroyed in the operation . I had , however , taken the precaution to make a cast in plaster ... From this cast , as the only alternative , I procurred [ sic ] a metallic one which , however , was not perfect ; but I thought I should be able to correct the imperfections in the engraving of the die ... this was a laborious task , but seasonably completed , entirely by my own hand . The die then had to be hardened in the coining department ; it unluckily split in the process . When Longacre completed the double eagle dies , they were rejected by Peale , who stated that the design was engraved too deeply to fully impress the coin , and the pieces would not stack properly . Taxay , however , noted that the one surviving 1849 double eagle displays no such problems , and by appearance would be level in a stack . Peale complained to Patterson , who wrote to Treasury Secretary William M. Meredith asking for Longacre 's removal on December 25 , 1849 on the ground he could not make proper dies . Patterson that day promised the position to engraver Charles Cushing Wright , effective when Longacre was ousted . Meredith questioned whether a competent replacement could be found ; Patterson assured him that one could . Longacre objected to Patterson that Peale was delaying acceptance of revised double eagle dies , the director did not reply in writing , but met with Longacre , told him the administration had decided to terminate him , and that he should send in his resignation without delay . Longacre , after thinking the matter over , did not do so , but instead went to Washington on February 12 , 1850 to meet with Meredith . He found that the secretary had been lied to about a number of matters . According to Snow , Longacre did not seek retribution , content to be allowed to continue his work in peace . The double eagle went into production in March 1850 , though Patterson complained that the coins did not strike well . The double eagle quickly became the favored way to hold gold , and in the years to come more gold would be struck into double eagles than into all other denominations combined . Patterson wrote again to request Longacre 's ouster on April 1 , 1850 , alleging that President Zachary Taylor had decided that Longacre be dismissed . Despite these attempts , Longacre remained in his position . Also in 1850 , Longacre 's wife Elizabeth ( generally Eliza ) died . The Mint officials clashed again in 1851 , after Congress authorized a silver three @-@ cent piece . Longacre prepared a design showing a star on one side and the Roman numeral III on the other , which initially won Patterson 's approval . Peale , however , persuaded Patterson to change his mind and authorize the chief coiner to propose a version himself , copying design elements Gobrecht had used in 1836 . The issue was submitted to the new Treas
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137,276
ury Secretary , Thomas Corwin , who selected Longacre 's proposal — Longacre had taken the precaution of sending the secretary a letter explaining his imagery . In July 1851 , Patterson retired and President Fillmore replaced him with Thomas Eckert . Peale 's medal business suffered a setback when Adam Eckfeldt , who was still performing the duties of chief coiner , died in 1852 . In 1854 , Mint Director James Ross Snowden fired Peale after the extent to which he had used Mint labor for private gain became public . Nevertheless , the firing caused considerable press attention , a Senate investigation , and a large demand for compensation by Peale . With his enemies gone , life at the Mint improved for Longacre . = = = = Early coins = = = = = = = Prolific designer ( 1853 – 1863 ) = = = Faced with a rise in silver prices , Congress decreased the silver content of the half dime , dime , quarter and half dollar in 1853 . Longacre was asked to alter Gobrecht 's designs so new coins could be distinguished from old . He proposed placing rays around the heraldic eagle on the reverses of the quarter and half dollar , and arrows by the date for all of the affected denominations . As the act requiring the reduction in weight allowed the Mint to hire outside artists to do the work , Snowden allowed for public designs for the new pieces . No public entry was found suitable , and Longacre 's proposal was adopted . The rays tended to shorten die life and were dropped within a year ; the arrows were dispensed with after 1855 . In 1853 , Congress authorized a three @-@ dollar piece . In a note found among his papers , Longacre wrote that his task was to make the coin as easy as possible to distinguish from the quarter eagle , which at $ 2 @.@ 50 was close in value . Longacre produced a design for an Native American princess , which he made different from Gobrecht 's Liberty design on the quarter eagle with a thinner and wider planchet . At the time , a female Native American was often used to represent America in art , and a depiction of Liberty as an Indian princess was in accord with contemporary practices . The chief engraver wrote to Mint Director Snowden that the three @-@ dollar piece , which went into production in 1854 , was the first time he had been allowed artistic freedom in designing a coin . The gold dollar was altered the same year to make the planchet both thinner and wider ; Longacre modified his princess design for the gold dollar . For the reverse of the coins , Longacre created a wreath of wheat , corn , tobacco , and cotton , blending the agricultural products of the North and the South . This wreath would also be used on the reverse of the Flying Eagle cent in 1856 ; reused on the dime beginning in 1860 , the " cereal wreath " would be Longacre 's last surviving design on coinage , remaining with modifications until the 1916 abandonment of the Barber dime . In the mid @-@ 1850s , Longacre was engaged by the Navy Department to design a medal to be presented to Captain Duncan Ingraham . Longacre produced the imagery used for the reverse ; the obverse was by Assistant Engraver Cross . Although Bowers describes Longacre as having been " strictly ethical in the duties of his office " , when the Treasury Department learned that Longacre accepted a $ 2 @,@ 200 payment from the Navy for his work , they required that he repay the money under a federal law barring compensation of this kind . Other than his design for the 1867 Assay Commission medal , and his similar , wreathed reverses for the commission medals in 1860 , 1861 , and 1868 , the Ingraham work was Longacre 's only medal made for the government . After a rise in commodity prices , the Mint to sought to replace the large copper cent with a smaller version . Beginning in 1850 , a number of pattern coins were struck in attempts to find a replacement coin . Designs and formats varied ; at first , Mint authorities considered an annular ,
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137,277
or holed , cent . In 1854 and 1855 , much experimentation was done , some with a Liberty Head design as featured on the large cent ; others with a flying eagle design adapted by Longacre from the Gobrecht dollar of 1836 . Gobrecht 's design said to have been modeled on Peter the eagle , a tame bird which frequented the Philadelphia Mint in the 1830s until it was caught up in machinery and killed ; Peter , in stuffed form , was subsequently placed on exhibit at the Philadelphia Mint . The flying eagle design was adopted for a large issue of experimental patterns given to government officials and others in 1856 ; that coin was then used for the regular issue from 1857 . The reverse featured Longacre 's cereal wreath , which led to difficulties in coining ; the head and tail of the eagle on the obverse opposed the wreath , making those design points particularly hard to strike in the tough copper @-@ nickel alloy which was used . Beginning in 1859 , the cent featured a Longacre design of Liberty wearing a Native American headdress . What is called the " laurel wreath " , though actually olive , adorned the reverse of the cent in 1859 ; beginning in 1860 , a reverse with an oak wreath and shield was placed on the cent . The replacement of the wreath is for reasons unknown ; the shield was added because of Snowden 's desire to give the coin a " more national character " . This reverse is generally credited to Longacre ; Snow speculates that it may have been created by Assistant Engraver Anthony C. Paquet . By numismatic legend , Longacre 's Indian Head cent design was based on the features of his daughter Sarah ; the tale runs that she was at the mint one day when she tried on the headdress of one of a number of Native Americans who were visiting and her father sketched her . However , Sarah Longacre was 30 years old and married , not 12 as in the tale , in 1858 and Longacre himself stated that the face was based on a statue of Venus in Philadelphia on loan from the Vatican . James Longacre did often sketch his elder daughter , and there are resemblances between the depiction of Sarah Longacre and the various representations of Liberty on Longacre 's coins of the 1850s . These tales were apparently extant at the time , as Snowden , in writing to Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb in November 1858 , denied that the coin was based " on any human features in the Longacre family " . Lee F. McKenzie , in his 1991 article on Longacre , notes that any artist can be influenced by many things , but calls the story " essentially false " . = = = = Mid @-@ tenure designs = = = = = = = Civil War issues and later career = = = The Civil War brought economic disturbances which resulted in the removal of some coins , including the base @-@ metal cent , from circulation . Paper currency ( valued as low as three cents ) , postage stamps , and private tokens , filled the gap . Many of the tokens were cent @-@ sized , but thinner and made of bronze . Mint authorities took notice that these metal pieces were successfully circulating , and obtained legislation for a bronze cent . Longacre 's Indian head design continued in its place with the new metal ; later in 1864 he engraved his initial " L " in the headdress . The act which authorized the bronze cent also issued a two @-@ cent piece ; Longacre furnished a design , which Lange calls a " particularly attractive composition " with arrows and a laurel wreath flanking a shield . However , art historian Cornelius Vermeule stated that elements of the design " need only flanking cannon to be the consummate expressions of Civil War heraldry . " Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase favored placing an expression of the nation 's faith in God in a time of war on the coinage , and wrote to Mint Director Pollock , " You will cause a device to be prepared without unnecessary delay with a motto expressing in the fewest tersest terms possible this national recognition . " Several mottos were considered by Pollock , including " God Our Trust " and " God and Our Country " . Longacre
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137,278
's two @-@ cent piece was the first coin inscribed with " In God We Trust " . Nickel had been removed from the cent over the objection of Pennsylvania industrialist Joseph Wharton , who had large interests in the metal ; his congressman , Thaddeus Stevens , had fought against the act . In 1864 , Wharton published a pamphlet arguing for a coinage in which all coins less than ten cents would be made of a copper @-@ nickel alloy with 25 % nickel , just over twice the percentage which the cent had contained . In March 1865 , Congress passed legislation for a three @-@ cent coin of that alloy , intended to retire fractional currency of that denomination . Longacre furnished a head of Liberty for the coin resembling his other depictions of the goddess which he had made in the past 16 years ; for the reverse he used the " laurel " wreath from the 1859 cent surrounding the Roman numeral III borrowed from the silver three @-@ cent piece . Wharton and others seeking to promote the use of nickel remained powerful in Congress , and in 1866 secured authorization for a five @-@ cent coin of copper nickel . Longacre prepared a number of designs ; Pollock selected Longacre 's design of a shield ( similar to the two @-@ cent piece ) and a starry circle for the reverse , and the Shield nickel began to be struck that year . Mint Assayer William DuBois wrote to Longacre , " it is truly pleasing to see a man pass the life of three score and ten and yet be able to produce the same artistic works as in earlier days . " In 1865 Congress required the use of " In God We Trust " on all coins large enough to bear the inscription ; in 1866 , Longacre added the motto to all silver coins larger than the dime and all gold coins larger than the three @-@ dollar piece . He also in 1867 made modifications to the design of the copper @-@ nickel five @-@ cent piece , or nickel as it was coming to be known . In 1865 , Longacre engaged British @-@ born engraver William Barber as assistant ; William H. Key was also made an assistant in 1864 and remained at the Mint past Longacre 's death . Some of the coinage which had vanished from circulation during the Civil War and had been exported to South America continued to be used in Chilean trade as nationals found their local coinage valued poorly with the American pieces . In 1866 , the Chilean government instructed its representative in Washington to approach the U.S. State Department for permission to have their coinage dies made in America . The Andrew Johnson administration was happy to oblige ; Treasury Secretary Hugh McCulloch gave the Chileans a letter of introduction to Longacre in Philadelphia . Longacre was engaged by the Chileans to redesign five silver and four gold coins , and he agreed , so long as permission from McCulloch was obtained for him to accept an outside fee . McCulloch was initially agreeable , but Mint Director Pollock raised objection on the ground that government property should not be used to enable private gain . Eventually , all parties reached agreement that Longacre could do the work at a total cost of $ 10 @,@ 000 provided that he brought in an outside engraver to do some of the work under Longacre 's supervision ; the chief engraver selected Anthony C. Paquet , one of his former assistants . Resistance at the Mint dissolved with Pollock 's resignation over President Johnson 's Reconstruction policies , and the dies and hubs ( from which more dies could be made ) were created beginning in November 1866 , probably in @-@ house at the Philadelphia Mint . Longacre 's designs for Chile were used until new ones were adopted in the 1890s . In 1867 , Longacre proposed the use of aluminum in coins ; this was rejected as the supply and price of the metal fluctuated considerably , and it then had a high intrinsic value . In 1868 , Wharton 's interests proposed making the dime into a copper @-@ nickel piece and to modify the cent , three @-@ cent piece , and nickel . The project was abandoned when it became clear the
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137,279
base @-@ metal dime would be too large to be effectively struck in the tough copper @-@ nickel alloy , but Longacre prepared a number of half dollar @-@ size patterns . He also began work on re @-@ engraving the designs of the gold pieces , and completed the $ 10 piece by year 's end . = = = = Later designs = = = = = = Death and assessment = = James Longacre died suddenly at his home in Philadelphia on January 1 , 1869 . A memorial meeting was held at the Philadelphia Mint on January 5 , attended by the facility 's employees . The Director of the Mint , Henry Linderman , delivered a speech in praise of Longacre prior to the formal eulogy , which was given by Longacre 's assistant , William Barber , who would be appointed as Longacre 's successor . Like each of his predecessors , Longacre died in office . Longacre was recognized in an exhibit of 100 notable American engravers sponsored by the New York Public Library in 1928 . In 1970 , art historian Cornelius Vermeule , in his volume on U.S. coins , viewed Longacre and his works less favorably , " uniform in their dullness , lack of inspiration , and even quaintness , Longacre 's contributions to patterns and regular coinage were a decided step backwards from the art of [ Thomas ] Sully , [ Titian ] Peale , [ Robert ] Hughes , and Gobrecht " and " whatever his previous qualities as an engraver of portraits , he seems not to have brought much imagination to his important post at the Philadelphia Mint . " However , Vermeule considered the Flying Eagle cent more of a work of art , far above the mundane . In his 1991 article , McKenzie notes Vermeule 's concerns , but considers Longacre 's work important for its use of American symbols , including the representations of Native Americans . He believes Longacre 's use of such symbols influenced later coin designers , such as George T. Morgan , Victor D. Brenner , and Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens . He particularly praises the ornate scroll on the reverse of the double eagle , calling it " unique in American numismatic art and enhances the elegance of a design befitting the highest @-@ denomination U.S. coin " , and applauds " the exciting innovation in symbolism and expression of national sentiment that he brought to U.S. numismatic art " . According to Bowers , " Today , Longacre is widely admired by numismatists . " Lange notes that Longacre 's " artistic vision graced 60 years of American coins " . Snow writes , In view of the admiration that Saint @-@ Gaudens , Vermeule , and others had for Longacre 's " recycled " design borrowed from Gobrecht , and the enthusiasm collectors have for Flying Eagle cents today , perhaps it is all for the best that some other motif was not created in the 1850s at the Mint when experiments to eliminate the cumbersome large copper cent were conducted . = = U.S. coins designed by Longacre = = Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 – 1858 ) Indian Head cent ( 1859 – 1909 ) Two @-@ cent piece ( 1864 – 1873 ) Three @-@ cent piece in silver ( 1851 – 1873 ) and nickel ( 1865 – 1889 ) Shield nickel ( 1866 – 1883 ) Liberty Seated half dime reverse ( 1860 – 1873 ) Liberty Seated dime reverse ( 1860 – 1891 ) , reused with slight modification as reverse of Barber dime ( 1892 – 1916 ) Liberty Head gold dollar ( 1849 – 1889 ) Three @-@ dollar piece ( 1854 – 1889 )
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137,280
Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 @-@ 1907 ) = = = Books = = = Bowers , Q. David ( 2001 ) . The Harry W. Bass , Jr . Museum Sylloge . Dallas , Tex . : Harry W. Bass , Jr . Foundation . ISBN 0 @-@ 943161 @-@ 88 @-@ 6 . Bowers , Q. David ( 2006 ) . A Guide Book of Shield and Liberty Head Nickels . Atlanta , Ga . : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 @-@ 7948 @-@ 1921 @-@ 4 . Breen , Walter ( 1988 ) . Walter Breen 's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 14207 @-@ 6 . Coin World Almanac ( 3rd ed . ) . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press . 1977 . ASIN B004AB7C9M . Evans , George G. ( 1885 ) . Illustrated History of the United States Mint ( revised ed . ) . Philadelphia : George G. Evans . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Garrett , Jeff ; Guth , Ron ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Gold Coins , 1795 – 1933 ( second ed . ) . Atlanta , Ga . : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7948 @-@ 2254 @-@ 5 . Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America VI . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . 1887 . Lange , David W. ( 2006 ) . History of the United States Mint and its Coinage . Atlanta , Ga . : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 0 @-@ 7948 @-@ 1972 @-@ 9 . Pessolano @-@ Filos , Francis ( 1983 ) . Margaret M. Walsh , ed . The Assay Medals and the Assay Commissions , 1841 – 1977 . New York : Eros Publishing Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 911571 @-@ 01 @-@ 1 . Snow , Richard ( 2009 ) . A Guide Book of Flying Eagle and Indian Head Cents . Atlanta . Ga . : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7948 @-@ 2831 @-@ 8 . Taxay , Don ( 1983 ) . The U.S. Mint and Coinage ( reprint of 1966 ed . ) . New York : Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications . ISBN 0 @-@ 915262 @-@ 68 @-@ 1 . Vermeule , Cornelius ( 1971 ) . Numismatic Art in America . Cambridge , Mass . : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 674 @-@ 62840 @-@ 3 . = = = Other sources = = = " American Journal of Numismatics " 3 ( 9 ) . New York : American Numismatic and Archaeological Society . January 1869 . " Chile asks Longacre for dies in 1866 " . Iola , Wisc . : Krause Publications . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . DeLorey , Tom ( October 1985 ) . " Longacre : Unsung engraver of the U.S. Mint " . The Numismatist ( Colorado Springs , Co . : American Numismatic Association ) : 1970 – 1978 .
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"▁as", "▁a", "▁farm", "hand", "▁,", "▁labour", "er", "▁and", "▁security", "▁guard", "▁.", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁Smith", "▁moved", "▁from", "▁Gl", "ouc" ]
137,281
Kay , Rick ( April 2005 ) . " The remarkable coinage of James B. Longacre " . The Numismatist ( Colorado Springs , Co . : American Numismatic Association ) : 36 – 37 , 40 – 41 . McKenzie , Lee F. ( December 1991 ) . " Longacre 's influence on numismatic art " . The Numismatist ( Colorado Springs , Co . : American Numismatic Association ) : 1922 – 1924 , 1979 – 1980 . Smith , Pete ( 2012 ) . " American numismatic biographies " ( PDF ) . The Numismatic Bibliomania Society . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . = Philip Smith ( criminal ) = Philip John Smith ( born 10 July 1965 in Gloucester , England ) is a British spree killer serving a life sentence for the murders of three women in Birmingham . A former fairground worker employed at the Rainbow public house in the Digbeth area of the city , Smith killed his victims over a four @-@ day period in November 2000 , befriending two of them at the Rainbow before carrying out the crimes . All three victims were mutilated almost beyond recognition , but Smith was quickly identified as the killer because of the overwhelming evidence linking him to the deaths . Smith 's first victim was Jodie Hyde , a recovering butane gas addict whom he met at the Rainbow before killing her hours later . He is thought to have strangled her before setting her body on fire near a recreation ground . Three days later , he met mother @-@ of @-@ three Rosemary Corcoran at the same public house and drove her to a rural location , where he bludgeoned her to death and drove over the body . Then , as he drove home , he hit care worker Carol Jordan with his car and , fearing capture , beat her to death . All three bodies were discovered soon after the murders were carried out . Smith was apprehended after he contacted West Midlands Police saying that he wished to make a statement about Corcoran 's disappearance . At the time , however , her body had not been positively identified , and inquiries quickly established that some aspects of his account were false . The murder inquiry , named Operation Green , uncovered a large quantity of strong evidence incriminating Smith , but at first he denied responsibility . He maintained his innocence as his trial began in July 2001 , but later in the proceedings he changed his plea to guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment . The motive for his crimes was unclear , but police who arrested him believed that a " lack of permanent sexual relations " was a contributing factor . Detectives also investigated the death of a woman who had been a colleague of Smith at the Rainbow . Patricia Lynott , a divorced mother of two from Ireland who had moved to Birmingham , had been found dead in her flat in October 2000 . Police had not treated the death as suspicious , but after they discovered her connection to Smith , her body was exhumed for a second post mortem . This proved to be inconclusive , and in January 2003 a coroner 's jury in Birmingham recorded an open verdict after hearing that the cause of her death could not be determined . = = Background = = Philip John Smith was born in 1965 at the City Maternity Hospital in Gloucester and grew up in the city . The son of sawmill labourer Henry John Smith and his wife Rose Smith ( née Luckins ) , he was the oldest of five siblings . The family lived in Midland Road , where they were neighbours of serial killers Fred and Rosemary West , before moving to Hailes Road on the Coney Hill Estate in 1971 . He attended Coney Hill Infants and Junior School and later went to a special school for children with learning difficulties . The family had a modest income , and their situation became worse when Smith 's father was injured in a motoring accident . Smith left school at 14 to join Billy Danter 's Funfair , which toured extensively throughout the United Kingdom and also employed his father . He worked out of season as a farmhand , labourer and security guard . Smith moved from Glouc
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137,282
ester to Tewkesbury and then Ross @-@ on @-@ Wye , where he lived with a female partner . They had a son in 1990 and two more children in 1992 , but Smith left the family and moved to Cardiff when the relationship became difficult . He then spent a year in Ireland lodging with a travelling family who took pity on him while he was hitchhiking in Athlone , County Westmeath , Ireland . He told them he was an English gypsy visiting Ireland , and they allowed him to live rent @-@ free in a spare caravan , while he contributed a portion of his unemployment benefit towards food . They asked him to leave because they were uncomfortable about sexual remarks he had made to young female members of the family . He moved to Birmingham towards the end of 1999 and stayed briefly at the Trinity Centre , a hostel for the homeless in Digbeth , before moving to a property managed by a housing association in Braithwaite Road in the Sparkbrook district of Birmingham . He became well @-@ known locally and was a regular patron of the Shamrock Cafe on Stratford Road and of the Rainbow pub in Digbeth , where he was employed on a casual basis as an odd @-@ jobber and served as an unofficial taxi driver for drinkers . Smith received over 30 criminal convictions for minor offences , beginning in May 1984 when he was fined £ 100 for theft . His record also included handling stolen goods , burglary and driving without a licence , but no violence . At 6 ft 4 in and weighing 22 stone , with a dishevelled appearance and a soft West Country accent , he was considered gentle by those he met . In an interview with the Birmingham Evening Mail following Smith 's trial in July 2001 , Jim Smith , proprietor of the Shamrock Cafe , said , " He was a gentle giant who we named ' Bigfoot ' because his boots always used to leave black marks on the floor . Ninety @-@ nine per cent of the time he had a dirty appearance and looked like he had been working on a car . " = = Murder spree = = On 8 November 2000 , Smith met 21 @-@ year @-@ old Jodie Hyde , a recovering butane gas addict from Alum Rock , Birmingham , at the Rainbow public house , and they were seen leaving together . He took her to a hospital appointment and later killed her . Prosecutors believed that he strangled her at his flat and dumped her body near a recreation ground near Golden Hillock Road in Sparkbrook , where he set it alight . The still @-@ smouldering remains were discovered at 6 : 15 am next morning ( 9 November ) by two patrolling police officers . The body was barely recognisable and had to be identified using fingerprints . A subsequent post mortem concluded that she had been strangled before being rolled up in a carpet and set on fire . Three days later , Smith met Rosemary Corcoran , a 25 @-@ year @-@ old mother of three from Castle Vale at the same public house , and again they were seen leaving together . He drove her to Worcestershire before bludgeoning her to death and running over her body near Droitwich Spa . She was found at 8 : 30 am on 12 November by a man walking his dog in a lane near Junction 5 of the M5 motorway . Smith 's third victim was Carol Jordan , a 39 @-@ year @-@ old care home worker and mother of six from Balsall Heath , who was killed as she walked to work . Smith hit her from behind with his car while driving back from Worcestershire , fracturing her hip . Fearing that he would be caught , Smith moved her to another location and beat her so much that dental records were required to identify her corpse . The body was discovered at 8 : 50 am on 12 November on parkland next to Bell Barn Road , Lee Bank . = = Investigation = = = = = Initial statement = = = When staff at the Rainbow told him of Corcoran 's disappearance on 13 November , Smith telephoned the police station at Castle Vale saying that he wished to give a statement
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137,283
. Significantly , his call came at 4 : 00 pm , before the body found in Worcestershire had been positively identified as Corcoran 's , and within an hour Smith had presented himself at Castle Vale . Detective Constable Ruth Wilkins later recalled Smith 's phone call : " He said he would like to come to the police station to help with the inquiry and that he had seen [ Corcoran ] on Saturday night leave the pub with an unknown man . He insisted he would like to come over to the police station . He said he had been asked to contact the police by someone else and gave his mobile number . " In his subsequent statement Smith admitted to being at the Rainbow with Corcoran and a male friend , but claimed they were later separated when they went to another public house , the Kerryman , and the male friend was ejected . Smith said that he and Corcoran then went to Monte Carlo 's , a nightclub in Handsworth , and that when they left some time later , Corcoran was confronted by a man he described as a Teddy Boy , with whom she had argued at the Kerryman . Smith said that the man became aggressive , so he asked Corcoran if she wanted to go home . Claiming that she told him she did not , he said he then left her . = = = Evidence and murder charge = = = The murder investigation , named Operation Green , was led by Sir Edward Crewe , Chief Constable of West Midlands Police , and included 100 police officers and 50 support staff from the West Midlands and West Mercia forces . Detectives viewed hundreds of hours of CCTV footage , gathered more than 100 separate exhibits and interviewed witnesses . Evidence was analysed by scientists from the Forensic Science Service ( FSS ) in Birmingham . Martin Whittaker , the scientist who headed the FSS team , spoke of the huge volume of evidence : " The team pulled together every strand of forensic evidence to create a kind of ' spider 's web ' and in the centre of it all ... was Philip Smith . In 20 years of working for the FSS , I have never had to deal with so much evidence in relation to one suspect . It was quite overwhelming . " Although Smith maintained his innocence , detectives quickly gathered evidence linking him to Corcoran 's death and those of the other two women . Witnesses had seen him leaving the Rainbow with both Corcoran and Hyde , and he was the last person to see them both alive . CCTV footage from around Birmingham showed his distinctive car visiting key locations linked to the investigation , and even captured Hyde getting out at one point to visit a chemist . Smith was seen buying petrol from a filling station and driving near the area where Hyde 's body was later discovered . Corcoran was seen on camera struggling with Smith outside Monte Carlo 's . CCTV footage showed him driving around Bromsgrove , a town close to Droitwich , after killing Corcoran , and later film showed him returning to Birmingham . At least two witnesses recalled seeing Smith with blood on him : a motorist who saw him buying petrol , and another who spoke with Smith about his appearance . Smith told the latter that he had been in a fight , although he had no visible signs of injury . In addition to the evidence of witnesses and CCTV cameras , there was substantial forensic evidence linking him to the murders . Investigators found over a dozen bloodstains on his car , on his clothing and in his flat , all matching the victims . There were bloodstains on the boots with which he had kicked both Corcoran and Jordan , which he was still wearing at the time of his arrest . Smith had tried to clean his clothes in the bath of his flat along with a pair of trousers belonging to Corcoran , and a bag containing items belonging to Hyde was discovered outside . Detectives matched the tyre marks from his car , which had four different types of tyre , to the Worcestershire murder scene and to Corcoran 's body , over which he had driven . Paintwork and fragments of glass found on Jordan 's body matched those from Smith 's car , including a broken light cluster which he had thrown into the car 's boot . Smith was charged with Corcoran 's murder on 17 November 2000 and remanded in custody the following day . By this time her death had been linked to the killing of Hy
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de . Police interviewed Smith in connection with the deaths of Hyde and Jordan on 28 November and charged him with their murders two days later . While awaiting trial Smith was held as a Category A prisoner in the high @-@ security Woodhill Prison in Buckinghamshire . = = Trial and sentence = = Smith 's trial began at Leicester Crown Court on 3 July 2001 , where he pleaded not guilty to the three murder charges . The case was prosecuted by Tim Raggatt , QC , and Smith was defended by Rachel Brand , QC . On the opening day of the trial Raggatt told the Court there was " powerful and compelling " scientific evidence linking Smith to the killings . Smith 's defence was that traces of blood found on his clothes were there because police had tampered with evidence , while the trousers belonging to Rosemary Corcoran found at his flat had been among a bag of clothes Smith had stolen from outside an Oxfam shop . On 17 July Smith complained of feeling unwell with chest and eye pain while under cross @-@ examination , and proceedings were briefly halted while he was treated for the symptoms of a panic attack . When Smith returned to the witness stand , he said he wished to speak to his barrister . Presiding judge Rafferty told him that he must answer questions , to which Smith replied : " I want to change my plea . I 'm fed up with this . I want to change my plea . " The charges were read to him again the following day , and he pleaded guilty . On 18 July 2001 Smith was sentenced to life imprisonment . In January 2005 Birmingham 's Sunday Mercury newspaper reported that Smith had decided to change his plea after police agreed to return £ 400 confiscated from him during a raid on his flat after his arrest , and that he wanted the money to buy Mars bars in prison . Passing sentence , Rafferty said : " You robbed three innocent ladies of their lives . I suspect that their families will suffer the more as they simply don 't understand why you did . The brutality of these ladies ' deaths , designed by you to evade discovery , showing the coldness with which you dispatched them , is appalling . You should clearly have faced up like a man at the overwhelming nature of the Crown 's case against you but you chose to put the victims ' families through misery which you compounded by this trial . " The motive for Smith 's actions remained unclear after the trial , but police believed a " lack of permanent sexual relations " had been a contributing factor . = = Further inquiries = = As a result of their inquiries into Smith 's background , police launched an investigation into the death of a fourth woman who was discovered to have had links to him . Patricia Lynott , a 47 @-@ year @-@ old divorced mother of two , had moved to Birmingham from Athlone during the mid @-@ 1990s . On 23 October 2000 , while she was employed at the Rainbow as a cleaner and to look after the licensee 's children , she was found dead in the bedroom of her flat on Maxstoke Street , Bordesley Green . Police believed at first that she had died of natural causes . An autopsy failed to establish a cause of death , and her body was returned to Ireland for burial . Because Lynott had worked alongside Smith at the Rainbow Pub , West Midlands Police wished to re @-@ examine the cause of her death . In early 2001 , investigators asked the Irish authorities for a new post mortem , and on 8 March Lynott 's body was exhumed by Gardai from a cemetery in Athlone and taken to Dublin City Morgue for further examination by Ireland 's State Pathologist , Dr John Harbison . However , the results of this autopsy also proved inconclusive . An inquest into Lynott 's death was held at Birmingham Coroner 's Court in January 2003 . The hearing was told that marks found on her back and an arm may have been bruising , but the pathologist who conducted the original post mortem could not be sure how she had died , because her body had lain undiscovered for up to seven days . It was also said that , despite her connection with Smith , police and four pathologists had failed to
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"▁Indian", "▁architect", "ural", "▁style", "▁with", "▁red", "▁brick", "▁wall", "▁texture", "▁.", "▁All", "▁the", "▁major", "▁buildings", "▁in", "▁the", "▁campus", "▁are", "▁named" ]
137,285
establish that Lynott had been murdered . The inquest jury returned an open verdict . Police also conducted a routine re @-@ examination of other unsolved murder cases dating back 20 years in areas where Smith had lived . Officers from West Midlands Police held a conference in October 2001 with representatives from several other forces , including Gloucestershire and West Mercia , to share information about unsolved murder cases in their areas . Detectives interviewed Smith three times , but he refused to answer their questions , and no further charges were brought . = Indian Institute of Management Lucknow = The Indian Institute of Management Lucknow ( abbreviated IIM Lucknow or IIM @-@ L ) is an autonomous public business school located in Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India . It was established in 1984 as the fourth Indian Institute of Management ( IIM ) by the Government of India . IIM Lucknow offers post @-@ graduate diploma , fellowship and executive programs in management . It is recognised as an " Institution of Excellence " by the India 's Ministry of Human Resource Development . It is ranked among the top 5 B @-@ schools in India . IIM Lucknow also serves as the mentor institution for the newly established IIM Rohtak and IIM Kashipur . The institute is situated in a 200 @-@ acre site in the northern outskirts of Lucknow . It has a satellite campus at Noida exclusively for executive education . The admission for the post graduate and fellowship programmes is done through Common Admission Test ( CAT ) , while GMAT score is used for the executive MBA program . The programs are accredited by the Global accreditation body AMBA . The institute has tie ups with 24 leading B @-@ schools across the world for student exchange . Many management events , competitions , cultural and sports events are organised by various committees throughout the year . = = History = = IIM Lucknow was established in 1984 and is currently a centrally funded institution . It is the fourth Indian Institute of Management to be established in India after IIM Calcutta , IIM Ahmedabad , and IIM Bangalore . Noted Academician Ishwar Dayal played a significant role in setting up the institution , who also served as the founding director of IIM Lucknow for a period of four years . Industrialist Hari Shankar Singhania , took over as the chairman of Board of Governors in 1992 , served for a period of 15 years till 2007 . The Post Graduate Programme ( PGP ) was started in 1985 – 86 with a strength of 30 students . When the institute was established , classes were held in rented rooms at Butler Palace and subsequently moved to Giri Institute of Developmental Studies . The current campus was built in 1992 in the outskirts of Lucknow . The institute runs with the mission to help improve management systems with regard to business , industry and public services through pursuit of excellence in management education , research , consultancy and training . Tie ups were made with three foreign universities in 2001 to start the student exchange program . The Agribusiness Course was started in 2004 with a strength of 13 students . In 2005 , IIM Lucknow established a second campus at Noida leveraging its locational advantage of nearness to Delhi . The Noida campus was established exclusively for executive education . IIM Lucknow is the first IIM in the country to start an additional campus . = = Campus = = IIM Lucknow main campus spans 200 acres ( 81 ha ) and is located in Prabandh Nagar on the outskirts of Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India . It is located at 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) away from Lucknow Railway Station and 31 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from Lucknow Airport . IIM Lucknow also has a City office at Aliganj . = = = Academic infrastructure = = = The academic buildings are constructed in medieval Indian architectural style with red brick wall texture . All the major buildings in the campus are named
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in Sanskrit symbolising the activities conducted in them . The academic blocks ( Bodhigrih @-@ I and II ) houses classrooms and seminar halls . The Faculty block ( Chintan ) houses faculty rooms and Fellowship classrooms . The Library ( Gyanodaya ) spanning 30 @,@ 000 sq.ft has five reading halls with a total seating capacity for 250 people . The library houses a collection of 40 @,@ 000 books , 500 periodicals and online subscription to 1600 e @-@ journals and 34 e @-@ databases . The library building also houses the computer centre , audio visual lab , Enterprise Resource Planning lab and a videoconferencing hall . The 15 @,@ 000 sq.ft computer centre has a fibre optic backbone network and provides wireless connectivity to all the buildings in the campus . The Management Development Block ( Manthan ) catering to the short term executive programs has exclusive library , computer centre and guest house ( Patanjali ) for the participants . The Centre for Food and Agribusiness Management undertakes Agribusiness research and consultancy projects and also offers the Agribusiness Management course . The institute has an incubation centre ( Abhiyan ) for supporting the entrepreneurial plans of its students and alumni . = = = Social infrastructure = = = As a fully residential collegiate system , the institute provides housing to its students , faculty and research scholars . While the campus has separate sports fields for Football , Cricket , Basketball , Volleyball , Tennis , Badminton , most of the hostels have their own table tennis and badminton court . A fitness and recreation centre ( Umang ) was set up in 2010 , which houses gymnasium , swimming pool , Squash and Billiards . The multipurpose utility hall ( Samanjasya ) is used to host most of the cultural activities in the campus . The campus has a health centre with residential and visiting doctors available round the clock . The centre also has an ambulance to reach associated hospitals . The two guest houses Chanakya and Patanjali has a total of 128 serviced rooms . The campus has a students activities complex which houses two banks , a medical shop , a travel agency , a super market , a post office , a saloon , a coffee shop , an icecream parlour and three restaurants . A Central school ( Kendriya Vidyalaya ) was established opposite the campus as a community school . = = = Environmental responsibility = = = Tree plantation campaign is undertaken every year on the foundation day and the campus , which was started in barren lands , has been converted into a natural ecosystem consisting of peacocks , monitor lizards , snakes , porcupines , monkeys , Great Indian horned owl and a variety of other birds . The college consists of open lawns and tree lined pathways . Rediff listed IIM Lucknow as one of the beautiful B @-@ school campuses in India . = = Organisation = = = = = Governance = = = IIM Lucknow is an autonomous institution established as a registered society under the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development , Govt. of India . The IIM Council acts as an overseeing body to facilitate coordination among the different IIMs . The Board of Governors of IIM Lucknow is chaired by Jamshed J. Irani , the former Managing Director of Tata Steel . The board consists of 10 industrialists , four Government representatives and three academicians in addition to the Director and two deans of the institution . = = = Administration = = = The Director of IIM Lucknow , the head of the institution , is selected and appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet of Ministry of Human Resource Development . The institute has three separate deans for Academic affairs , Planning and development and Noida campus . Each of the academic programmes is overseen by a separate faculty chairperson . The non @-@ academic functions such as Placements , Corporate and Media Relations , Alumni affairs , Admissions and Student affairs are also chaired by faculty and assisted by student committees . The office administration is carried out separately without the involvement of faculty and is headed by the
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Chief Administrative Officer . The elected body of Students ' council coordinates all the student activities in the campus . IIM Lucknow has achieved 100 % summer placements in 4 days . = = = Controversy on Director Appointments = = = MHRD issued a letter on September , 2014 ( DO 4 / 4 / 2013 @-@ TS.V ) ) addressed to Jamshed J Irani , chairman , board of governors , IIM @-@ L. It reads : “ Competent authority have directed to assign additional charge of director IIM @-@ L to Prof Srivastava for a period of six months with effect from 09 @-@ 09 @-@ 2014 or till appointment of regular director or until further order , whichever is earliest . ” The institute did not execute the order and incumbent director Devi Singh who completed his six months of extension period , on September 8 did not leave office even after receiving the letter . As a result , there was complete confusion at IIM @-@ L campus for almost a week . The allegations against Devi Singh , who served two term as director of IIM @-@ L , ranges from nepotism to mismanagement of accounts . The Central Vigilance Commission also asked the HRD ministry to `re investigate ' allegations of corruption against Devi Singh . In a letter to the higher education secretary , CVC secretary KS Ramasubban has asked the ministry as to why the case against Singh is being closed when specific allegations have not been answered . The CVC has taken exception to the fact that the case is being closed on the basis of an " emotional reply " by Singh . CVC sources said the ministry had taken Singh 's reply as final . " Without investigation how can general comments be taken as the final word ? " a CVC official asked . CVC sources also said that the institute 's Board of Governors had rejected allegations against Singh . " This is not how an investigation is conducted , " the CVC official said , adding that the HRD ministry was to be blamed for not following the procedure . = = Academics = = IIM Lucknow conducts regular two @-@ year diploma program in management , one year executive MBA program , fellowship program and a number of short term MDP programs . The Management programmes of IIM Lucknow are accredited by London @-@ based AMBA association . = = = Post graduate education = = = = = = = Structure = = = = The Post Graduate Programme in Management ( PGP ) and Post Graduate Programme in Agribusiness Management ( PGPABM ) are full @-@ time residential diploma courses . These are two @-@ year programs , with the first year stretching from June to March in three ten @-@ week trimesters , after which students undergo a two @-@ month summer intership with a company or organisation . The specialisations offered in the second year are Finance , Marketing , Operations , Human Resources , Systems , Strategy and Economics ; while the PGPABM course students specialise in Agribusiness . Course of independent study and dissertation are also available based on merit . As a part of Student exchange program , students spend three @-@ month term in a foreign university during the period of October to December in their second Year . Every year around 50 students of IIM Lucknow are selected for the student exchange programs based on merit , while around 30 foreign students come to IIM Lucknow . IIM Lucknow has made student exchange relationships with 24 leading B schools in Europe , USA , Canada , Singapore and China . The current partner institutions are ESSEC Business School , Ecole De Management , Jean Moulin University , Reims School of Management , European School of Management , Toulouse Business School , Institute National Des Telecommunications , ESC Bretagne Brest , European Business School , Leipzig School of Management , George Mason University , University of Connecticut , McMaster University , Brock University , Carleton University , Louvain Catholic University , Copenhagen Business School , ESADE Business School , Jonkoping International Business School , University of St. Gallen , Bocconi University , MIP Politecnico di Milano , Athens University of Economics and Business , National University of Singapore , Turku School of Economics , University of Amsterdam , Beijing Jiaotong University .
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The Dual Degree Program , offered in association with the ESCP Europe business school in France , awards degrees from both the institutes after students spend a year in each . About four or five students are selected each year for the program . Students , after completing two trimesters ( July – September and October – December ) at IIM Lucknow , spend two semesters ( January – May and September – December ) at ESCP Europe 's Paris campus and return to IIM Lucknow to complete the final term from January to March . = = = = Methodology = = = = The courses are taught under eleven diverse disciplines of Business Environment , Communication , Decision Sciences , Finance and Accounting , Marketing , Human Resource Management , Operations Management , Information Technology and Systems , Strategic Management , Agribusiness Management and Legal Management . Students are trained in management using lectures , case studies , projects , workshops , management games and role plays under a rigorous syllabus . They are evaluated based on examinations , projects , quizzes , presentations and class participation under a relative grading system . The academic learning is supplemented by the various live projects , management competitions , guest lectures and interactions with alumni and industry leaders organised by the various committees . Students also get a chance to provide consultancy to various companies and get paid . = = = Post Graduate Programme for Executives = = = International Programme in Management for Executives ( IPMX ) is a one @-@ year , full @-@ time MBA programme for executives , offered at IIM Lucknow 's Noida campus . The Programme admits only candidates with a minimum of five years professional experience . The course consists of four 10 @-@ week terms including a two to three @-@ week stint at one of the partner universities of IIM Lucknow . The Working Managers ' Programme ( WMP ) , offered at the Noida campus , is a part @-@ time programme designed for executives having a minimum of three years professional experience . It consists of nine terms that stretches for 27 months . Management Development Programmes ( MDP ) are tailor made programs to train executives in specific industry , government and non @-@ governmental organisations . These programs , which typically last three to five days , are customised by subject or target group . Around 50 to 60 programs are conducted every year . A one @-@ year General Management program is offered through virtual classroom . As a combined initiative with the Ministry of Defence , a six @-@ month General Management Programme is conducted for Defence officers to assist their career transition to corporate sector . = = = Fellowship = = = Fellow Programme in Management ( FPM ) is a four @-@ year Doctoral programme in Management started in 2000 . Candidates with master 's degrees or Engineering undergraduate degrees are eligible for admission . While the mandatory course work is undertaken in the first year and specialisation in the second year , the research thesis starts in the beginning of third year after a comprehensive examination . Students who have completed PGDM from any of the IIMs are admitted directly to the second year . The specialisations offered are Decision Sciences , Economics , Finance and Accounting , Human Resources Management , Information Technology and Systems , Marketing Management , Operations Management and Strategic Management . The institute does not charge tuition fees for fellowship program in addition to providing free hostel facility . = = = Rankings = = = IIM Lucknow was ranked No. 4 by CNBC @-@ TV18 's Top B @-@ Schools in India in 2012 and by Hindustan Times in India 's top 50 business schools of 2011 . The institute was ranked No. 5 by the Business Today in the list of 50 best business schools of 2011 and ranked no . 6 by Careers360 's Top Public B @-@ Schools in India in 2016 . = = = Admission = = = Admission to the post graduate programs and fellowship program is done through the Common Admission Test ( CAT ) , which is jointly conducted by the IIMs in the month of November every year . Applications are shortlisted based on C
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AT scores , scholastic achievement and work experience . The weightage given for each of these components varies each year . The candidates are called for group discussions and personal interviews , conducted in various cities of India in the months of February and March . The final selection is based upon the performance in CAT , scholastic achievement , work experience and performance in group discussion and personal interview . Admissions to the IPMX program are done based on GMAT score , work profile and personal interview . = = Social responsibilities = = IIM Lucknow has been involved in many social initiatives in collaboration with NGOs . A separate committee " Bhavishya " was formed to carry out these initiatives . As a part of adult literacy campaign , all the workers and labourers in the campus were taught to read and write . Evening school and career guidance are provided for the underprivileged students of the neighbouring villages . A T20 cricket league tournament called as Harmony Cup is conducted every year with 30 teams involving 250 students . The fund raised from this event is utilised for various social initiatives such as infrastructure development at village schools and orphanages , medical camp , employee welfare and sponsor for education of underprivileged school children . The institute offers short term MDP programs on environmental management and carbon markets . The Centre of Excellence for Business Sustainability was set up in 2011 that conducts training programs and workshops on business sustainability . The competition Yajna is held in collaboration with many NGOs across India , where students present solutions for issues faced by the NGOs . = = Student life = = The school is referred to as ' Hel ( L ) ' by the students in humour but enjoy every moment of their tenure to maximum . " The deadline are sacrosanct " in all the matters here and punctuality in any respect is maintained . Every class , meeting , submissions or examinations are noted in seconds . For example , instead of 2PM it will be 13 @.@ 59 @.@ 59 . Synapse , a student committee , develops and maintains IT applications for the institute community Manfest is IIM Lucknow 's annual management festival held in January . The three @-@ day event hosts many management contests , leadership summits and other inter college quizzes and competitions . INDEX is an annual fair conducted by students at the Colvin Taluqdars ' college grounds , attended by the general public of the city . Game stalls are set up at the fair to carry out disguised market research . Samvit , the annual leadership summit of IIM Lucknow witnesses some of the financial leaders and economists of the country with whom students get an opportunity to interact . " Just Tea " aka AMUl and " Gossip and Bite " are two restaurants in the campus which were started as student ventures and are sold to the next batch every year . The Entrepreneurship Cell conducts a competition called " Bizness " , where all participants are given a seed capital of ₹ 2000 to run any business in the campus for two days and earn profits . The student committee " Credence Capital " runs a mutual fund , in which other students of the batch can invest . The Mess ( Annapoorna ) is entirely run and managed by students , with the infrastructure provided by the institute and is contiously ranked best mess among all IIM 's . Varchasva , a three @-@ day @-@ long event held towards the end of September every year is the annual Cultural and Sports festival of IIM Lucknow . A classical cultural night " Aarohan " is organised by the IIM Lucknow chapter of SPIC MACAY in the month of August . It showcases live shows of classical arts including carnatic , hindustanic , folk , instrumental and various classical Indian dances . The institute 's dance club " Random Walk " organises dance workshops regularly and performs stage shows during major festivals . The dramatics club " Abhivyakti " performs stage plays and street plays in Hindi and English . The Intracollege sports event called as Sikander is held throughout the year in a league format . The institute sports team participates in most of the popular college sports meets including the Inter @-@ IIM Meet ( Sangharsh ) held during January every year . Udyam ,
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"agers", "▁,", "▁", "1", "9", "9", "3", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁Am", "it", "ab", "h", "▁Ch", "ak", "rab", "ort", "y", "▁,", "▁Man", "aging", "▁Director", "▁&", "▁Chief", "▁In", "vest", "ment", "▁Officer", "▁at", "▁Kit", "ara", "▁Capital", "▁,", "▁", "1", "9", "9", "4", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁V", "ij", "ay", "▁R", "agh", "un", "athan", "▁,", "▁Man", "aging", "▁Director", "▁at", "▁St", "ell", "r", "▁India", "▁,", "▁", "1", "9", "9", "1", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁Raj", "iv", "▁Kh", "os", "la", "▁,", "▁Man", "aging", "▁Director", "▁at", "▁L", "um", "iled", "s", "▁India", "▁Limited", "▁(", "▁F", "ounded", "▁By", "▁Phili", "ps", "▁)", "▁,", "▁", "1", "9", "9", "1", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁Ram", "k", "umar", "▁Ak", "ella", "▁,", "▁MD", "▁&", "▁CE", "O", "▁,", "▁Man", "ip", "al", "▁H", "osp", "it", "als", "▁,", "▁A", "SE", "AN", "▁,", "▁", "1", "9", "9", "0", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁", "▁S", "ures", "h", "▁Go", "yal", "▁,", "▁India", "▁Head", "▁-", "▁Mac", "qu", "arie", "▁In", "frastr", "ucture", "▁and", "▁Real", "▁As", "sets", "▁", "<0x0A>", "▁", "▁▁", "▁▁", "▁", "▁=", "▁Sri", "▁Tem", "ase", "k", "▁=", "▁", "<0x0A>" ]
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an annual industry @-@ academia interaction summit is held at the Noida campus of IIM Lucknow . This event provides a platform where eminent personalities from corporate world & academia can exchange ideas that are going to shape the future of India Inc . = = Notable alumni = = Shanmughan Manjunath , IOC Manager , who was murdered for opposing Corruption Ashutosh Gupta , Director , Marketing Solutions at LinkedIn , APAC , 2000 Amit Banati , President - Asia Pacific at Kellogg Company , 1990 Amit Garg , Executive Director @-@ Digital at HT Media Limited , 1993 Kandarp Singh , Managing Director at Tetra Pak , 1991 Vaishali Bhat , Vice @-@ President & CFO , Asia @-@ Pacific Consumer Division , Johnson & Johnson , 1994 Mihir Vora , Chief Investment Officer at Max Life Insurance Company Limited , 1994 Vijay Shanbhag , Senior Vice President ; Offshore Business Unit Leader- Apps NorthAmerica at Capgemini , 1993 Rajdeep Grewal Deepak Garg , CEO of Rivigo Gayatri Iyer , Playback singer Gaurav Agarwal , UPSC Civil Services Exam 2013 AIR 1 Maninder Singh Juneja , Retail Business Head ICICI Bank , 1991 Sriram Chandrasekaran , Founder & CEO , Broadvision Group , 1999 Amresh Acharya , Head of Private Wealth Distribution and Market Head - NRI and Expat Business , ANZ , 1992 Rakesh Parakkat , Corporate Senior Vice President , BFSI Operations at WNS Global , 1995 Rajesh Sood , Executive Vice President & Chief Distribution Officer at DHFL Pramerica Life , 1992 Ratnesh Mathur , Co @-@ Learner ( with children ) at Aarohi Life Education , 1992 Anand Lunia , General Partner , IndiaQuotient , Venture Capital , 1998 Bharat Parmar , Partner at Eduvisors , 1999 Tarun Chugh , MD & CEO at PNB Metlife Life Insurance Ltd . , 1994 Vivek Gaur , CEO – Yepme.com , 1993 Abhijit Bhave , CEO at Karvy Private Wealth , 1996 Radhakrishnan Anantha , CEO & MD at Infosys BPO , 1991 Kishor Gummaraju , Vice President & Managing Partner Infosys Consulting : Retail , CPG & Logistics , 1996 Vikas Mittal , Managing Director -India Sub Continent at McCain Foods India , 1991 Ramesh G , Managing Director , HDB Financial Services Limited , 1992 Manish Gupta , SVP / CIO ( Dir ) -Global Diageo Business Services , Asia Pacific Region , 1994 Anup Maheshwari , EVP at DSP BlackRock Investment Managers , 1993 Amitabh Chakraborty , Managing Director & Chief Investment Officer at Kitara Capital , 1994 Vijay Raghunathan , Managing Director at Stellr India , 1991 Rajiv Khosla , Managing Director at Lumileds India Limited ( Founded By Philips ) , 1991 Ramkumar Akella , MD & CEO , Manipal Hospitals , ASEAN , 1990 Suresh Goyal , India Head - Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets = Sri Temasek =
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Sri Temasek is a two @-@ storey detached house built in 1869 which is sited within the grounds of the Istana in Singapore . During the island 's colonial era , it served as the residence of the Colonial Secretary or Chief Secretary . Since the establishment of the State of Singapore in 1959 , it has been the official residence of the Prime Minister of Singapore , though none of Singapore 's Prime Ministers has ever lived there . Together with the Istana , it was gazetted a national monument on 14 February 1992 . = = Name = = The name of the house , Sri Temasek , means " splendour of Temasek " in the Malay language . The Malay word seri or sri means " charm ; quintessence ; splendour ; glory " or a " cynosure " ( something that attracts attention by its brilliancy or beauty ; a centre of attraction , interest , or admiration ) Temasek , which means " sea town " in Javanese , was the name of an early city on the site of modern Singapore . Today , it is used as an epithet for Singapore . The house was originally merely known as the official residence of the Chief Secretary of Singapore ( or the Colonial Secretary of Singapore / the Straits Settlements ) and did not have its own name . The State of Singapore was proclaimed and the first Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew assumed office in June 1959 , after which the house , which has become the official residence of the Prime Minister , has been officially named Sri Temasek , while the Government House has been officially renamed as the Istana , which means palace . = = Design = = The construction of the Istana Singapore ( then called Government House ) and Sri Temasek was ordered by the Governor of the Straits Settlements , Sir Harry St. George Ord , after the original governor 's residence had to be demolished in 1859 to make way for Fort Canning on the hill that bears its name . Sri Temasek was designed by John Frederick Adolphus McNair ( 1829 – 1910 ) , a civil engineer who was appointed Executive Engineer and Superintendent of Convicts of the Straits Settlements , and built largely using Indian convict labour from Bencoolen . It was completed in 1869 . A 1 @,@ 600 @-@ square @-@ metre ( 17 @,@ 000 sq ft ) two @-@ storey detached house – often called a bungalow in Singapore – with European and Asian features , Sri Temasek has a symmetrical layout consisting of deep verandahs surrounding central living spaces . Notable architectural features include arches on its upper level , an intricate timber arcade with a mixture of eastern and western decorative motifs , and a Chinese moon gate ( a circular gateway ) on the building 's second floor . Although few records exist concerning the moon gate 's construction and usage , it is known to have made its appearance in the house in the 1960s and to have been designed and built by William Swaffield , a pre @-@ World War II Comptroller of Government House and a professional furniture designer . It is constructed of chengal , teak and meranti wood . In the middle of the driveway in front of the house , there is a brick pit that was originally used by horse @-@ drawn carriages . The house was gazetted together with the Istana as a national monument on 14 February 1992 . Sri Temasek was not used for a number of years and fell into disrepair . It then underwent restoration between 2006 and March 2008 by CPG Consultants under the supervision of architect Maureen Soh . As the original hand @-@ crafted timber arches and railings on the first @-@ storey verandah had been damaged by termites , replacements moulded from the originals made with an aluminium @-@ cast alloy were used . Details on railings , doors and windows were restored , and several pintu pagar ( traditional wooden half @-@ doors ) and wooden flooring reinstated . The former servants ' quarters at the rear of the building were turned into a heritage gallery . The restoration works on Sri Temasek won the Urban Redevelopment Authority 's Architectural Heritage Award in Category A (
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national monuments and fully conserved buildings ) in 2008 . = = Use = = When first built in 1869 , Sri Temasek was the residence of the Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements ( later Colonial Secretary / Chief Secretary of Singapore ) . All holders of the position had resided in Sri Temasek from 1869 to 1959 . It is currently designated as the official residence of the Prime Minister of Singapore since 1959 , though none of the past and present holders of the post , Lee Kuan Yew , Goh Chok Tong and Lee Hsien Loong , have lived in it as a family home . In the 1998 book Lee Kuan Yew : The Man and His Ideas , Lee Kuan Yew said that when he became Prime Minister in 1959 he and his wife Kwa Geok Choo decided not to move into Sri Temasek with their three children , who were then aged seven , five and two , because the couple " did not want them to grow up in such grand surroundings with butlers and orderlies to fuss over their needs " . The family did stay there in 1965 for a short time for security reasons when Singapore separated from Malaysia . Apart from that , according to a 2000 Straits Times interview with Kwa , the Lee children often played in the grounds of the house in the evening while their father played golf or made use of the practice tee and putting green . Sri Temasek has been used mostly for official functions , particularly in the 1960s and 1970s . Prominent visitors included Tunku Abdul Rahman , the founding Prime Minister of Malaysia ; Spiro Agnew , the Vice @-@ President of the United States ; Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ; Denis Healey , British Defence Secretary ; and King Hussein of Jordan . Sri Temasek was the venue for a party hosted in 1962 by Lee Kuan Yew to thank trade unionists and civil servants for their help with the referendum on Singapore joining Malaysia , and in 1983 the body of the late Minister for Finance Hon Sui Sen lay in state there . On 8 August 2008 , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong delivered his National Day message from Sri Temasek for the first time . The wake for Madam Kwa Geok Choo , mother of Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and the wife of Singaporean statesman Lee Kuan Yew , was held at Sri Temasek in October 2010 . In March 2015 , a private family wake for Lee Kuan Yew was held there . = St Nidan 's Church , Llanidan = St Nidan 's Church , Llanidan is a 19th @-@ century parish church near the village of Brynsiencyn , in Anglesey , north Wales . Built between 1839 and 1843 , it replaced the Old Church of St Nidan , Llanidan , which needed significant repair , providing a place of Anglican worship nearer to the village than the old church . Some items were moved here from the old church , including the 13th @-@ century font , two bells from the 14th and 15th century , and a reliquary thought to hold the remains of St Nidan . The tower at the west end has been described as " top heavy " and looking like " a water tower " . The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales , one of five in a group of parishes in the south of Anglesey . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " , in particular because it is regarded as " a distinctive example of pre @-@ archaeological gothic revival work . " The 19th @-@ century clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones said that it had been built in a " debased barbarous style , showing neither architectural science nor taste " . = = History and location = = St Nidan 's Church was built between 1839 and 1843 , replacing its medieval predecessor . The architect was John Welch , who also designed St Ffinan 's Church , Llanffinan , in central Anglesey ,
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which was built in 1841 . St Nidan 's was originally intended to have a spire on the west tower , but this was not added . The chancel was built in 1882 , and a vestry and organ chamber added later . The battlements on the tower were added in 1933 , replacing the original gabling . St Nidan 's is set within a walled churchyard on the north of the A4080 road , in the south of Anglesey , Wales . The village of Brynsiencyn is about 500 metres ( about one @-@ third of a mile ) to the south @-@ west , and the old church of St Nidan is about 750 metres ( about half a mile ) to the south @-@ east . A new church was needed because the old church needed significant repair and also because the growth of Brynsiencyn meant that more people lived there than in Llanidan itself . Like its predecessor , it is dedicated to Nidan , a 7th @-@ century Welsh saint who was the confessor of the monastery at Penmon , on the eastern tip of Anglesey . St Nidan 's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales . It is one of five churches in the combined benefice ( parishes combined under one priest ) of Newborough with Llanidan with Llangeinwen and Llanfair @-@ yn @-@ y @-@ Cymwd . The parish is within the deanery of Tindaethwy and Menai , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , the priest in charge is E. Roberts . = = Architecture and fittings = = St Nidan 's is built mainly from red gritstone rubble , dressed with sandstone , with buttresses at the corners ; the roof , which is made from slate , has stone copings with a cross at the east end . The church is built in a cross @-@ shape , in Early English style . There is a tower at the west end , which has battlements at the top along with a clock on the east and west sides , a belfry in the middle , and an entrance porch with an arched doorway at the bottom . There are two transepts leading from the nave , one to the north and one to the south , and a chancel at the east end . There are four " equal and bold " arches at the crossing where nave , transepts and chancel meet . The quadrant @-@ shaped organ room and vestry are built into the eastern external angles of the chancel and transepts , one on each side of the church . The gallery at the west end of the nave , supported by octagonal columns , is reached from the entrance porch ; it has its pews set at an angle . A step leads up from the nave into the chancel , with a further two steps up from the chancel into the sanctuary . The floor of the chancel and the sanctuary are made from encaustic tiles . The internal walls have been plastered . The nave has two bays , each lit with a lancet window ; the transepts have groups of three large lancent windows , as does the east end of the building . The chancel window depicts " Faith , Hope and Charity " , by Heaton , Butler and Bayne ( 1877 ) ; it is dedicated to the 5th Lord Boston who died in 1897 . One transept set of windows by Shrigley and Hunt depicts the Ascension , in memory of Anna Maria Evans ( died 1929 , wife of the vicar Richard Evans ) . A sandstone chest with a glass front was moved here from the old church ; local tradition maintains that it holds the relics of St Nidan . It was discovered under the altar of the old church , and may date from the 16th century . The church also has pews made of pine , and a semi @-@ octagonal pulpit with decorated panels . A survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire in 1937 noted which of the church 's contents had come from the old church . The report listed the font , which has carved decoration and dates from the early 13th century ; two bells , one from the first half of the
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"▁Marvel", "▁'", "s", "▁The", "▁Aven", "gers", "▁(", "▁class", "ified", "▁under", "▁the", "▁name", "▁Marvel", "▁Aven", "gers" ]
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14th century ( inscribed " + E : D : A : N " ) and another from the latter part of the 15th century ( inscribed " THOMAS AP MEREDITH " ) ; and a carved oak chair from the time of Charles II . In 1906 , a survey of church plate within the Bangor diocese recorded that St Nidan 's had a silver chalice and alms dish . These were donated probably in 1701 and remade in 1871 – 72 . It also had a silver paten and two cruets with silver handles , all marked with the date 1871 – 72 . Records from the 19th century indicated that two tankards ( one silver , one pewter ) and a silver chalice had been lost . The churchyard contains the grave of Sir Ellis Ellis @-@ Griffith , 1st Baronet , who was MP for Anglesey for 25 years . The grave , by the church 's north wall , has a bust of the politician wearing a wing collar . Other people buried here include the Presbyterian minister and theologian J. E. Hughes , who died in 1959 . There are four Commonwealth war graves , of a British Army soldier of World War I and three soldiers of World War II . = = Assessment = = The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating " buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them " . It was given this status on 30 January 1968 , and has been listed as " a small early 19th @-@ century church " . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) describes the church as " a distinctive example of pre @-@ archaeological gothic revival work . " Writing in 1846 , the clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones condemned the treatment of the old church , which he said was " one of the largest and most important in the island of Anglesey " , given its architecture , contents and traditions . He said that the new church had been built " in a debased barbarous style , showing neither architectural science nor taste , and without any example or analogy amongst the ecclesiastical edifices of any age , except the present . " He also described it in 1863 as " that hideous pile ... a painfully impressive example of architectural bad taste . " He said that the font was " one of the most interesting as a work of art ( not later than the thirteenth century ) extent in Anglesey " , and although he did not consider that its design or execution matched that of the font at St Ceinwen 's Church , Llangeinwen , it was " a highly valuable specimen of medieval taste . " The reliquary , he added , was " unique , so far as Wales is concerned " . The 19th @-@ century writer Samuel Lewis said that the new church was " apparently of substantial construction , but is much inferior in style to the old building . " The historian and clergyman Edmund Tyrrell Green , writing a survey of Anglesey church architecture and contents in 1929 , described the church as " hideous " , although he said that the font was " remarkable " for its " very graceful patterns in relief showing influence of Greek classical design . " A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey says that it is " of fairly unusual appearance , not at all typical of Anglesey churches in its stonework or the shape of the castelled tower " . It comments that the organ and vestry were in " unusually @-@ shaped rooms " , and notes the " ornate stained glass " of the Ascension . A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region says that the church is " bolder " than John Welch 's similarly designed church at Llandudno . It describes the tower as " top @-@ heavy with battlements ... like a water tower " , and adds that the seating is " crowded " . = The Avengers ( 2012 film ) = Marvel 's The Avengers ( classified under the name Marvel Avengers
[ "▁Ass", "emble", "▁in", "▁the", "▁United", "▁Kingdom", "▁and", "▁Ireland", "▁)", "▁,", "▁or", "▁simply", "▁The", "▁Aven", "gers", "▁,", "▁is", "▁a", "▁", "2", "0", "1", "2", "▁American", "▁super", "h", "ero", "▁film", "▁based", "▁on", "▁the", "▁Marvel", "▁Comics", "▁super", "h", "ero", "▁team", "▁of", "▁the", "▁same", "▁name", "▁,", "▁produced", "▁by", "▁Marvel", "▁Studios", "▁and", "▁distributed", "▁by", "▁W", "alt", "▁Disney", "▁Studios", "▁Mot", "ion", "▁Pictures", ".", "1", "▁It", "▁is", "▁the", "▁sixth", "▁film", "▁in", "▁the", "▁Marvel", "▁Cin", "ematic", "▁Un", "iverse", "▁.", "▁The", "▁film", "▁was", "▁written", "▁and", "▁directed", "▁by", "▁J", "oss", "▁Wh", "ed", "on", "▁and", "▁features", "▁an", "▁ensemble", "▁cast", "▁that", "▁includes", "▁Robert", "▁Dow", "ney", "▁Jr", "▁.", "▁,", "▁Chris", "▁Evans", "▁,", "▁Mark", "▁R", "uff", "alo", "▁,", "▁Chris", "▁H", "ems", "worth", "▁,", "▁Sc", "ar", "lett", "▁Joh", "ans", "son", "▁,", "▁Jer", "emy", "▁Ren", "ner", "▁,", "▁Tom", 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Assemble in the United Kingdom and Ireland ) , or simply The Avengers , is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.1 It is the sixth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr . , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner , Tom Hiddleston , Clark Gregg , Cobie Smulders , Stellan Skarsgård , and Samuel L. Jackson . In the film , Nick Fury , director of the peacekeeping organization S.H.I.E.L.D. , recruits Iron Man , Captain America , the Hulk , and Thor to form a team that must stop Thor 's brother Loki from subjugating Earth . The film 's development began when Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch in April 2005 . After the success of the film Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel announced that The Avengers would be released in July 2011 . With the signing of Johansson in March 2009 , the film was pushed back for a 2012 release . Whedon was brought on board in April 2010 and rewrote the original screenplay by Zak Penn . Production began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio , in August and New York City in September . The film was converted to 3D in post @-@ production . The Avengers premiered on April 11 , 2012 , at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre and was released theatrically in the United States on May 4 , 2012 . The film garnered numerous critical awards and nominations , including Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for achievements in visual effects and has set or tied numerous box office records , including the biggest opening weekend in North America . The Avengers grossed over $ 1 @.@ 5 billion worldwide , and became the third @-@ highest @-@ grossing film during its theatrical run — as well as the first Marvel production to generate $ 1 billion in ticket sales . The film was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD on September 25 , 2012 . A sequel , titled Avengers : Age of Ultron , was released on May 1 , 2015 , while a two @-@ part sequel , titled Avengers : Infinity War is currently in development , with Part 1 scheduled for a May 4 , 2018 release date , and Part 2 scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 . = = Plot = = The Asgardian Loki encounters the Other , the leader of an extraterrestrial race known as the Chitauri . In exchange for retrieving the Tesseract , 2 a powerful energy source of unknown potential , the Other promises Loki an army with which he can subjugate Earth . Nick Fury , director of the espionage agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , and his lieutenant Agent Maria Hill arrive at a remote research facility during an evacuation , where physicist Dr. Erik Selvig is leading a research team experimenting on the Tesseract . Agent Phil Coulson explains that the object has begun radiating an unusual form of energy . The Tesseract suddenly activates and opens a wormhole , allowing Loki to reach Earth . Loki takes the Tesseract and uses his scepter to enslave Selvig and a couple of agents , including Clint Barton , to aid him in his getaway . In response to the attack , Fury reactivates the " Avengers Initiative " . Agent Natasha Romanoff is sent to Calcutta to recruit Dr. Bruce Banner to trace the Tesseract through its gamma radiation emissions . Coulson visits Tony Stark to have him review Selvig 's research , and Fury approaches Steve Rogers with an assignment to retrieve the Tesseract . In Stuttgart , Barton steals iridium needed to stabilize the Tesseract 's power while Loki causes a distraction , leading to a confrontation with Rogers , Stark , and Romanoff that ends with Loki 's surrender
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. While Loki is being escorted to S.H.I.E.L.D. , Thor , his adoptive brother , arrives and frees him , hoping to convince him to abandon his plan and return to Asgard . After a confrontation with Stark and Rogers , Thor agrees to take Loki to S.H.I.E.L.D. ' s flying aircraft carrier , the Helicarrier . There Loki is imprisoned while Banner and Stark attempt to locate the Tesseract . The Avengers become divided , both over how to approach Loki and the revelation that S.H.I.E.L.D. plans to harness the Tesseract to develop weapons as a deterrent against hostile extraterrestrials . As the group argues , Barton and Loki 's other possessed agents attack the Helicarrier , disabling its engines in flight and causing Banner to transform into the Hulk . Stark and Rogers try to restart the damaged engine , and Thor attempts to stop the Hulk 's rampage . Romanoff fights Barton , and knocks him unconscious , breaking Loki 's mind control . Loki escapes after killing Coulson and ejecting Thor from the airship , while the Hulk falls to the ground after attacking a S.H.I.E.L.D. fighter jet . Fury uses Coulson 's death to motivate the Avengers into working as a team . Stark and Rogers realize that for Loki , simply defeating them will not be enough ; he needs to overpower them publicly to validate himself as ruler of Earth . Loki uses the Tesseract , in conjunction with a device Selvig built , to open a wormhole above Stark Tower to the Chitauri fleet in space , launching his invasion . The Avengers rally in defense of New York City , the wormhole 's location , but quickly realize they will be overwhelmed as wave after wave of Chitauri descend upon Earth . Banner arrives and transforms into the Hulk , and together he , Rogers , Stark , Thor , Barton , and Romanoff battle the Chitauri while evacuating civilians . The Hulk finds Loki and beats him into submission . Romanoff makes her way to the wormhole generator , where Selvig , freed of Loki 's control , reveals that Loki 's scepter can be used to shut down the generator . Meanwhile , Fury 's superiors attempt to end the invasion by launching a nuclear missile at Midtown Manhattan . Stark intercepts the missile and takes it through the wormhole toward the Chitauri fleet . The missile detonates , destroying the Chitauri mothership and disabling their forces on Earth . Stark 's suit runs out of power , and he falls back through the wormhole just as Romanoff closes it . Stark goes into freefall , but the Hulk saves him from crashing to the ground . In the aftermath , Thor returns Loki and the Tesseract to Asgard , while Fury expresses confidence that the Avengers will return if and when they are needed . In a mid @-@ credits scene , the Other confers with his master3 about the failed attack on Earth . In a post @-@ credits scene , the Avengers eat in silence at a shawarma restaurant . = = Cast = = Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : A self @-@ described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with an electromechanical suit of armor of his own invention . Downey was cast as part of his four @-@ picture deal with Marvel Studios , which includes Iron Man 2 and The Avengers . Downey said that he initially pushed Whedon to make Stark the lead : " Well , I said , ' I need to be in the opening sequence . I don 't know what you 're thinking , but Tony needs to drive this thing . ' He was like , ' Okay , let 's try that . ' We tried it and it didn 't work , because this is a different sort of thing , the story and the idea and the theme is the theme , and everybody is just an arm of the octopus . " About the character 's evolution from previous films , Downey said , " In Iron Man , which was an origin story , he was his own epiphany and redemption of sorts . Iron Man 2 is all
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about not being an island , dealing with legacy issues and making space for others . . . In The Avengers , he 's throwing it down with the others " . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A World War II veteran who was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Evans was cast as part of a deal to star in three Marvel films , in addition to The Avengers . Evans said that Steve Rogers is much darker in The Avengers : " It 's just about him trying to come to terms with the modern world . You 've got to imagine , it 's enough of a shock to accept the fact that you 're in a completely different time , but everybody you know is dead . Everybody you cared about . . . He was a soldier , obviously , everybody he went to battle with , all of his brothers in arms , they 're all dead . He 's just lonely . I think in the beginning it 's a fish @-@ out @-@ of @-@ water scene , and it 's tough . It 's a tough pill for him to swallow . Then comes trying to find a balance with the modern world . " Regarding the dynamic between Rogers and Tony Stark , Evans said , " I think there 's certainly a dichotomy — this kind of friction between myself and Tony Stark , they 're polar opposites . One guy is flash and spotlight and smooth , and the other guy is selfless and in the shadows and kind of quiet and they have to get along . They explore that , and it 's pretty fun . " Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : A genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Ruffalo , who was considered to play Banner in The Incredible Hulk before Edward Norton took the role , was cast after negotiations between Marvel and Norton broke down . About replacing Norton , Ruffalo said , " I 'm a friend of Ed 's , and yeah , that wasn 't a great way for all that to go down . But the way I see it is that Ed has bequeathed this part to me . I look at it as my generation 's Hamlet . " About the character , he said , " He 's a guy struggling with two sides of himself — the dark and the light — and everything he does in his life is filtered through issues of control . I grew up on the Bill Bixby TV series , which I thought was a really nuanced and real human way to look at the Hulk . I like that the part has those qualities " . Regarding the Hulk 's place on the team , Ruffalo said , " He 's like the teammate none of them are sure they want on their team . He 's a loose cannon . It 's like , ' Just throw a grenade in the middle of the group and let 's hope it turns out well ! " This is the first production in which the actor playing Banner also plays the Hulk . Ruffalo told New York magazine , " I 'm really excited . No one 's ever played the Hulk exactly ; they 've always done CGI . They 're going to do the Avatar stop @-@ action , stop @-@ motion capture . So I 'll actually play the Hulk . That 'll be fun " . The 3D model used to create the Hulk 's body was modeled after Long Island bodybuilder and male stripper Steve Romm , while the Hulk 's face was modeled after Ruffalo . To create the Hulk 's voice , Ruffalo 's voice was blended with those of Lou Ferrigno and others ; however , the Hulk 's only speaking line ( " Puny god . " ) was provided solely by Ruffalo . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : The crown prince of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Hemsworth was cast as part of a multiple movie deal . He had previously worked with Joss Whedon on The Cabin in the Woods . Hemsworth said that he was able to maintain the strength he built up for Thor by increasing his food intake , consisting of chicken breasts , fish , steak , and eggs every day . When asked exactly how much , Hemsworth said , " My body weight in protein pretty much ! " He remarked that Thor 's motivation " is much more of a personal one , in
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the sense that it 's his brother that is stirring things up . Whereas everyone else , it 's some bad guy who they 've gotta take down . It 's a different approach for me , or for Thor . He 's constantly having to battle the greater good and what he should do vs. it 's his little brother there . . . I 've been frustrated with my brothers at times , or family , but I 'm the only one who is allowed to be angry at them . There 's a bit of that . " Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy working for S.H.I.E.L.D. About the character and her relationship with Hawkeye , Johansson said , " Our characters have a long history . They 've fought together for a long time in a lot of battles in many different countries . We 're the two members of this avenging group who are skilled warriors – we have no superpowers . Black Widow is definitely one of the team , though . She 's not in the cast simply to be a romantic foil or eye candy . She 's there to fight , so I never felt like I was the only girl . We all have our various skills and it feels equal " . Regarding her training , Johansson said , " Even though Iron Man 2 was ' one @-@ for @-@ them , ' I 'd never done anything like that before . I 'd never been physically driven in something , or a part of something so big . For The Avengers , I 've spent so many months training with our stunt team , and fighting all the other actors , it 's crazy . I do nothing but fight — all the time . " Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye : A master archer working as an agent for S.H.I.E.L.D. Renner said it was a very physical role and that he trained physically and practiced archery as much as possible in preparation . About the role , Renner said , " When I saw Iron Man , I thought that was a really kick @-@ ass approach to superheroes . Then they told me about this Hawkeye character , and I liked how he wasn 't really a superhero ; he 's just a guy with a high skill set . I could connect to that . " Regarding Hawkeye 's sniper mentality , Renner said , " It 's a lonely game . He 's an outcast . His only connection is to Scarlett 's character , Natasha . It 's like a left hand / right hand thing . They coexist , and you need them both , especially when it comes to a physical mission . " Renner said Hawkeye is not insecure about his humanity . " Quite the opposite , he 's the only one who can really take down the Hulk with his [ tranquilizer @-@ tipped ] arrows . He knows his limitations . But when it comes down to it , there has to be a sense of confidence in any superhero . " Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother and nemesis , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . About his character 's evolution from the film Thor , Hiddleston said , " I think the Loki we see in The Avengers is further advanced . You have to ask yourself the question : How pleasant an experience is it disappearing into a wormhole that has been created by some kind of super nuclear explosion of his own making ? So I think by the time Loki shows up in The Avengers , he 's seen a few things . " About Loki 's motivations , Hiddleston said , " At the beginning of The Avengers , he comes to Earth to subjugate it and his idea is to rule the human race as their king . And like all the delusional autocrats of human history , he thinks this is a great idea because if everyone is busy worshipping him , there will be no wars so he will create some kind of world peace by ruling them as a tyrant . But he is also kind of deluded in the fact that he thinks unlimited power will give him self @-@ respect , so I haven 't let go of the fact that he is still motivated by this terrible jealousy and kind of spiritual desolation . " Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson : An agent with S.H.I.E.
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L.D. who oversees many of the division 's field operations . Gregg was cast as part of a multi @-@ picture deal with Marvel . Gregg said his role was expanded in The Avengers : " [ What ] Agent Coulson had become in terms of the import of this particular story , and how important his job is in bringing the Avengers together , it kind of felt a little surreal , like somebody was playing a prank and that wasn 't the real script . But it wasn 't , it was the real thing , I got to show up and do that stuff , and it felt like such an amazing payoff to what the journey had been and the fact I had been doing it for five years . " Gregg said Whedon provided insight into his character 's backstory , particularly about Coulson being a fan of Captain America . Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill : A high @-@ ranking agent with S.H.I.E.L.D. who works closely with Jackson 's Nick Fury . Smulders , whom Joss Whedon once considered for his unproduced live @-@ action Wonder Woman film , was selected from a short list of potential actresses including Morena Baccarin . Smulders ' deal would integrate her into nine films . Regarding her preparation , Smulders said , " I hired this amazing black @-@ ops trainer to teach me how to hold a gun , take me to a shooting range , how to hit , how to hold myself , how to walk and basically how to look . I don 't do a ton of fighting in the movie , which is why I wasn 't offered a trainer , but I wanted to look like I had the ability to . " On relating to the character , Smulders said , " I can relate to her being a mom and being a businesswoman and trying to work full @-@ time and raising a family and having a career . We 're asked to do a lot of things these days . I feel she is just all about her job and keeping things going . " Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig : An astrophysicist and a friend of Thor under Loki 's control , who is studying the Tesseract 's power . Regarding Loki 's control over Selvig , Skarsgård said , " Well with the scene we did in Thor , it was like Loki , one way or the other , entered Erik 's mind . And in Avengers , you will see more clarity in how Loki is using Erik 's mind . " About his role , he said , " [ My character ] is of importance but the size of the role is not big . " Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury : The director of S.H.I.E.L.D. , who was revealed in previous films to be coordinating the " Avengers Initiative " . Jackson was brought to the project with a deal containing an option to play the character in up to nine Marvel films . Jackson said he does more in The Avengers than in any of the previous films : " You don 't have to wait until the end of the movie to see me " . About the role , Jackson said , " It 's always good to play somebody [ who ] is a positive in society as opposed to somebody who is a negative . . . I tried to make him as honest to the story and as honest to what real @-@ life would seem . " Jackson compared the character to Ordell in Jackie Brown , calling him " a nice guy to hang out with . You just don 't want to cross him " . Gwyneth Paltrow and Maximiliano Hernández reprise their roles from previous films as Pepper Potts and Jasper Sitwell , respectively . Paul Bettany returns to voice J.A.R.V.I.S. Frequent Whedon collaborator Alexis Denisof portrays the Other , and Damion Poitier portrays his master , Thanos ( unnamed in the film ) , in a post @-@ credit scene . Powers Boothe and Jenny Agutter appear as members of the World Security Council . Avengers co @-@ creator Stan Lee has a cameo appearance in a news report . Harry Dean Stanton cameos as a security guard , and Polish film director Jerzy Skolimowski appears as Georgi Luchkov , Romanoff 's interrogator . Enver Gjokaj , who later went on to play Agent Daniel Sousa in the series Agent Carter , appears as a police officer . = =