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race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford " easily " in the previous year 's race . However Oxford held the overall lead , with 17 victories to Cambridge 's 16 . Oxford were coached by Reverend William Sherwood ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1873 and 1874 races ) and Edmund Warre ( who represented the Dark Blues in the 1857 and the 1858 races ) . Cambridge 's coach was James Brooks Close ( who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1872 , 1873 and 1874 races ) . Cambridge had practised at Putney a fortnight before the race and were initially the bookmaker 's clear favourites . Oxford 's practice rows a week later impressed and brought them back into contention . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle . Chitty was assisted by " Honest " John Phelps who acted as the finishing judge . Phelps , a professional waterman , was over 70 years old and reportedly blind in one eye . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 @.@ 875 lb ( 77 @.@ 8 kg ) , 4 @.@ 125 pounds ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) more than their opponents . The Cambridge crew featured seven former Blues , including the cox George Latham Davies and number four William Brooks Close , both of whom were participating in their third Boat Races . Oxford saw four Blues return : J. M. Boustead , Tom Cottingham Edwards @-@ Moss and H. J. Stayner and H. P. Marriott , all of whom had rowed in the previous two races . = = Race = = The race started on Saturday 24 March 1877 at 8 : 27 a.m. Oxford had won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . The Dark Blues took an early lead and were ahead at the Mile Post , but by the Crab Tree pub , the crews were level . Cambridge pulled ahead and held a quarter @-@ of @-@ a @-@ length lead by Hammersmith Bridge which they extended until the crews arrived at Chiswick Reach where Oxford re @-@ took the lead . At Chiswick Steps the Dark Blues were leading by half @-@ a @-@ length , and by Barnes Bridge they were clear . Experiencing strong head winds and rough water , Cowles , the Oxford bow man , suffered serious damage to his oar , nullifying further contribution to the race . Described by an Oxford undergraduate watching the race : " suddenly Oxford staggered and stood still in a mass of foam : the bow @-@ oar , Cowles , had struck the top of a big wave in feathering and broken his blade clean off . " Almost immediately , Cambridge took the advantage , but were held off by a determined Oxford crew who " spurted magnificently and drew up steadily inch by inch , so that it was a near thing as they passed the post " . = = Reaction = = In the Official Centenary History it was noted that " it is too perhaps too much to expect , even from the stoical discipline of old Blues , a unanimous acquiescence in a verdict of " dead @-@ heat , " for no conclusion could be more unsatisfactory to the competitors themselves . " Oxford firmly believed that they had won the race by feet , but following a subsequent meeting in a law court with representatives of both universities and the umpire Chitty , the official result was declared as " Dead Heat " . Punch declared " Oxford won , Cambridge too . " W. W. Rouse Ball , a Fellow of Trinity College , Cambridge , writing in A History of The First Trinity Boat Club suggested that the broken oar was the deciding factor : " ... but for this Oxford would have won . " A correspondent writing in The Sydney Mail said both teams should " consider themselves lucky " that they did not lose , and speculated that the race would be looked back as " the great gooseberry " year . = = Legacy = = This was the last year that the result was judged by a professional waterman and the controversy resulted in the introduction of the finishing posts . They remain , as of 2014 , 113 metres ( 371 ft ) downstream of Chiswick Bridge and are engraved with " UBR " for University Boat Race . The controversy also led to the selection of a former Blue as the umpire , selected by one university from a shortlist drawn up from the other , and alternating each year . Phelps himself was replaced as finishing judge by E. H. Fairre . Phelps died on 5 December 1890 . His great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ great @-@ nephew Richard Phelps umpired the 2014 race which also ended controversially : Cambridge lost
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115,100
five strokes after a clash of oars , Oxford won by 11 lengths ( the biggest margin for more than 40 years ) and Phelps declined an appeal from the Light Blues for a re @-@ row . = Mycena cinerella = Mycena cinerella , commonly known as the mealy bonnet , is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae . It is found in Europe and the United States , where it grows in groups on fallen leaves and needles under pine and Douglas fir . The small grayish mushrooms have caps that are up to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) wide atop stipes that are 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long and 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 10 in ) thick . Its gills are grayish @-@ white and adnate , with a " tooth " that runs slightly down the stipe . The fungus has both two- and four @-@ spored basidia . As its common name suggests , it smells mealy . = = Taxonomy = = First called Agaricus cinerellus by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1879 , he transferred it to the genus Mycena that same year . In his 1936 Flora Agaricina Danica ( Agaric flora of Denmark ) Jakob Emanuel Lange referred it to the genus Omphalia ; Omphalia cinerea ( P. Karst . ) J.E. Lange is now a synonym . Mycena cineroides was named and described as a new species distinct from M. cinerella by Hintikka in 1963 , who thought it to be unique due to its narrowly acute cap that lacked brownish or yellowish tones , decurrent gills , and two @-@ spored basidia . However , intermediate forms of it have been found , and some authorities , like Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus , believe it should be treated as a synonym of M. cinerella . The mushroom is commonly known as the " mealy bonnet " . The specific epithet cinerella means " somewhat ashy color " . = = Description = = The cap of M. cinerella is white and small , with a diameter typically ranging from 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 6 in ) . Initially hemispherical , obtusely conic , and then convex , it expands during maturity , developing visible grooves on the surface that correspond to the gills underneath the cap . The cap has a broad , flattened umbo . The cap surface is smooth and moist , with a slimy margin that is initially pressed against the stipe ; with age the margin becomes notched and sometimes scalloped , turning translucent . The cap color is dark gray to pale gray , somewhat hygrophanous , fading to ashy white or brown when dry . The flesh is thin , gray , cartilaginous and tough , with a strongly farinaceous ( mealy , similar to raw potatoes ) odor and taste if crushed or chewed . The whitish to grayish gills are moderately broad ( 2 – 3 mm ) with a spacing that is close to subdistant , and 18 – 26 reach the stipe , interspersed with two or three tiers of lamellae ( short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stipe ) . The stipe attachment is adnate or arcuate , but later develops a pronounced decurrent tooth . The decurrent tooth occasionally separates from the stipe and forms a collar around it . The stipe is 2 – 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) long , 1 – 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 04 – 0 @.@ 10 in ) thick , equal in width throughout , hollow , cartilaginous , and brittle . The stipe surface is smooth or polished , with the apex initially faintly pruinose ( as if covered with a fine whitish powder ) . The base of the stipe is sparsely covered with sharp , straight , stiff hairs , and is the same color as the cap or paler . The mushroom is inedible . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores are 7 – 9 by 4 – 5 μm , ellipsoid , smooth , amyloid ( reaction very weak in some collections ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored , or occasionally a combination of two- and four @-@ spored . The four @-@ spored forms have clamp connections that are absent in the two @-@ spored forms . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia found
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115,101
on the face of the gills ) are not differentiated . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the edges of the gills ) are embedded in the hymenium and inconspicuous , measuring 22 – 36 by 5 – 11 μm . They are roughly filiform ( like thin filaments ) , with numerous contorted branches or protuberances , and club @-@ shaped with finger @-@ like prolongations . The flesh of the gills is homogenous , and turns vinaceous @-@ brown when stained in iodine . The flesh of the cap has a well @-@ differentiated pellicle , with a differentiated but not very well @-@ developed hypoderm , and hyphae that are 10 – 20 μm wide . = = Habitat and distribution = = Mycena cinerella is a saprobic fungus , and derives nutrients by decomposing leaf litter and similar detritus , converting it to humus and mineralizing organic matter in the soil . The fruit bodies grow in groups on needles under pine and Douglas fir , typically in the late summer and autumn . In the United States , it has been collected from Michigan , Washington , Oregon , and California . In Europe , it has also been collected from the Great Britain , Norway , Poland , and Sweden . = The Beverly Hills Hotel = The Beverly Hills Hotel , also called The Beverly Hills Hotel and Bungalows , is located on Sunset Boulevard in Beverly Hills , California . One of the world 's most iconic and best @-@ known hotels , it is closely associated with Hollywood film stars , rock stars and celebrities . The hotel has 208 guest rooms and suites , and 23 bungalows , each designed in the peachy pink and green colors which are a trademark of the hotel . The Beverly Hills Hotel was established in May 1912 , before the city 's existence . The original owners were Margaret J. Anderson , a wealthy widow , and her son , Stanley S. Anderson , who had been managing the Hollywood Hotel . The original hotel was designed by Pasadena architect Elmer Grey , in the Mediterranean Revival style . From 1928 to 1932 , the hotel was owned by the Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company . In 1941 , Hernando Courtright , the vice president of the Bank of America , purchased the hotel with friends including Irene Dunne , Loretta Young and Harry Warner . Courtright established the Polo Lounge , which was for many years the premier dining spot in Los Angeles , hosting luminaries such as the Rat Pack , Humphrey Bogart and Marlene Dietrich . Courtright paid for a significant renovation in the late forties , during which the hotel was first painted its famous pink color in 1948 , to match that period 's country club style . The following year , architect Paul Williams added the Crescent Wing . The strict resident owner of The Beverly Hills Hotel from 1954 until his death in 1979 was former Detroit real estate magnate Ben L. Silberstein . In 1986 , Marvin Davis bought the Hotel from Silberstein 's sons @-@ in @-@ law Burt Slatkin and Ivan F. Boesky . On December 30 , 1992 , the hotel closed for a complete restoration , reopening in 1995 . Since 1996 it has been run as part of the prestigious Dorchester Collection . In 2012 the hotel was named the first historic landmark in Beverly Hills , and two new Presidential Bungalows were added . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = In early 1911 , Margaret J. Anderson , a wealthy widow , and her son , Stanley S. Anderson , who had been managing the Hollywood Hotel , ordered the construction of the Beverly Hills Hotel , in close proximity to the Burton Green mansion . Burton Green , an oil tycoon and real estate developer , President of the Rodeo Land and Water Company , had purchased land in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains , which had once been owned by the Mexican government . He had begun building mansions on the land , including his own residence , investing some $ 500 @,@ 000 , but was having difficulty selling them . He hired Anderson to build a hotel , which he named Beverly Farms , after his home in Massachusetts , believing that it would attract people to the area , billing it as " halfway between Los Angeles and the sea " . The Hollywood film industry was taking off at the time and investors were looking to develop the area . A May 11 , 1911 edition of The Los Angeles Times announced the news that a " huge Mission @-@ style hotel " was to be built by Anderson , with the motto that " her guests were entitled to the best of everything regardless of cost " . The hotel opened May 12 , 1912 , before the city 's existence . Margaret and Stanley took up residence within the hotel grounds . By 1914 , Hollywood directors , actors and actresses such as Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks , Charlie Chaplin , Gloria Swanson
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"Ġannounced", "Ġthe", "Ġnews", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġhuge", "ĠMission", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġstyle", "Ġhotel", "Ġ\"", "Ġwas", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġbuilt", "Ġby", "ĠAnderson", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġmotto", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", "Ġher", "Ġguests", "Ġwere", "Ġentitled", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġbest", "Ġof", "Ġeverything", "Ġregardless", "Ġof", "Ġcost", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġhotel", "Ġopened", "ĠMay", "Ġ12", "Ġ,", "Ġ1912", "Ġ,", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġexistence", "Ġ.", "ĠMargaret", "Ġand", "ĠStanley", "Ġtook", "Ġup", "Ġresidence", "Ġwithin", "Ġthe", "Ġhotel", "Ġgrounds", "Ġ.", "ĠBy", "Ġ1914", "Ġ,", "ĠHollywood", "Ġdirectors", "Ġ,", "Ġactors", "Ġand", "Ġactresses", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠMary", "ĠPick", "ford", "Ġand", "ĠDouglas", "ĠFair", "banks", "Ġ,", "ĠCharlie", "ĠCha", "plin", "Ġ,", "ĠGloria", "ĠSwanson" ]
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, Buster Keaton , Rudolph Valentino and Will Rogers had purchased homes in the area , " transforming bean fields surrounding The Beverly Hills Hotel into prime real estate " . The city of Beverly Hills was established . The first five bungalows of the hotel were built in 1915 . In 1919 , Douglas Fairbanks bought a lodge above the hotel , and expanded it with his wife Mary Pickford , which became known as " Pickfair . " According to one publication , a star would know they would finally " made it " when they received a dinner invitation from " Pickfair " . Gloria Swanson resided in one of the bungalows of the hotel during her divorce . In 1915 , the Andersons donated a portion of the hotel 's original grounds to the community of Beverly Hills . It was used to create the community 's first public park . Originally known as Sunset Park , it is now Will Rogers Memorial Park . An early tradition was the annual Easter Egg hunt , put on for the children of the guests and employees . Silent film star Harold Lloyd was an early hotel patron , and in 1921 he decided to film a scene at the hotel for A Sailor @-@ Made Man . From 1928 to 1932 , the hotel was owned by the Van Noy Railway News and Hotel Company . Van Noy had to close the hotel during the Great Depression years , although he leased the bungalows out as properties . With Bank of America funding , the hotel reopened in 1932 . = = = The glamour years = = = During the 1930s , The Beverly Hills Hotel became increasingly popular with Hollywood film stars . Fred Astaire took a shine to the hotel , and enjoyed reading the Daily Variety and the Hollywood Reporter by the pool . Cesar Romero and Carole Lombard were pictured together at the hotel in 1937 . In 1938 , the Sand and Pool Club was established at the hotel . It proved extremely popular , with white sand imported from Arizona , which made the pool area look like a beach . The following year , it began hosting fashion shows sponsored by local department stores such as Bullock 's Wilshire . In 1940 , one of the hotel 's long @-@ time patrons , Marlene Dietrich , was instrumental in bringing about a change in policy in the Polo Lounge , which had made it compulsory for women to don skirts which she refused to wear . In 1941 , Hernando Courtright , the vice president of the Bank of America , purchased the hotel with friends . Irene Dunne , Loretta Young and Harry Warner also became owners of the hotel as a result of their investment with Courtright . Courtright established the Polo Lounge " in honor of a celebrity band of polo players who toasted victories at the restaurant after matches in the bean fields " . In 1942 , Howard Hughes bought up half a dozen of the bungalows and lived there on several occasions throughout the decades . The hotel accommodated his eccentricities , including his request for " roast beef sandwiches delivered to a nook in a tree " . The Beverly Hills Hotel underwent significant renovation in the late forties when the porte cochere was expanded and painted in stripes . In 1947 Courtright opened the Crystal Room and the Lanai Restaurant , later called The Coterie . The building was first painted its famous pink color in 1948 to match the country club style of the period , and it became known as " The Pink Palace " . The following year , architect Paul Williams added the Crescent Wing . The Fountain Coffee Shop also opened at this time . In 1954 , Detroit real estate magnate Ben L. Silberstein bought the hotel for $ 5 @.@ 5 million . Courtright later became hotelier at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel . The reputation of the Beverly Hills Hotel , as a leading luxury hotel with glamorous patrons , took off during the 1950s and attracted eminent guests such as the Duke and Duchess of Windsor , Princess Margaret and Lord Snowdon , King Albert of Belgium , the Crown Prince of Monaco and Grace Kelly , John Wayne and Henry Fonda . Elizabeth Taylor , one of the hotel 's best known guests , would stay with her numerous husbands in the bungalows , and spent six of her eight honeymoons there . Her father owned an art gallery on the ground floor of the hotel . The Polo Lounge became associated with Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin and the Rat Pack , where they held heavy drinking bouts . In 1956 , the pool of the hotel and cabana club was a filming location for Designing Women , starring Gregory Peck and Lauren Bacall . Marilyn Monroe and Yves Montand stayed at the hotel during the production of George Cukor 's Let 's Make Love . Monroe 's favorite bungalow was No. 7 . George Hamilton and Rex Harrison enjoyed sunbathing at the hotel ; Harrison would sunbathe in the nude in Cabana One , and answer the door wearing " just a handkerchief over his private parts " . In 1963 , the comedy picture Who 's Been Sleeping in My Bed ? ,
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115,103
starring Dean Martin , Elizabeth Montgomery , Jill St. John and Carol Burnett , was shot at the hotel . In the 1970s , John Lennon and Yoko Ono hid out in one of the bungalows for a week . Richard M. Nixon 's chief of staff , H.R. Haldeman , and presidential aide John Ehrlichman were eating breakfast in the Polo Lounge when they were informed of the Watergate in 1972 . In January , 1976 , Peter Finch died of a sudden heart attack while sitting in the hotel lobby . Two months later , he was posthumously awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Howard Beale in the film Network . His co @-@ star Faye Dunaway stayed at the hotel after winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for the same film ; in one memorable photograph she was seated by the hotel pool lounging back in a chair surrounded by newspapers and her Oscar trophy . The exterior of the hotel was featured on the album cover art of The Eagles 's LP " Hotel California " that same year . Two years later , California Suite was filmed at the hotel . = = = Later history = = = Owner Ben Silberstein died in 1979 , and passed the hotel to his two daughters , Muriel Slatkin and Seema Boesky , wife of stock trader Ivan Boesky . In 1986 , Marvin Davis bought the hotel from Silberstein 's sons @-@ in @-@ law Burt Slatkin and Ivan Boesky . Boesky had bought the outstanding 5 % of stock for a reported fortune and decided to sell , despite Slatkin 's desire to keep the hotel . Less than a year later , Davis sold the hotel to the Sultan of Brunei , Hassanal Bolkiah , for $ 110 million . On December 30 , 1992 , the hotel closed for a complete restoration , said to be in the region of $ 100 – 125 million . The project lasted two and a half years with the hotel reopening on June 3 , 1995 , with upgrades to furniture and fittings . The hotel is now managed and owned by the Dorchester Collection , organized in 1996 to manage the hotel interests of the Brunei Investment Agency . The west coast regional director for the Dorchester Collection oversees The Beverly Hills Hotel as well as the Hotel Bel @-@ Air . In 2012 , the hotel celebrated its 100 @-@ year anniversary and began to remodel its lobby , with the Polo Lounge , pool cabanas and Cabana Cafe , and guest @-@ rooms and suites to be renovated by 2014 . The hotel was also named the first historic landmark in Beverly Hills in September 2012 . = = = Controversy and boycott = = = The Sultan of Brunei 's stake in the ownership of the hotel drew controversy in April 2014 when he initiated the first phase of a three @-@ phase plan to adapt Brunei 's legal system to include aspects of Sharia law implicating his approval of the persecution of homosexuals in the complex legal system there ( a two part system involving separate courts and legislation for Islamic and non @-@ Islamic citizens ) . In protest , a United States national LGBT advocacy organization , the Gill Action Fund , canceled its reservation to hold a conference of major donors at the Beverly Hills Hotel and demanded a refund of its deposit . The hotel management responded by issuing a statement asserting that it does not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation . Fashion designers Brian Atwood and Peter Som subsequently called for wider protests , urging the fashion industry to boycott all of the hotels owned by the Dorchester Collection . Meanwhile , the boycott had attracted support from Sir Richard Branson of Virgin Group , as well as numerous Hollywood executives and stars , including Jay Leno and Ellen DeGeneres . In addition , a string of organizations joined the boycott , cancelling reservations to hold conferences and other high @-@ profile events at the establishment ; travel industry firms likewise signed on to a boycott of all Dorchester Collection hotels . Others , including Russell Crowe and Kim Kardashian , have spoken out against the boycott . Crowe stated that despite his disapproval of the new laws in Brunei , it is unfair to punish the hardworking employees of the hotel . Similarly , Kardashian published a blog post voicing her criticism of the boycott and expressing her sympathies for the hotel workers . HR Magazine said that the protests are " misguided " and will not affect the government policy of Brunei when the Dorchester Collection 's annual revenue is $ 300 million while the BIA has over $ 30 billion in assets from oil and gas . By May 2014 , the Beverly Hills City Council passed a resolution urging the Sultan of Brunei to sell the Beverly Hills Hotel . Lili Bosse , the mayor of Beverly Hills at the time , welcomed the resolution and added that she had made a " personal decision " not to return to the hotel until the situation had been solved . The decision was lauded by Rabbi Laura Geller of Temple Emanuel , where Bosse is a congregant .
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115,104
By then the Jewish Journal reported that " more than $ 2 million worth of events have been canceled at the Beverly Hills Hotel by dozens of groups . " Dorchester Collection Chief Executive Officer Christopher Cowdray then responded to the controversy by asking the public to consider the issue at hand in a broader perspective , citing the fact that many brands are backed by foreign investors . Sharia law exists alongside other normative systems and has been adopted by many other Muslim countries , including Saudi Arabia which has major investments in the American hospitality industry , including the Four Seasons and Fairmont hotel chains . Adweek declared that " the bad press and protests have tarnished the glamorous image of the Beverly Hills Hotel , one of the most famous hotels in the world " and added that " such extreme brand damage will be difficult to repair " . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior = = = Judith Kirkwood of Orange Coast Magazine has stated that " The Beverly Hills Hotel is such an icon that my friend , Gretchen , and I wondered if it was a mirage when the taxi pulled up in the porte cochere and deposited us on a red carpet , but realized that it was " more like a peachy pink dream dusted with gold — and green and white striped accents " . The original main building of The Beverly Hills Hotel was designed by Pasadena architect Elmer Grey , in the Mediterranean Revival style . Built on a prominence above the main road below , it resembled a white colonial palatial mansion or mission , with verandas and arches fitted with wicker furniture , and at the time was set in the countryside . High above the main entrance are three domes ; two flanking the center which are smaller and lower in height , with flags hoisted on them . A trolley @-@ stop pavilion was situated on the western side . The iconic signage and the addition were designed by architect Paul Williams . The extensive gardens , covering 12 acres ( 4 @.@ 9 ha ) , were designed by landscape architect Wilbur David Cook . They contain bougainvillea , banana plants , hibiscus and other tropical flora . Svend Petersen , the Danish @-@ American pool manager at the hotel for forty @-@ two years , became a Hotel Ambassador in 2002 . He had notably opened up the pool after hours for The Beatles and taught Faye Dunaway to swim a 1940s freestyle crawl for her appearance in the film Mommie Dearest . = = = Interior = = = The Sunroom of the hotel , containing Californian craftsman furniture , provides vistas of the Pacific Ocean . A room , known as the Crystal Room , was allocated for small private dinner parties . The principal dining room could accommodate up to 500 people . The Children 's dining room , which became the El Jardin Restaurant , is now the iconic Polo Lounge . The Polo Lounge was seen as the premier power dining spot in all of Los Angeles . The lounge was renovated in 1974 , and given a softer design with table lamps and flowers . It is fashioned in peachy pink with dark green booths , each featuring a plug @-@ in phone . The photograph behind the bar depicts Will Rogers and Darryl F. Zanuck , two lounge regulars , playing polo . The menu offers a classic Neil McCarthy salad , named after the polo @-@ playing millionaire . The hotel has its own bakery and herb garden , makes its own vinegar and smokes meats . The chef in 2003 was Katsuo Sugiura , who cooked " oak @-@ grilled food with an Asian flair " . In 2007 , one large suite was converted into the Bar Nineteen12 . The fireplace in the hotel 's lobby has a fire going every day of the year . A new wing was added to the east side of the main building in the late 1940s . The " Crescent Wing , " as it became known , features mature plantings on the balconies . = = = = Rooms and bungalows = = = = As of 2012 , rooms cost from $ 550 up to $ 15 @,@ 380 for a night in one of the presidential bungalows . A typical room as of August 2015 is $ 1 @,@ 045 a night . Each of the rooms has their own balcony and is designed in the Beverly Hills Hotel colors of peachy pinks and greens , apricots and yellows . Several of the more expensive rooms have private patios , Jacuzzis and their own kitchens . Five bungalows were originally added to the gardens in 1915 to provide for families who could return each year with their own staff . As of 2015 , the hotel has 23 bungalows set out across the gardens . Bungalows 14 @-@ 21 are known as " Bachelor 's Row " , due to their association with film stars and their affairs , including Warren Beatty and Orson Welles . In 1990 , a private pool and Jacuzzi were added to Bungalow No. 5
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115,105
to accommodate businessman Walter Annenberg . No.5 had been a favorite of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton who had " a standing room service order for two bottles of vodka at breakfast , and two more at lunch " . Taylor also liked No.3 , where she stayed during her marriage to Eddie Fisher . Marilyn Monroe favored No. 1 and No. 7 . No.1 , the most secluded of the bungalows , features an interior described by CNN as " creamy , lush and traditional , decorated in the manner of one 's wealthy grandparents " . No. 7 has become known as " the " Norma Jean " . Dietrich ordered a 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) by 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) bed added to No. 10 , the bungalow where John Lennon and Yoko Ono stayed in the 1970s . In 2011 two Presidential Bungalows were established , replacing the tennis courts , with each containing three bedrooms and a private swimming pool and shower . Howard Hughes permanently kept a bungalow at the hotel , however it was a secret whether he was on the premises or not . Often the only person who knew Hughes was at the Beverly Hills was the hotel 's chef . Hughes would awaken him in the middle of the night to prepare food for him . It has been alleged that several of the bungalows are haunted . Guests have reported hearing what is believed to be Harpo Marx playing the harp , and seeing an apparition of Sergei Rachmaninoff . = = Gallery = = = The Boat Race 1992 = The 138th Boat Race took place on 4 April 1992 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford 's cox Andrew Probert was the oldest competitor in Boat Race history at the age of 38 years and 86 days . Oxford won by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , the closest margin of victory for twenty years . The race also featured the first German competitor in the history of the event in Dirk Bangert . Umpired by former Cambridge rower Roger Stephens , Mike Rosewell writing in The Times described the race as " one of the greatest races since 1829 " . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie defeated Oxford 's Isis , while Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a " hotly contested point of honour " between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom , and broadcast on several international television networks . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1991 race by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , with Cambridge leading overall with 69 victories to Oxford 's 67 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Up until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . President of the Cambridge University Boat Club , Max Justicz , said of the previous year 's race : " We were burned on that day . Badly burned . It was worse than other defeats because we thought we could win ... Oxford just rowed through us ; with every stroke they took they destroyed our belief in ourselves . " His crew mate , Nick Clarry , focused on the approach to this year 's race : " This year it 's heads down and get on with the job . We know that if we don 't cross the line first on the day , nobody could care less who we are . " Beefeater Gin sponsored the event ; prior to this year 's race they had announced a £ 1 million deal to continue their close involvement for a further three years . = = Crews = = Aged 38 years and 3 months , Cambridge 's cox , Andrew Probert , was the oldest competitor in the history of the Boat Race . Oxford 's crew featured four returning Blues and two former Isis crew members , while Cambridge saw three old
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115,106
Blues participate . The Oxford boat was made up from five Britons , an Australian , an American and a Yugoslav ; Cambridge was represented by seven Britons , an American and Dirk Bangert , the first German to participate in the event . Oxford 's crew were coached by Steve Royle and Patrick Sweeney , and assisted by the former East Germany Olympic coach Jürgen Gröbler , while Cambridge were guided Oxford 's successful coach of 1991 , John Wilson . Watermen Bert Green and Jim Cobb provided advice to the Oxford and Cambridge coxes respectively . = = Race = = The race commenced at 2 @.@ 35 pm . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station . The boats raced side @-@ by @-@ side for the first three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half miles of the race , for fourteen minutes neither crew held a lead of more than half @-@ a @-@ length over the other , and umpire Roger Stephens was forced to issue warnings to both coxes for steering too close to one another . The Dark Blues held a slight early advantage but Cambridge pulled ahead at Hammersmith Bridge . Oxford edged ahead at Barnes Bridge , and passed the finishing post in a time of 17 minutes 44 seconds , one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths ahead of Cambridge , the closest finish in the last 20 years . Oxford 's Yugoslav rower Boris Mavra had to be lifted from the boat at the end of the race . The Beefeater Gin Trophy was presented to the winning boat club president by Raymond Seitz . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie won by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths over Isis , their fifth victory in six years . Cambridge won the 47th Women 's Boat Race by one @-@ third @-@ of @-@ a @-@ length in a time of 6 minutes and 20 seconds , their third victory in four years . = = Reaction = = Mike Rosewell , writing in The Times complimented all of the race participants : " the 18 individuals involved produced one of the greatest races since 1829 . " Former Oxford coach Daniel Topolski , writing for The Observer , described the Oxford 's win as " scintillating " and noted that the crews were " locked in combat for fully three and a half miles . " Christopher Dodd , writing in The Guardian suggested that " the promise was delivered ; a rare race " . Oxford 's number five and Great Britain international Peter Bridge noted Gröbler 's impact : " We really felt the strength that we had built up over six months under Jürgen 's methods . " He continued : " [ Cambridge ] were slower off the start than we expected which was nice . " Referring to Cambridge 's lead at Hammersmith Bridge , their number seven Steve Fowler said " we were feeling good but we should have closed the door there and then . We should have killed them on the bend . " Cambridge cox Probert conceded to his counterpart Liz Chick : " she steered very well . " Oxford coach Gröbler stated : " It was wonderful . Both crews ... were very good — and so disciplined . I like these university students . " Cambridge coach Wilson lamented : " we failed to capitalise at Hammersmith and they grew in confidence thereafter . " = MNM ( professional wrestling ) = MNM ( Mercury , Nitro , and Melina ) was a villainous professional wrestling stable in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) that consisted of Joey Mercury ( previously Joey Matthews ) , Johnny Nitro , and their manager Melina Perez . Mercury and Nitro first began teaming together in 2004 in OVW , WWE 's developmental territory in Louisville , Kentucky . Melina , who at the time was Nitro 's actual girlfriend , joined them as their manager in February 2005 . While working in OVW , Mercury and Nitro captured the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on one occasion . MNM were called up to the SmackDown ! roster in April 2005 , in which Mercury and Nitro went on to win the WWE Tag Team Championship . While in WWE , their ring personas was that of a trio of Hollywood celebrities , complete with a red carpet ring entrance , that had them accompanied by " paparazzi " . The duo lost the title in July 2005 . After their third and final reign ended in May 2006 , Nitro and Melina blamed Mercury for the loss and attacked him , splitting the team . Nitro and Melina were let go from the SmackDown ! roster and debuted on the Raw brand . In November 2006 , MNM reunited for a brief period , before Mercury was released from his contract in March 2007 . = = Concept = = Partly inspired by Paris Hilton , the concept behind the group was that they were Hollywood celebrities . Upon
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"ĠMercury", "Ġand", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġcaptured", "Ġthe", "ĠO", "VW", "ĠSouthern", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġon", "Ġone", "Ġoccasion", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġwere", "Ġcalled", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġroster", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "ĠMercury", "Ġand", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġwent", "Ġon", "Ġto", "Ġwin", "Ġthe", "ĠWWE", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "Ġin", "ĠWWE", "Ġ,", "Ġtheir", "Ġring", "Ġperson", "as", "Ġwas", "Ġthat", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġtrio", "Ġof", "ĠHollywood", "Ġcelebrities", "Ġ,", "Ġcomplete", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġred", "Ġcarpet", "Ġring", "Ġentrance", "Ġ,", "Ġthat", "Ġhad", "Ġthem", "Ġaccompanied", "Ġby", "Ġ\"", "Ġpap", "ar", "azz", "i", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġduo", "Ġlost", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġin", "ĠJuly", "Ġ2005", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġtheir", "Ġthird", "Ġand", "Ġfinal", "Ġreign", "Ġended", "Ġin", "ĠMay", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġblamed", "ĠMercury", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġloss", "Ġand", "Ġattacked", "Ġhim", "Ġ,", "Ġsplitting", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġ.", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġwere", "Ġlet", "Ġgo", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġroster", "Ġand", "Ġdebuted", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠRaw", "Ġbrand", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠNovember", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġreunited", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġbrief", "Ġperiod", "Ġ,", "Ġbefore", "ĠMercury", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġfrom", "Ġhis", "Ġcontract", "Ġin", "ĠMarch", "Ġ2007", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠConcept", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPart", "ly", "Ġinspired", "Ġby", "ĠParis", "ĠHilton", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġconcept", "Ġbehind", "Ġthe", "Ġgroup", "Ġwas", "Ġthat", "Ġthey", "Ġwere", "ĠHollywood", "Ġcelebrities", "Ġ.", "ĠUpon" ]
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their debut on SmackDown ! , they claimed to be the " hot new team on the scene " , because of their good looks and celebrity status . As part of their in @-@ ring personas , MNM had a distinctive ring entrance . They walked to the ring on a red carpet , while members of the " paparazzi " took photos of them . The male members of MNM usually wore fur coats to the ring . As they took them off , Melina suggestively rubbed their abs while removing the title belts from their pants , where they hung in an exaggerated phallic fashion . Melina has a signature entrance which involves her doing a split on the ring apron — from the floor — then bending forward and crawling under the bottom rope . = = History = = = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2004 – 2005 ) = = = MNM was formed in the former World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) " farm territory " Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) . Melina Perez , Johnny Nitro 's real @-@ life girlfriend , was introduced into the company in 2004 as his ex @-@ girlfriend , an ally of Matt Cappotelli with whom Nitro was engaged in a scripted rivalry . Almost immediately , however , Perez betrayed Cappotelli and sided with Nitro . Together they introduced Joey Matthews to become MNM . While in OVW , Nitro and Matthews won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship once , holding it for over two months . = = = SmackDown and dissolution ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = MNM was called up to WWE 's SmackDown ! roster in April 2005 , with Matthews undergoing a name change to " Joey Mercury " . They made their debut during Carlito 's interview segment Carlito 's Cabana , where they interrupted an interview between Carlito and Rey Mysterio , and attacked Mysterio . This provoked a feud between MNM and Mysterio and his partner , Eddie Guerrero , over the WWE Tag Team Championship . Two weeks later , in their debut match on the SmackDown ! brand , they defeated Mysterio and Guerrero to win the WWE Tag Team Championship after Guerrero refused to tag into the match . While Nitro and Mercury held the championship , Melina was placed in an angle with Heidenreich . She publicly mocked him and was the impetus for an attack on him by Nitro and Mercury . In July , MNM were scheduled to face Heidenreich in a two @-@ on @-@ one handicap match , but attacked him before the match started . Road Warrior Animal saved Heidenreich from the attack and as a result , Heidenreich and Road Warrior Animal challenged Mercury and Nitro for the tag team title at The Great American Bash . MNM lost the match and the championship . The loss of the tag team championship was seen as " bad publicity " by Melina so she introduced Jillian Hall , a storyline spin doctor to repair their image . Hall got them a cover article in SmackDown ! magazine , and began to introduce the team before and aid them during matches . In September 2005 , Hall left the group to join John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) , who had lost a match to Rey Mysterio . On the October 28 episode of SmackDown ! , Mercury and Nitro were placed into a tag team title fatal four @-@ way match against the teams of the Mexicools ( Super Crazy and Psicosis ) , William Regal and Paul Burchall , and the WWE Tag Team Champions Legion of Doom 2005 ( Heidenreich and Road Warrior Animal ) . During the match , Mercury and Nitro were able to perform the Snapshot on Heidenreich , to win the championship for a second time . MNM successfully defended the championship against Eddie Guerrero and Batista . In December , they began a feud with the Mexicools , who earned the right to face MNM at Armageddon for the WWE Tag Team Championship . Before Armageddon however , on the December 16 episode of SmackDown ! , MNM lost the tag team championship to Batista and Rey Mysterio . A storyline was begun before the match , where Melina attempted to seduce Batista into forfeiting the match . The storyline played over to the next episode of SmackDown ! when , before MNM invoked their rematch clause , Melina held a press conference in the ring where she claimed that Batista had sexually harassed her . During the tag team match , Mark Henry aided MNM in winning back the WWE Tag Team Championship . The following week , MNM defeated Batista and Mysterio in a steel cage match to retain the championship , Henry 's aid . Henry was only with the group a short time before his contract was sold to Daivari in storyline . They went on to successfully defend the championship against The Mexicools and the team of Matt Hardy and Tatanka in early 2006 . In April 2006 , MNM
[ "Ġtheir", "Ġdebut", "Ġon", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġclaimed", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġhot", "Ġnew", "Ġteam", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġscene", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġgood", "Ġlooks", "Ġand", "Ġcelebrity", "Ġstatus", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAs", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġtheir", "Ġin", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġring", "Ġperson", "as", "Ġ,", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġdistinctive", "Ġring", "Ġentrance", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġwalked", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġring", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġred", "Ġcarpet", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġ\"", "Ġpap", "ar", "azz", "i", "Ġ\"", "Ġtook", "Ġphotos", "Ġof", "Ġthem", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmale", "Ġmembers", "Ġof", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġusually", "Ġwore", "Ġfur", "Ġcoats", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġring", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġthey", "Ġtook", "Ġthem", "Ġoff", "Ġ,", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġsuggest", "ively", "Ġrubbed", "Ġtheir", "Ġabs", "Ġwhile", "Ġremoving", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġbelts", "Ġfrom", "Ġtheir", "Ġpants", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġhung", "Ġin", "Ġan", "Ġexaggerated", "Ġph", "allic", "Ġfashion", "Ġ.", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġsignature", "Ġentrance", "Ġwhich", "Ġinvolves", "Ġher", "Ġdoing", "Ġa", "Ġsplit", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġring", "Ġa", "pron", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġfloor", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġthen", "Ġbending", "Ġforward", "Ġand", "Ġcrawling", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġbottom", "Ġrope", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠHistory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOhio", "ĠValley", "ĠWrestling", "Ġ(", "Ġ2004", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2005", "Ġ)", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġwas", "Ġformed", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġformer", "ĠWorld", "ĠWrestling", "ĠEntertainment", "Ġ(", "ĠWWE", "Ġ)", "Ġ\"", "Ġfarm", "Ġterritory", "Ġ\"", "ĠOhio", "ĠValley", "ĠWrestling", "Ġ(", "ĠO", "VW", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠMel", "ina", "ĠPerez", "Ġ,", "ĠJohnny", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġreal", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlife", "Ġgirlfriend", "Ġ,", "Ġwas", "Ġintroduced", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġcompany", "Ġin", "Ġ2004", "Ġas", "Ġhis", "Ġex", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgirlfriend", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġally", "Ġof", "ĠMatt", "ĠC", "app", "ot", "elli", "Ġwith", "Ġwhom", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġwas", "Ġengaged", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġscripted", "Ġrivalry", "Ġ.", "ĠAlmost", "Ġimmediately", "Ġ,", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "ĠPerez", "Ġbetrayed", "ĠC", "app", "ot", "elli", "Ġand", "Ġsided", "Ġwith", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġ.", "ĠTogether", "Ġthey", "Ġintroduced", "ĠJoey", "ĠMatthews", "Ġto", "Ġbecome", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "Ġin", "ĠO", "VW", "Ġ,", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠMatthews", "Ġwon", "Ġthe", "ĠO", "VW", "ĠSouthern", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġonce", "Ġ,", "Ġholding", "Ġit", "Ġfor", "Ġover", "Ġtwo", "Ġmonths", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġand", "Ġdissolution", "Ġ(", "Ġ2005", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ2006", "Ġ)", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġwas", "Ġcalled", "Ġup", "Ġto", "ĠWWE", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġroster", "Ġin", "ĠApril", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "ĠMatthews", "Ġundergoing", "Ġa", "Ġname", "Ġchange", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "ĠJoey", "ĠMercury", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġmade", "Ġtheir", "Ġdebut", "Ġduring", "ĠCarl", "ito", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinterview", "Ġsegment", "ĠCarl", "ito", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠCab", "ana", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġthey", "Ġinterrupted", "Ġan", "Ġinterview", "Ġbetween", "ĠCarl", "ito", "Ġand", "ĠRey", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġattacked", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġprovoked", "Ġa", "Ġfeud", "Ġbetween", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġand", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġpartner", "Ġ,", "ĠEddie", "ĠGuerrero", "Ġ,", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "ĠWWE", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġ.", "ĠTwo", "Ġweeks", "Ġlater", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġdebut", "Ġmatch", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġbrand", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġdefeated", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġand", "ĠGuerrero", "Ġto", "Ġwin", "Ġthe", "ĠWWE", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġafter", "ĠGuerrero", "Ġrefused", "Ġto", "Ġtag", "Ġinto", "Ġthe", "Ġmatch", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠMercury", "Ġheld", "Ġthe", "Ġchampionship", "Ġ,", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġwas", "Ġplaced", "Ġin", "Ġan", "Ġangle", "Ġwith", "ĠHe", "iden", "re", "ich", "Ġ.", "ĠShe", "Ġpublicly", "Ġmocked", "Ġhim", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġimpetus", "Ġfor", "Ġan", "Ġattack", "Ġon", "Ġhim", "Ġby", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġand", "ĠMercury", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠJuly", "Ġ,", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġwere", "Ġscheduled", "Ġto", "Ġface", "ĠHe", "iden", "re", "ich", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġtwo", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġone", "Ġhandic", "ap", "Ġmatch", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġattacked", "Ġhim", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġmatch", "Ġstarted", "Ġ.", "ĠRoad", "ĠWarrior", "ĠAnimal", "Ġsaved", "ĠHe", "iden", "re", "ich", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġattack", "Ġand", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġresult", "Ġ,", "ĠHe", "iden", "re", "ich", "Ġand", "ĠRoad", "ĠWarrior", "ĠAnimal", "Ġchallenged", "ĠMercury", "Ġand", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġtag", "Ġteam", "Ġtitle", "Ġat", "ĠThe", "ĠGreat", "ĠAmerican", "ĠBash", "Ġ.", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġlost", "Ġthe", "Ġmatch", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġchampionship", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġloss", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġtag", "Ġteam", "Ġchampionship", "Ġwas", "Ġseen", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġbad", "Ġpublicity", "Ġ\"", "Ġby", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġso", "Ġshe", "Ġintroduced", "ĠJill", "ian", "ĠHall", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġstoryline", "Ġspin", "Ġdoctor", "Ġto", "Ġrepair", "Ġtheir", "Ġimage", "Ġ.", "ĠHall", "Ġgot", "Ġthem", "Ġa", "Ġcover", "Ġarticle", "Ġin", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġmagazine", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġbegan", "Ġto", "Ġintroduce", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġbefore", "Ġand", "Ġaid", "Ġthem", "Ġduring", "Ġmatches", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠSeptember", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "ĠHall", "Ġleft", "Ġthe", "Ġgroup", "Ġto", "Ġjoin", "ĠJohn", "Ġ\"", "ĠBrad", "shaw", "Ġ\"", "ĠLay", "field", "Ġ(", "ĠJ", "BL", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġhad", "Ġlost", "Ġa", "Ġmatch", "Ġto", "ĠRey", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠOn", "Ġthe", "ĠOctober", "Ġ28", "Ġepisode", "Ġof", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġ,", "ĠMercury", "Ġand", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġwere", "Ġplaced", "Ġinto", "Ġa", "Ġtag", "Ġteam", "Ġtitle", "Ġfatal", "Ġfour", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġway", "Ġmatch", "Ġagainst", "Ġthe", "Ġteams", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠMex", "ic", "ools", "Ġ(", "ĠSuper", "ĠCrazy", "Ġand", "ĠP", "sic", "osis", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "ĠWilliam", "ĠReg", "al", "Ġand", "ĠPaul", "ĠB", "urch", "all", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠWWE", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampions", "ĠLegion", "Ġof", "ĠDoom", "Ġ2005", "Ġ(", "ĠHe", "iden", "re", "ich", "Ġand", "ĠRoad", "ĠWarrior", "ĠAnimal", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġmatch", "Ġ,", "ĠMercury", "Ġand", "ĠNit", "ro", "Ġwere", "Ġable", "Ġto", "Ġperform", "Ġthe", "ĠSnap", "shot", "Ġon", "ĠHe", "iden", "re", "ich", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġwin", "Ġthe", "Ġchampionship", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġsecond", "Ġtime", "Ġ.", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġsuccessfully", "Ġdefended", "Ġthe", "Ġchampionship", "Ġagainst", "ĠEddie", "ĠGuerrero", "Ġand", "ĠBat", "ista", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠDecember", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġbegan", "Ġa", "Ġfeud", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠMex", "ic", "ools", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġearned", "Ġthe", "Ġright", "Ġto", "Ġface", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġat", "ĠArmageddon", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠWWE", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġ.", "ĠBefore", "ĠArmageddon", "Ġhowever", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠDecember", "Ġ16", "Ġepisode", "Ġof", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġ,", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġlost", "Ġthe", "Ġtag", "Ġteam", "Ġchampionship", "Ġto", "ĠBat", "ista", "Ġand", "ĠRey", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "Ġstoryline", "Ġwas", "Ġbegun", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġmatch", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġattempted", "Ġto", "Ġsed", "uce", "ĠBat", "ista", "Ġinto", "Ġforfe", "iting", "Ġthe", "Ġmatch", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġstoryline", "Ġplayed", "Ġover", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġnext", "Ġepisode", "Ġof", "ĠSm", "ack", "Down", "Ġ!", "Ġwhen", "Ġ,", "Ġbefore", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġinvoked", "Ġtheir", "Ġrematch", "Ġclause", "Ġ,", "ĠMel", "ina", "Ġheld", "Ġa", "Ġpress", "Ġconference", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġring", "Ġwhere", "Ġshe", "Ġclaimed", "Ġthat", "ĠBat", "ista", "Ġhad", "Ġsexually", "Ġharassed", "Ġher", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġtag", "Ġteam", "Ġmatch", "Ġ,", "ĠMark", "ĠHenry", "Ġaided", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġin", "Ġwinning", "Ġback", "Ġthe", "ĠWWE", "ĠTag", "ĠTeam", "ĠChampionship", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġweek", "Ġ,", "ĠMN", "M", "Ġdefeated", "ĠBat", "ista", "Ġand", "ĠMyster", "io", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġsteel", "Ġcage", "Ġmatch", "Ġto", "Ġretain", "Ġthe", "Ġchampionship", "Ġ,", "ĠHenry", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġaid", "Ġ.", "ĠHenry", "Ġwas", "Ġonly", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġgroup", "Ġa", "Ġshort", "Ġtime", "Ġbefore", "Ġhis", "Ġcontract", "Ġwas", "Ġsold", "Ġto", "ĠDa", "ivari", "Ġin", "Ġstoryline", "Ġ.", "ĠThey", "Ġwent", "Ġon", "Ġto", "Ġsuccessfully", "Ġdefend", "Ġthe", "Ġchampionship", "Ġagainst", "ĠThe", "ĠMex", "ic", "ools", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġteam", "Ġof", "ĠMatt", "ĠHardy", "Ġand", "ĠTat", "anka", "Ġin", "Ġearly", "Ġ2006", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "ĠApril", "Ġ2006", "Ġ,", "ĠMN", "M" ]
115,108
were placed in an angle in which they found themselves in a losing streak against the team of Paul London and Brian Kendrick . In non @-@ title tag team matches , singles matches , and even a six @-@ man tag match , London and Kendrick defeated the duo every time . At the Judgment Day pay @-@ per @-@ view in May 2006 , MNM lost the tag team championship to London and Kendrick . After the match , Nitro and Mercury started brawling , disbanding the group . Later that night , Melina lost a singles match against Jillian Hall and after slapping General Manager Theodore Long in anger , she and Nitro were fired from the SmackDown ! brand in storyline . Off @-@ screen , Nitro and Mercury did not get along , and WWE management decided to split the tag team and send Nitro and Melina to the Raw brand . In addition , Mercury was about to begin serving a suspension for violating the WWE Wellness program . = = = Reunion ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = = After serving his suspension and a brief stint back in OVW , Mercury returned to WWE , reuniting MNM , in late November 2006 to answer an open challenge put out by The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) for the December to Dismember pay @-@ per @-@ view . At the event , MNM lost to the Hardys . MNM and the Hardys met again at Armageddon as part of a four @-@ way ladder match , which also included the teams of Dave Taylor and William Regal and Paul London and Brian Kendrick . During the match , which saw London and Kendrick retain the WWE Tag Team Championship , Mercury was legitimately injured when he was struck in the face with a ladder , necessitating a trip to the emergency room where his broken nose received 15 stitches . The facial injury was worked into the angle , and when Mercury returned wearing a protective covering on his face , the rivalry between the teams intensified with MNM actively seeking to injure one or both of the Hardys , even going so far as to attack and perform a Snapshot on Matt on exposed concrete following a match . MNM lost to The Hardys at the Royal Rumble , and again at the No Way Out pay @-@ per @-@ view in February , which concluded the feud . = = = Post @-@ breakup = = = After their feud with the Hardys was over , Nitro and Melina continued to team on Raw , while Mercury wrestled in singles competition on SmackDown ! . On March 26 , 2007 , through WWE 's official website , it was announced that Mercury had been released from his contract . Mercury returned in 2010 , first as a member of CM Punk 's Straight Edge Society , and later began working as a trainer in Florida Championship Wrestling ( later renamed NXT Wrestling ) He most recently worked alongside The Authority and as part of J & J Security , former WWE World Heavyweight Champion Seth Rollins 's " personal security " . Melina and Nitro 's association began to fizzle out when Melina became the WWE Women 's Champion and began garnering attention as a singles performer . Melina was released from her contract in 2011 . During the 2007 supplemental draft , Nitro moved to the ECW brand , renamed John Morrison in the ECW brand , & would go on to capture the ECW World Championship . Morrison formed a partnership with The Miz , capturing both the WWE Tag Team Championship and the World Tag Team Championship . He also gained his third WWE Intercontinental Championship shortly after his alliance with The Miz . Morrison departed from WWE in 2011 and signed with Lucha Underground in 2014 as Johnny Mundo . Currently under his Mundo character , Nitro and Melina had a brief reunion when Melina debuted in Lucha Underground at Ultima Lucha , attacking Alberto El Patron during his match with Mundo , allowing Mundo to pick up the win . She departed from Lucha Underground shortly after her debut . = = In wrestling = = Double @-@ team finishing moves Snapshot ( Delayed flapjack ( Mercury ) / Elevated DDT ( Nitro ) combination ) Double @-@ team signature moves Double baseball slide Simultaneous leg drops to the throat and leg Entrance theme " Paparazzi " by Jim Johnston = = Championships and accomplishments = = Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year ( 2005 ) World Wrestling Entertainment WWE Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) WWE Women 's Championship ( 1 time ) – Melina = New York State Route 9N = New York State Route 9N ( NY 9N ) is a north – south state highway in northeastern New York in the United States . It extends from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US
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9 ) , NY 29 , and NY 50 in the city of Saratoga Springs to a junction with US 9 and NY 22 in the Clinton County village of Keeseville . At 143 @.@ 49 miles ( 230 @.@ 92 km ) in total length , NY 9N is the longest letter @-@ suffixed route in the state . It is concurrent with its parent route for 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in the village of Lake George and for three blocks in the hamlet of Elizabethtown . Much of NY 9N runs alongside either a river or a lake . It follows the Hudson River through northern Saratoga County and southern Warren County , the entirety of Lake George 's western shoreline , the west edge of Lake Champlain between Ticonderoga and Westport , and the Ausable River from Keene to Keeseville . The other portions of NY 9N pass through predominantly rural and mountainous regions of the Adirondack Mountains . The NY 9N designation was originally created as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to replace New York State Route 9W , a route assigned to an alternate routing of US 9 from Elizabethtown to Keeseville . NY 9N was extended southward to Lake George c . 1936 and to Saratoga Springs in the early 1950s , supplanting several other routes ( including New York State Route 9K ) in the process . = = Route description = = NY 9N is the longest suffixed route in the state , extending for 143 @.@ 5 miles ( 230 @.@ 9 km ) from Saratoga Springs to Keeseville . The route stretches through four counties — Saratoga , Warren , Essex and Clinton — and serves several villages and hamlets , including Lake George , Ticonderoga , and Elizabethtown . It overlaps its parent route , US 9 , in Lake George and Elizabethtown and meets Interstate 87 ( I @-@ 87 ) four times . = = = Saratoga County = = = NY 9N begins at the intersection of Church Street , Broadway ( US 9 , NY 29 westbound , and NY 50 ) and Lake Avenue ( NY 29 eastbound ) in the city of Saratoga Springs . Situated on the northwestern corner of the junction is the city 's post office . The route heads west , following Church Street out of the city 's center . At Bensonhurst Avenue , ownership and maintenance of NY 9N shifts from the city of Saratoga Springs to the New York State Department of Transportation . As NY 9N exits the city limits and enters the town of Greenfield , it turns to follow a more northerly routing . It meets County Route 21 ( CR 21 ) just north of the town line , where the Church Street name ends , and CR 36 ( Wilton Road ) 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) to the north in the hamlet of Greenfield Center . The route continues on into the town of Corinth , where it crosses the Blue Line into Adirondack Park . Not far to the north , NY 9N enters the village of Corinth , situated on the west bank of the Hudson River . The highway follows Saratoga Avenue and Maple Streets into the village center , where it turns north and exits the village on Main Street . NY 9N follows the western edge of the river north for roughly 4 miles ( 6 km ) through the towns of Corinth and Hadley before crossing over it and passing from Saratoga County to Warren County . = = = Warren County = = = Across the county line in Lake Luzerne , NY 9N begins to deviate from the Hudson River , gradually curving to the northeast as it passes through the hamlets of Lake Luzerne , Fourth Lake , and Lake Vanare , all of which are named for small lakes bearing those names near the center of the communities . Just northeast of Lake Vanare , NY 9N enters the town of Lake George , where it connects to I @-@ 87 ( the Adirondack Northway ) at exit 21 and meets US 9 . Here , it joins its parent route northward toward the village of Lake George . The conjoined routes intersect the northern end of NY 9L just south of the village line before becoming Canada Street and entering the village limits upon crossing over West Brook . US 9 and NY 9N serve as the primary north – south thoroughfare through the village before splitting at the north end of the village . While US 9 continues to the north , NY 9N heads northeast along the western edge of Lake George . The portion of NY 9N between Lake George village and Hague is relatively isolated , with mountains lining the western edge of the highway and the lakeshore located to the immediate east . Along this stretch , NY 9N serves numerous lakeside hamlets , the southernmost of which is Diamond Point , a community just
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115,110
south of the Lake George – Bolton town line . The route continues on , passing through the hamlets of Bolton and Bolton Landing , the latter of which is home to The Sagamore , a resort situated on an island in Lake George . North of Bolton Landing , the route leaves the main lake and instead follows the edge of Northwest Bay , an inlet separated from Lake George itself by a large , mountainous peninsula . The bay abruptly ends about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the north , at which point NY 9N curves to the east and proceeds through a pass in the mountains to rejoin the western edge of Lake George at Sabbath Day Point in the town of Hague . Here , the route turns back to the north and follows Lake George to the hamlet of Hague , where it meets the northern ( signed as the eastern ) terminus of NY 8 . NY 9N continues to serve as the lakeside roadway for another 3 miles ( 5 km ) before curving away from the lake and entering Essex County . = = = Essex and Clinton counties = = = Now in the town of Ticonderoga , NY 9N passes through a valley before curving to the east and entering the hamlet of Ticonderoga . For the most part , NY 9N bypasses the community as it turns north onto Wicker Street , the westernmost north – south through street in the hamlet . Northwest of the former village 's center , NY 9N meets NY 22 and NY 74 , the latter of which serves as a northerly bypass of Ticonderoga . NY 22 joins NY 9N here , following the route out of the hamlet . NY 9N and NY 22 head generally northward through an area of lowlands , which eventually give way to Lake Champlain as the conjoined routes pass into the town of Crown Point . Once again , NY 9N serves as the lakeside highway as it follows the western edge of the lake through the hamlet of Crown Point to the peninsula that gives the town its name . While NY 9N and NY 22 pass by Crown Point to the west , NY 185 directly serves the peninsula and the Crown Point State Historic Site , located at its tip . The routes continue northward along the lakeshore through the town of Moriah and the village of Port Henry to the town of Westport , where NY 9N and NY 22 split in the hamlet of Westport . While NY 22 continues north towards Essex , NY 9N heads west to follow a more inland routing through a series of narrow valleys . NY 9N intersects I @-@ 87 once again at exit 31 just before entering the town of Elizabethtown . The route continues west , passing over the Bouquet River and entering the hamlet of Elizabethtown , where it rejoins US 9 in the former village 's center . Unlike the overlap in Lake George , this concurrency lasts for only three blocks before the two routes split . NY 9N continues to the west for 12 miles ( 19 km ) through deep , narrow valleys to Keene , where it meets NY 73 north of Keene Valley . Here , NY 9N turns north , joining NY 73 for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the hamlet of Keene , located on the east branch of the Ausable River . NY 73 heads off to the west from this point toward Lake Placid ; however , NY 9N follows the river northward into the town of Jay , where it intersects the east end of NY 86 . The highway continues alongside the western bank of the river branch to the hamlet of Au Sable Forks , situated on the Essex – Clinton County line and at the point where the Ausable River 's east and west branches come together . The highway enters Au Sable Forks from the south on South Main Street and becomes North Main Street upon crossing the west branch of the river and entering Clinton County and the town of Black Brook . NY 9N immediately turns east upon crossing the river , following Ausable Street out of the hamlet and along the northern edge of the Ausable River into the town of Au Sable . Here , NY 9N meets I @-@ 87 one final time at exit 34 just southwest of the village of Keeseville . NY 9N continues on into Keeseville , where it meets NY 22 once again at an intersection across the river from the village center . NY 22 and NY 9N come together once more , overlapping for 0 @.@ 25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) to an intersection with US 9 a short distance downstream from the center of Keeseville . NY 9N comes to an end here while NY 22 turns south onto US 9 . = = History = = In 1908 , the New York State Legislature created Route 22 , an unsigned legislative route that was initially split into two segments . The northern half of the route ran from Riparius to Rouses Point and mostly followed
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"ev", "ille", "Ġ.", "ĠNY", "Ġ9", "N", "Ġcomes", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġend", "Ġhere", "Ġwhile", "ĠNY", "Ġ22", "Ġturns", "Ġsouth", "Ġonto", "ĠUS", "Ġ9", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠHistory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ1908", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠNew", "ĠYork", "ĠState", "ĠLegislature", "Ġcreated", "ĠRoute", "Ġ22", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġunsigned", "Ġlegislative", "Ġroute", "Ġthat", "Ġwas", "Ġinitially", "Ġsplit", "Ġinto", "Ġtwo", "Ġsegments", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġnorthern", "Ġhalf", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġroute", "Ġran", "Ġfrom", "ĠRip", "arius", "Ġto", "ĠR", "ouses", "ĠPoint", "Ġand", "Ġmostly", "Ġfollowed" ]
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what is now US 9 between the two locations . From Elizabethtown to Keeseville , however , Route 22 followed a more westerly alignment via Keene , Jay , and Au Sable Forks . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , all of legislative Route 22 north of Riparius became part of NY 6 , which continued south toward Glens Falls on what is now US 9 . At the same time , the section of modern NY 9N between Saratoga Springs and Lake George was designated as part of NY 10 . The portion between Ticonderoga and Westport became part of a realigned NY 30 by the following year . By 1926 , the piece of current NY 9N from Hague to Ticonderoga was designated as the easternmost leg of NY 47 , which continued west to Chestertown on modern NY 8 . In 1927 , most of NY 6 north of Round Lake was replaced by US 9 when U.S. Highways were first signed in New York . The lone exception was between Elizabethtown and Keeseville , where US 9 followed a previously unnumbered highway to the east instead . The bypassed section of NY 6 between the two locations was redesignated as NY 9W at this time . NY 9W was renumbered to NY 9N as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , eliminating the alphanumerical duplication between itself and US 9W . NY 47 , meanwhile , became part of the new NY 8 in the 1930 renumbering , allowing the NY 47 designation to be reassigned to a previously unnumbered roadway along the western shore of Lake George between NY 8 in Hague and US 9 in Lake George village . At the same time , NY 10 was realigned south of Long Lake and replaced with NY 9K from Saratoga Springs to Lake George while the roadway connecting Ticonderoga to Westport became part of NY 22 after NY 30 was reassigned elsewhere in the state . The segment of modern NY 9N from Westport to Elizabethtown , previously unnumbered , was designated NY 195 . NY 9N was extended south to Lake George c . 1936 , supplanting both NY 47 and NY 195 . From Westport to Hague , NY 9N overlapped with NY 22 ( from Westport to Ticonderoga ) and NY 8 ( from Crown Point to Hague ) . The route was extended once more in the early 1950s to its current southern terminus in Saratoga Springs , replacing NY 9K and creating a short overlap with US 9 through Lake George village in the process . The overlap with NY 8 was eliminated in the mid @-@ 1960s when that route was truncated to end at its junction with NY 9N in Hague . = = Major intersections = = = The Fires of Pompeii = " The Fires of Pompeii " is the second episode of the fourth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . It was broadcast on BBC One on 12 April 2008 . Set shortly before and during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 , this episode depicts alien time traveller the Doctor ( David Tennant ) and his new companion Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) on a trip to Pompeii , where they uncover an alien invasion . Their clashing worldviews present an ethical dilemma for the Doctor . The episode was filmed in Rome 's Cinecittà studios , and was the first time the Doctor Who production team took its cast abroad for filming since its revival . The production of the episode was impeded by a fire near the sets several weeks before filming and by problems for the production team crossing into Europe . Critics ' opinions regarding the episode were generally mixed . The premise of the episode — the moral dilemma the Doctor faces , and Donna 's insistence that he save a family from Pompeii — were widely praised . However , the episode 's writing was criticised , in particular , for the characterisation of the supporting cast : The dialogue was described as " one @-@ dimensional " and Peter Capaldi and Phil Davis 's dialogue as " whimpering and scowling " . = = Plot = = The Doctor and Donna arrive in what the Doctor believes to be Rome in the first century AD . After an earthquake and witnessing a nearby mountain begin to smoulder , he realises he has in fact materialised in Pompeii one day before the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . When he and Donna return to where the TARDIS landed , he discovers that a local merchant sold it to sculptor Lobus Caecilius . The Doctor and Donna go to Caecilius 's house to retrieve it . Unknown to them , they have been followed by a soothsayer who reports to the Sibylline Sisterhood that the prophesised man in the blue box has arrived , and the Sisters fear the prediction that his arrival brings fire and death . At the house , the Doctor is surprised by Caec
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115,112
ilius 's daughter Evelina , who seems to have extrasensory perception ( ESP ) and knows personal details about the Doctor and Donna . They are interrupted by the local augur , Lucius Petrus Dextrus , who has arrived to collect a sculpture he commissioned . The Doctor is intrigued by the sculpture , which resembles a segment of an oversized circuit board . Lucius Petrus reveals that he also has powerful ESP and calls out the name of the Doctor 's home planet , Gallifrey . The Doctor wishes to learn more about the sculptures and enlists Caecilius 's son Quintus to help him break into Lucius Petrus ' house . Inside , the Doctor deduces that the circuits will make an energy converter , but he is caught by Lucius Petrus . The two escape , but Lucius Petrus beckons a large stone creature to attack and kill them . The stone creature appears in Caecilius 's house and attacks them , but Quintus saves them by dousing the creature in water and killing it . In the confusion , the Sisterhood kidnap Donna , and the Doctor sets off to rescue her . He meets the high priestess of the Sisterhood , who is revealed to be transforming into a stone creature . The Doctor discovers that they are being controlled by the Pyroviles , volcanic creatures whose home planet of Pyrovilia was lost ( see Story arcs in Doctor Who # Medusa Cascade ) . The Doctor is attacked by the Sisterhood , but he escapes with Donna into an underground tunnel that leads into the heart of Mount Vesuvius . The Doctor discovers that the volcano is being used by the Pyroviles to convert the human race and conquer Earth . The Doctor realises the volcano will not erupt if the energy converter is running , and tells Donna that the volcanic eruption is a fixed point in time and must always happen . The Doctor and Donna get into an escape pod and together press a lever which overloads the converter and triggers the eruption , killing the Pyroviles and launching the pod clear of the blast . The Doctor and Donna run for the TARDIS and the Doctor coldly leaves Caecilius and his family cowering in their home and dematerialises . Donna tearfully begs him to go back and at least save one person . The Doctor finally relents and goes back for Caecilius and his family . He leaves them on a hill overlooking the destruction , and together with Donna slips out quietly as the family mourns Pompeii . The Doctor comments to Donna that she was right - he does need someone to stop him . Six months later in Rome , Caecilius 's family are shown to be successful . He is running a profitable business , Evelina has a social life in comparison to her seclusion in Pompeii , and his son Quintus is studying to become a doctor . Before Quintus leaves , he pays tribute to the family 's household gods ( in marked contrast to his disrespectful attitude towards them at the start of the episode ) , a bas relief depiction of which are in the form of the Doctor , Donna and the TARDIS . = = = Cultural references = = = The Doctor identifies himself as " Spartacus " , to which Donna replies " So am I. " This is a reference to a scene in the film Spartacus , where all the slaves shield Spartacus by each shouting " I 'm Spartacus ! " = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = Executive producer Russell T Davies originally planned to include a serial set in Pompeii in the first new series of Doctor Who , after seeing the documentary Pompeii : The Last Day . That episode 's position was given to " Boom Town " and the idea was shelved for three years . The episode was written by James Moran , who previously wrote the film Severance and the Torchwood episode " Sleeper " ; Moran was requested to write the episode as a consequence of the latter . Moran had difficulty writing the episode , and had to rewrite the Doctor 's opening line over twenty times . The Pyrovile were also edited during writing : they were previously called Pyrovillaxians and Pyrovellians . Moran worked closely with Davies because of the constraints imposed by filming . Davies encouraged Moran to insert linguistic jokes similar to those in the comic book series Asterix , such as Lucius Petrus Dextrus ( " Lucius Stone Right Arm " ) , TK Maxximus , and Spartacus ; the use of the phrase " I 'm Spartacus ! " refers to the 1960 film . Moran based the ancillary characters of Metella ( Tracey Childs ) and Quintus from Caecilius 's family in the Cambridge Latin Course ; the character of Evelina was the only member of the family created by Moran . At the end of Book I of the Cambridge Latin Course , Caecilius and Metella perish in Pompeii on the day of the eruption , but Quintus survives . This episode creates an
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alternate ending to their story , where they are all rescued by the Doctor and move to Rome . The line " You must excuse my friend , she 's from Barcelona " was a reference to an apologetic catchphrase from Fawlty Towers , attributed by the production team to Sybil Fawlty ( and forming a meta @-@ pun on the Sibylline Sisterhood ) , but also harks back to previous mentions of Barcelona by the ninth and tenth Doctors . The episode was heavily based on a moral question posed to the Doctor by Donna : whether to warn the population of Pompeii , or to recuse themselves from the situation . Moran also had to deal with the intensity and sensitivity required when writing about the eruption . Davies and Moran both appreciated Catherine Tate 's performance , and cited Donna 's ability to humanise the Doctor and help him deal with " lose @-@ lose situations " as the reason the Doctor travels with companions . The series ' story arc was hinted at by the Doctor 's invocation of the Shadow Proclamation , an intergalactic code previously invoked in " Rose " , " The Christmas Invasion " , " Fear Her " and " Partners in Crime " , and referencing the " Medusa Cascade " , which executive producer Russell T Davies stated in Doctor Who Magazine would " come back to haunt us " later in the series . Moran also added continuity links independent of the story arc : as a " fun continuity thing " , the script includes a scene in which the Doctor admits partial responsibility for the Great Fire of Rome , as depicted at the end of the 1965 serial The Romans ; and the sale of the TARDIS as modern art refers to the 1979 serial City of Death , which includes a scene in which the TARDIS is appraised in a similar fashion . Additionally , Lucius Petrus , while under prophetic influence , informs Donna that " there is something on your back " — a foreshadowing of the story development in the season 's later episode " Turn Left " . = = = Filming = = = The episode was filmed at the Cinecittà studios in Rome in September 2007 . The filming reused some of the sets from the show Rome . Other locations suggested were in Malta and Wales , but the size of the project , the biggest since the show 's revival , resulted in production taking place in Italy . This was the first time the majority of an episode was filmed abroad and the first time the cast had filmed abroad since 1996 ; the television movie was filmed in Vancouver and pick @-@ up shots had previously been made in New York City for " Daleks in Manhattan " . Cinecittà had accepted the BBC 's request in order to promote the studios , despite the show 's small budget . Filming an episode abroad had been suggested in 2004 , but the episode was the first such occasion . Planning began in April 2007 , before Moran had written the script , and continued until the production team travelled to Italy . Several weeks before filming started , a fire disrupted the production . Moving to Rome caused problems for the production team : the equipment truck was delayed for several hours at the Swiss border ; the special effects team were delayed for twenty @-@ four hours at Customs in Calais . The production team only had 48 hours to film on location . The aftermath of the eruption was filmed on the same night as the location shots . To create the falling ash , the special effects team used a large mass of cork , with a " constant supply of debris raining down " . Scenes set at the Temple of Sibyl were filmed at the Temple of Peace , Cardiff on 18 and 19 September 2007 . = = = Cast notes = = = Two of the cast members of " The Fires of Pompeii " were later cast in starring roles for Doctor Who . Karen Gillan returned in the fifth series to play Amy Pond , full @-@ time companion of Matt Smith 's Eleventh Doctor . Casting director Andy Pryor suggested her to new executive producer Steven Moffat based on her performance in this episode as one of the soothsayers . Peter Capaldi was cast as the Twelfth Doctor in 2013 , and made his first appearance in the 2013 Christmas special " The Time of the Doctor " ( with an uncredited cameo appearance in the anniversary special " The Day of the Doctor " ) Capaldi also played John Frobisher throughout Children of Earth , the third series in the Doctor Who spin @-@ off Torchwood . Tracey Childs and Phil Davis have also performed on Doctor Who audio productions for Big Finish . = = Broadcast = = Overnight figures estimated the episode was watched by 8 @.@ 1 million viewers , with a peak of 8 @.@ 5 million viewers . The consolidated figure was 9 @.@ 04 million . The episode was the second most watched programme on 12 April ; Britain 's Got Talent was viewed by 9 @.@ 44 million people . The episode was the tenth most @-@ watched programme of the
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week and received an Appreciation Index score of 87 ( considered Excellent ) . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode received generally mixed reviews . Ian Hyland , writing for News of the World , said that Tate " was almost bearable this week " . He also complimented the " TK Maxximus " joke . He was ambivalent to Donna 's reaction to the Doctor leaving Caecilius 's family to die : he criticised her acting , comparing her to The Catherine Tate Show character Joannie " Nan " Taylor , but said " top again if that was intentional " . He closed saying " this week was a hundred times better than that lame opening episode . Scarier aliens , stronger guest stars and a proper adult @-@ friendly storyline involving sisterhoods and soothsayers . " Scott Matthewman of The Stage said that Donna 's insistence to change the past " formed the emotional backbone of this episode , producing some truly heartbreaking performances " . He liked the joke about the TARDIS 's translating the Doctor 's and Donna 's Latin phrases to Celtic , saying it was " subtly played throughout the episode [ ... ] in a way that builds the joke without trampling it into the ground " . His favourite part was Donna 's attempts to divert the population of Pompeii away from the beach ; the scene was " the emotional highpoint of a series of heart rending scenes " . However , he criticised Moran 's writing , specifically , Quintus 's and Metella 's dialogue , saying the former " remained pretty much one @-@ dimensional throughout " . Alan Stanley Blair of SyFy Portal also gave a positive review . He was highly appreciative of Tate , saying " [ she ] moved even further away from her " Runaway " character that initially joined the show . " The phrase " TK Maxximus " and the Doctor 's use of a water pistol to subdue the Pyrovile were complimented , as were the special effects used to animate the Pyrovile . However , he disapproved of the use of Cockney colloquialisms in the episode , most notably the Stallholder ( Phil Cornwell ) saying " lovely jubbly " . Ben Rawson @-@ Jones of Digital Spy gave the episode three stars out of five . His opening said " Fantastic effects and a well developed moral dilemma bolster ' The Fires Of Pompeii ' , although the episode fails to erupt . " Rawson @-@ Jones felt that Moran 's script took " too long to actively engage the viewer and tap into the compelling premise of the time travellers arriving in the doomed city shortly before ' volcano day ' . " and that " the subplots are unsatisfyingly muddled for the majority of the narrative . " He also complained about the characterisation of the supporting cast , saying that " Peter Capaldi and Phil Davis [ deserved ] better " . However , he said the moral dilemma the Doctor faced was " compelling " and the Doctor 's use of the water pistol " adds a pleasing sense of fun to counterbalance the impending stench of death and harks nicely back to the Tom Baker era of the show . " Overall , he appreciated the premise of the episode , but thought the episode " deserved better writing " . = = = Reviews = = = " The Fires of Pompeii " reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide = Zennor Head = Zennor Head / ˈzɛnʊər hɛd / is a 750 @-@ metre ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) long promontory on the Cornish coast of England , between Pendour Cove and Porthzennor Cove . Facing the Atlantic Ocean , it lies 1 kilometre north @-@ west of the village of Zennor and 1 @.@ 6 kilometres east of the next promontory , Gurnard 's Head . The granite ( Killas ) cliffs rise over 200 feet ( 60 m ) from the sea and the highest point of the headland is 314 feet ( 96 m ) above sea level , with an Ordnance Survey triangulation station . Zennor Head is on the South West Coast Path , which follows the cliff edge closely , skirting the entire perimeter of the headland . The promontory is part of the Penwith Heritage Coast , and is the largest coastal feature in the United Kingdom that begins with the letter " Z " . It gets its name from a local saint , Senara . Zennor Head was mined for copper and tin in the Victorian Era . There is no longer any residential or commercial occupancy on the headland , but it is occupied by a variety of coastal animals and plants , such as kestrels and gorse . = = Etymology = = The name " Zennor Head " originates from the name of a local saint , Senara . According to local legend , Senara was thrown off
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115,115
a headland in Brittany in a barrel after being falsely accused of adultery by her husband and washed up on the Cornish coast , founding Zennor and giving her name to the eponymous village ( and subsequently Zennor Head , Zennor Quoit and Porthzennor Cove ) , before continuing to Ireland . The " s " changed to a " z " , an occurrence common in the West Country but rare elsewhere , and as such is the largest coastal feature in the United Kingdom to begin with the letter " Z " . = = History = = The headland is bordered by Cornish granite hedges , and the farming system dates from about 4000 BC , the time of the Bronze Age in Cornwall . The surrounding area and village of Zennor has been continually occupied for over 4 @,@ 000 years . Zennor Head was mined extensively for copper and tin in the 19th century , and drainage adits remain visible on the eastern side . The promontory was donated to the National Trust in December 1953 . The Southwest Coast Path was created in 1978 , and runs along the top of Zennor Head as part of its 630 miles ( 1 @,@ 010 km ) , following the edge of the cliffs closely . Zennor in Darkness , the 1994 McKitterick Prize @-@ winning novel by Helen Dunmore , was partly set around Zennor Head . In 2009 the headland suffered flooding which affected the cliff @-@ top footpath . The promontory has been designated as part of the Penwith Heritage Coast . = = Geography and geology = = Zennor Head is located on the north coast of Cornwall , England , facing the Atlantic Ocean . A headland extending some 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) , it is surrounded by steep cliffs plunging into the sea below . It is west of the town of St Ives , and north @-@ east of the town of Penzance . The nearest human settlement is the village of Zennor , and the headland is flanked by two coves , Pendour and Porthzennor . The nearest headland is Gurnard 's Head , 1 @.@ 6 kilometres to the west . Access is from the South West Coast Path , or the B3306 road ( West Cornwall coast road ) . There is a deep inlet known as Horseback Zawn on the western side , where seabirds nest . The headland is topped by an Ordnance Survey " Trig Point " . The Killas strata , which is exposed over the majority of Zennor Head , is a sedimentary rock formation laid down in the Devonian period , between approximately 415 and 375 million years ago ( myr ) . Zennor Head is on the surface boundary of the so @-@ called " Land 's End Granite " , part of the Cornubian batholith which dates from 279 to 274 myr . However , the intrusion of the granite into the Killas strata altered it metamorphically into a shale @-@ type rock . = = Fauna and Flora = = Zennor Head is home to a variety of wildlife , including the re @-@ introduced Cornish choughs ( Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ) . Grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ) have been sighted off the coast . Many seabirds nest on the cliffs , especially around Horseback Zawn , including herring gulls ( Larus argentatus ) and fulmars ( Fulmarus glacialis ) . Kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus ) hunt inland of the shoreline . The headland is primarily covered with grass , as well as heather ( Calluna vulgaris ) , bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) , thyme ( Thymus mongolicus ) and western gorse ( Ulex gallii ) . In 1962 , specimens of the comparatively rare western clover ( Trifolium occidentale ) were found on Zennor Head . The lichen Dirina massiliensis has also been found high on the acid schist cliffs on the north- , seaward @-@ side of the headland . The parasitic plant dodder ( Cuscuta x . ) is also found amongst the other plants . There are also typical coastal flowering plants such as kidney vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria ) , sea campion ( Silene uniflora ) , and thrift ( Armeria maritima ) . = = Gallery = = = Emily Ratajkowski = Emily O 'Hara Ratajkowski ( / ˌrɑːtaɪˈkɒfski / ; born June 7 , 1991 ) is an American model and actress .
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115,116
Born to American parents in London and raised primarily in California , she rose to prominence in 2013 after appearing in the music video for Robin Thicke 's " Blurred Lines " , which became the number one song of the year in several countries and attracted controversy over its purported sexist content . Ratajkowski 's modeling career has progressed from retail ad work to art house erotica and high fashion . She appeared on the cover of the March 2012 issue of the erotic magazine treats ! , which led to her being asked to appear in two music videos – " Blurred Lines " and Maroon 5 's " Love Somebody " . She appeared in the 2014 and 2015 Sports Illustrated swimsuit issues . Ratajkowski made her professional runway modeling debut for Marc Jacobs at New York Fashion Week in 2015 and has since walked on the Paris Fashion Week runway for Miu Miu . She appeared in a Buick Super Bowl commercial during Super Bowl 50 . Ratajkowski began acting as a child in the San Diego area before she gained a recurring role on iCarly and later roles in major films . Her feature film debut was as the mistress of Ben Affleck 's character in the 2014 film Gone Girl . Ratajkowski 's 2015 roles included the films Entourage and We Are Your Friends ( her first leading role ) as well as the miniseries The Spoils Before Dying . Ratajkowski is an advocate for women 's health issues as a spokesperson for Planned Parenthood and supports the right of women to express their sexuality . Her claim to being a feminist has been both supported and disputed . She is known for her sex appeal and fashion sense . = = Early life = = Ratajkowski was born in Westminster , London , the only child of Kathleen Balgley and John David " J. D. " Ratajkowski , both American . Balgley , a professor of English , was teaching under the Fulbright Program , when she met J. D. , a painter and art teacher , while they were both teaching at San Dieguito Academy . At the time of their daughter 's birth , they were aged 39 and 45 , respectively , and unmarried . Ratajkowski describes her mother as a " feminist and intellectual " . The family lived in West Kensington and Bloomsbury before they settled in the United States in San Diego , California , when Ratajkowski was five . She was raised primarily in nearby Encinitas in a small house near the ocean . Balgley formerly taught at California Polytechnic State University . Ratajkowski is of Polish , Irish , and Polish Jewish descent . Her father was raised Catholic , while her mother was raised Jewish . Ratajkowski describes her heritage as " Polish Israeli " . She lived in , and traveled to , many parts of Europe as a youth , including long periods in the Irish town of Bantry and on the Spanish island of Mallorca . She spent her young adult summers in Ireland until she became a full @-@ time model . Before Ratajkowski left London at the age of five , she was obsessed with theater . She began acting as a child , staging shows for her family . Ratajkowski 's first formal role was as Elsa in an adaptation of The Little Match Girl at the North Coast Repertory Theatre School in Solana Beach , California . Later , in 2004 , she played Harriet in the interactive Lyceum Theatre production of Harriet Potter and the Throne of Applewort . Ratajkowski grew up without television ; she tried soccer , acting , and ballet before modeling . Ratajkowski visited nude beaches in Europe with her family during her youth . Exposure to the nude female figure in photography and art during her formative years , including the work of her father , as well as the photography of Helmut Newton and Herb Ritts , prepared Ratajkowski for nude work . She is comfortable with the naked body , and states , " We have this culture of men , especially , watching pornography , but then [ they are ] offended by a classic nude portrait or photograph , and I 've never felt that way . " Ratajkowski was also influenced by third @-@ wave feminism and works such as The Beauty Myth and Promiscuities by Naomi Wolf . She was a physically mature young teenager who endured pressure to limit expressing her sexuality and how she presented herself . = = Career = = With encouragement from an acting coach , Ratajkowski met and signed with a talent agent who contacted Ford Models . That same day , she signed with Ford at age 14 and went on to do teen print catalog modeling for Kohl 's and Nordstrom . At 15 , Ratajkowski began auditioning for Disney and iCarly roles , but as she pursued acting she was often cast as a " bitchy girl " , cheerleader , or other limited role . She attended San Dieguito Academy high
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115,117
school in San Diego , while modeling and acting in Los Angeles . After two nondescript movie roles , she appeared as Gibby 's girlfriend , Tasha , in two episodes of the third season of Nickelodeon 's iCarly ( 2009 – 2010 ) . Her manager discouraged her from pursuing many acting engagements until she could be more selective . Ratajkowski attended the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) for one year in 2009 , then decided to model full @-@ time . She found the fine art education at the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture arbitrary and in conflict with her artistic concepts . She did not enjoy socializing with fellow students . After campaigns and editorials with photographer Tony Duran , Ratajkowski began shooting more fashion editorials and posed for several early issues of the artistic erotica magazine treats ! , including the cover of its third issue , in March 2012 . She credits that cover for bringing her the two unsolicited , high @-@ profile , music video roles . Ratajkowski later filmed commercials for Nikon and Carl 's Jr . , including multiple versions of a 2012 Carl 's Jr. commercial with Sara Jean Underwood . She also did nude and clothed art magazine modeling , as well as work for Frederick 's of Hollywood ; a 2012 holiday video and a 2011 Valentine 's video in which Ratajkowski appeared for the company are among the most popular videos on the company 's YouTube channel . Ratajkowski worked with photographer Tony Kelly for the March 2013 GQ Turkey cover . = = = Music video performances = = = Ratajkowski appeared in Robin Thicke , T.I. , and Pharrell Williams 's 2013 video , " Blurred Lines " . Previously , Ratajkowski had been cast in two other music videos : " Fast Car " by Taio Cruz , which was released on November 5 , 2012 , and Maroon 5 's " Love Somebody " , which was released two months after " Blurred Lines " . " Love Somebody " , shot on January 13 , and " Blurred Lines " were both produced in 2013 . The video for " Love Somebody " was released on May 21 , 2013 . Directed by Rich Lee , it shows bare @-@ chested Adam Levine using inverse green screen technology to rub paint onto Ratajkowski with his hands . As they touch , they reveal each other . Thicke had seen Ratajkowski 's treats ! cover that The New York Times 's Bee Shapiro described as " an artfully composed black @-@ and @-@ white photograph of Ms. Ratajkowski sitting completely nude with her knees tucked to her chest " and convinced director Diane Martel to cast her in the " Blurred Lines " music video . Martel felt that " she looked smart and stunningly beautiful " in the photo . Ratajkowski initially declined the role , fearing being classified as a music video model , but Martel persuaded her . The video was released on March 20 , 2013 . On March 28 , Thicke posted an explicit version , with a topless Ratajkowski . " Blurred Lines " was controversial : its video was called sexist for its perceived degradation of women , and some felt its lyrics promoted rape . Others disagreed , asserting that the lyrics supported female power and sexual freedom . Martel defended Ratajkowski 's performance , saying : " it 's very , very funny and subtly ridiculing . " Ratajkowski did not think of the video as sexist and claimed that the producers , through the use of humor and sarcasm , " took something that on paper sounded really sexist and misogynistic and made it more interesting " . She said that the song " gave me an opportunity to say the things that I felt about feminism today and about women in general in pop culture . " Ratajkowski did not feel objectified and enjoyed performing in a sexual manner : the attention given to the nudity in the video , she said , shows that America has not advanced as far as it should have , and , she believes , society represses sexuality , which is bad for both sexes . " Blurred Lines " , and Ratajkowski 's associated video performance , was prominent beyond the sociopolitical controversies . The song became the number one song of 2013 on music charts in many countries , including Canada , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . Although second on the year @-@ end US Billboard Hot 100 chart , the song 's twelve consecutive weeks at number one made it the longest @-@ running number one song of the decade until " Uptown Funk " spent fourteen consecutive weeks at number one in 2015 . The song also remained in the news due to a copyright infringement lawsuit and appeal . = = = Breakthrough = = = The " Blurred Lines " video garnered Ratajkowski notoriety , especially as a sex symbol . In October 2013
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115,118
, Esquire magazine named Ratajkowski " Woman of the Year " , over online fan vote finalist Jennifer Lawrence . That December , Rolling Stone magazine listed her among its twenty hottest sex symbols . In February 2014 , Sports Illustrated magazine named Ratajkowski as one of twelve 50th anniversary swimsuit issue rookies . In April , FHM ranked her the fourth sexiest woman in the world . Maxim magazine included Ratajkowski at number 62 on its 2014 Hot 100 list . AskMen ranked her the third most desirable woman of 2014 . Ratajkowski was on the July 2013 cover of CR Fashion Book , which included erotic scenes with Karlie Kloss and male models , photographed by Bruce Weber . On June 24 , she appeared topless in the July 2014 American GQ cover story , photographed by Michael Thompson . A controversy ensued at retailer Lands ' End , some of whose customers received the issue for free . Some customers objected to the racy images , forcing Lands ' End CEO Edgar Huber to apologize . Ratajkowski leveraged her sudden prominence into supporting roles in major films . Ratajkowski played Andie Hardy , the mistress of Ben Affleck 's character , in David Fincher 's 2014 adaptation of Gillian Flynn 's novel Gone Girl . Affleck encouraged Fincher to consider Ratajkowski after seeing the " Blurred Lines " video . U @-@ T San Diego described Ratajkowski 's performance as " nuanced " , while Andrew O 'Hehir of Salon and Wesley Morris of Grantland wrote that her small role as a " duplicitous and manipulative former student " was critical . Reflecting on the performance in 2016 , Wolf described Ratajkowski 's portrayal as sympathetic and compassionate . Days after Gone Girl 's September 26 , 2014 , New York Film Festival premiere , Ratajkowski became the cover model for the November 2014 issue of Cosmopolitan . On October 30 , 2014 , she appeared with Taylor Kitsch in the Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare live @-@ action trailer . Ratajkowski appeared on the February 2015 FHM cover , but she tweeted that her picture was used without her consent . FHM responded that " we liked the pictures so much we stuck one on our front cover " . Ratajkowski co @-@ starred in the 2015 film Entourage as a fictionalized version of herself , playing the love interest of Adrian Grenier 's character , Vincent Chase . Her performance received critical commentary ranging from " less than compelling " , by the The Hollywood Reporter 's Sheri Linden , to " uncanny realism " , by The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Steven Rea . Grantland 's Morris described her role and performance with scathing sarcasm . She was also cast in the 2015 miniseries The Spoils Before Dying as Agent Day , appearing late in the series . Her performance was favorably reviewed by Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club , while other critics commented that she was part of a solid supporting cast . Ratajkowski earmed her first leading role , opposite Zac Efron , in We Are Your Friends , a musical drama released in August 2015 , and was part of the film 's promotional tour to Europe and North America . Starting with the August 11 London premiere , this tour marked her ascension as a style icon as she earned multiple best dressed citations from various sources . She played Stanford University dropout Sophie , the love interest of Efron 's character and girlfriend / personal assistant of Wes Bentley 's character . Her performance received mixed reviews . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap described the role as thin , as did Ty Burr of The Boston Globe . Burr said that Ratajkowski 's performance was " surpassingly dull " , while Nell Minow of Beliefnet stated that she " does more posing than acting " . Kyle Smith of the New York Post described her performance as " quietly entrancing " , and Jordan Hoffman of the Daily News described Ratajkowski 's performance as " stunning and sweet " . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph and Grantland 's Morris noted Ratajkowski 's rhythmic dancing skills and sex appeal , as previously seen in " Blurred Lines " . Around the time of the release of We Are Your Friends , Ratajkowski appeared on the covers of Grazia France , British GQ , harper by Harper 's Bazaar , InStyle UK , and InStyle Australia , as well as a role as a 2015 MTV Video Music Awards presenter . The British GQ cover story was photographed by Mario Testino , who produced a short film featuring Ratajkowski for the magazine 's website . Soon after , on September 17 , 2015 , she made her runway debut for Marc Jacobs at the spring / summer 2016 New York Fashion Week finale . This appearance contributed to her number one listing among Vogue 's 12 Breakout Beauty Stars of 2015 . For fall / winter 2016 fash
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"Ġ\"", "Ġquietly", "Ġentr", "ancing", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠJordan", "ĠHoffman", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDaily", "ĠNews", "Ġdescribed", "ĠR", "ata", "j", "kowski", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġperformance", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġstunning", "Ġand", "Ġsweet", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠRobbie", "ĠColl", "in", "Ġof", "ĠThe", "ĠDaily", "ĠTelegraph", "Ġand", "ĠGrant", "land", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠMorris", "Ġnoted", "ĠR", "ata", "j", "kowski", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrhyth", "mic", "Ġdancing", "Ġskills", "Ġand", "Ġsex", "Ġappeal", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġpreviously", "Ġseen", "Ġin", "Ġ\"", "ĠBl", "urred", "ĠLines", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAround", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġrelease", "Ġof", "ĠWe", "ĠAre", "ĠYour", "ĠFriends", "Ġ,", "ĠR", "ata", "j", "kowski", "Ġappeared", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġcovers", "Ġof", "ĠG", "raz", "ia", "ĠFrance", "Ġ,", "ĠBritish", "ĠG", "Q", "Ġ,", "Ġhar", "per", "Ġby", "ĠHarper", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠB", "azaar", "Ġ,", "ĠIn", "Style", "ĠUK", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠIn", "Style", "ĠAustralia", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġrole", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġ2015", "ĠMTV", "ĠVideo", "ĠMusic", "ĠAwards", "Ġpresenter", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠBritish", "ĠG", "Q", "Ġcover", "Ġstory", "Ġwas", "Ġphotographed", "Ġby", "ĠMario", "ĠTest", "ino", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġproduced", "Ġa", "Ġshort", "Ġfilm", "Ġfeaturing", "ĠR", "ata", "j", "kowski", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġmagazine", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġwebsite", "Ġ.", "ĠSoon", "Ġafter", "Ġ,", "Ġon", "ĠSeptember", "Ġ17", "Ġ,", "Ġ2015", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġmade", "Ġher", "Ġrunway", "Ġdebut", "Ġfor", "ĠMarc", "ĠJacobs", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġspring", "Ġ/", "Ġsummer", "Ġ2016", "ĠNew", "ĠYork", "ĠFashion", "ĠWeek", "Ġfinale", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġappearance", "Ġcontributed", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġnumber", "Ġone", "Ġlisting", "Ġamong", "ĠV", "ogue", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ12", "ĠBreak", "out", "ĠBeauty", "ĠStars", "Ġof", "Ġ2015", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġfall", "Ġ/", "Ġwinter", "Ġ2016", "Ġf", "ash" ]
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ions , Ratajkowski walked the Paris Fashion Week runway for Miu Miu on March 9 , 2016 . She has expressed the desire to break barriers for shorter and more curvaceous models , commenting : " You don ’ t have to be 5 ' 9 " and an A @-@ cup to be a successful model . " A Buick Super Bowl ad for its Cascada convertible during Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 , featured Ratajkowski and Odell Beckham , Jr . The ad , in which she made a wedding bouquet catch reminiscent of Beckham 's famous catch from 2014 , received average ratings , according to USA Today 's admeter . The ad was filmed with a stunt double making the catch . Los Angeles @-@ based jewelry designer Jacquie Aiche featured Ratajkowski in a spring 2016 campaign wearing almost nothing but body chains , rings , bracelets , pendants , and chokers . In May , Ratajkowski appeared in the Russian @-@ language music video " Inseparable " ( sometimes translated as " Indivisible " ) with Russian entertainer Dima Bilan as a photographer and Ratajkowski as his muse . As of June 2016 , Ratajkowski has a variety of upcoming roles . She will play Jessica Weintraub , the female lead opposite Spencer Boldman in the film Cruise , which is written and directed by Robert Siegel . Ratajkowski was hired as part of the cast of the film In Darkness , alongside Natalie Dormer , Ed Skrein , and Stacy Martin . She will also be involved in Joe Swanberg 's Netflix series , Easy . In June 2016 , she stated she was filming for Project Runway . Ratajkowski was one of five models to appear on the August 2016 Vogue Germany alternate covers along with Stella Maxwell , irIrina Shayk , Lily Aldridge and Rosie Huntington @-@ Whiteley . = = Personal life = = In February 2014 , Ratajkowski broke up with her boyfriend Andrew Dryden , a creative director and menswear buyer . In September 2014 , Ratajkowski was a victim in a female celebrity hacking and internet posting wave of stolen nude iCloud photographs . In December 2014 , Us Weekly confirmed she had begun dating musician Jeff Magid . Ratajkowski has raised funds , done public service announcements , and committed to a short film promoting reproductive and sexual health for Planned Parenthood ( PPFA ) . She describes PPFA as her main charity because of its role in women 's health . Ratajkowski 's involvement has drawn ire from right to life advocates such as the National Right to Life Committee . Ratajkowski says that she enjoys freedom of sexual expression " while still being a feminist " , and is outspoken about using her celebrity to support the empowerment of women and women 's sexuality . Amanda Hess of Slate questioned whether she is a feminist or an opportunist exploiting feminism . In The New York Times , Ratajkowski expressed her frustration that " society somehow feels that women can 't manage to be political , feminist and a sex symbol " . She has called society 's reaction to the naked female form " weird " . As a woman who enjoys expressions of the body ranging from ballet to pornography , Ratajkowski feels that she can be nude in her professional work and also support equality for women . British GQ 's Charlie Burton stated that she is a feminist with more to say than others . He said that her message is one of sexual empowerment , because sex should not feel like a service and should be beneficial to all involved parties . Wolf said Ratajkowski is a modern feminist in a Harper 's Bazaar interview of Ratajkowski , in which Ratajkowski defended her form of feminism . On the eve of the February 2016 New Hampshire Democratic primary , Ratajkowski spoke at a Bernie Sanders rally in New Hampshire to endorse his campaign . One of the main points of her speech , and her social media activity surrounding it , was to counter Gloria Steinem 's statement that young female Sanders supporters were involved in the campaign ( rather than supporting fellow female Hillary Clinton ) to meet potential male romantic partners . = = Media image = = Ratajkowski has been frequently named in lists and polls that rank beauty or fashion in the media . She was ranked in Maxim 's Hot 100 list in both 2014 ( No. 62 ) and 2015 ( No. 2 ) . AskMen ranked her among its most desirable women of 2014 ( No. 3 ) and 2016 ( No. 14 ) ; while FHM ranked her among the sexiest in 2014 ( No. 4 ) , and 2015 ( No. 18 ) . She is also praised for her fashion sense : Ratajkowski made Vogue Italia 's Best Dressed List of 2015 , and Harper 's Bazaar placed her atop its best dressed list at the February 2016 New York Fashion Week . R
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atajkowski 's acting career had a slow start . After a minor acting role in Gone Girl , she played herself in Entourage . In their respective reviews of We Are Your Friends , Richard Roeper and Wesley Morris said that Ratajkowski , again playing the attractive object of affection , again failed to demonstrate acting prowess . Ratajkowski described the pressure that she endured as a youth around her sexuality and her thoughts on female sexual empowerment , in Lena Dunham 's Lenny Letter newsletter on February 16 , 2016 . Elle magazine , Esquire magazine , and Harper 's Bazaar republished her letter . Critics , including Glamour magazine 's Hayley Spencer , The Huffington Post 's Jenavieve Hatch , and Rachael Moon of the Daily Mirror , praised it . According to Cosmopolitan magazine 's Nikki Kinstlinger and Georgia Simmonds of Marie Claire , Ratajkowski finds self @-@ empowerment in defining and owning the expression of her sexuality and body . Salon 's Erin Coulehan described the essay 's identification of a societal catch @-@ 22 , in which showcasing female sexuality that may " offend , excite , or create envy " leads to criticism and body shaming . InStyle 's Isabella Silvers concurred that " female sexuality isn 't always for the benefit of someone else " . Charlotte Gill of The Independent admitted that she was in the minority in finding the letter " rambling " and " dull " . Ratajkowski defended Kim Kardashian from criticism when Kardashian posted a controversial naked selfie on Instagram in March , saying that women have the right to " express their sexuality and share their bodies however they choose " . Then , Kardashian and Ratajkowski jointly advocated via social media for female sexual empowerment and against body shaming ; nearly one million social media followers responded positively , and prominent global media outlets took notice . Following her letter and social media statement , the controversy about her feminism heightened . Piers Morgan stated that Ratajkowski 's form of feminism was a misguided affront to true feminism , labeling it pseudo @-@ feminist gibberish . After Morgan wrote that " feminism as it was intended is dead " , the Chicago Tribune 's Heidi Stevens , as well as The Daily Telegraph 's Helen Pankhurst ( Emmeline Pankhurst 's great @-@ granddaughter ) said that Ratajkowski neither killed nor bolstered feminism . Women 's Wear Daily 's Taylor Harris questioned the impact of Ratajkowski 's feminism . The Independent 's Gill questioned Ratajkowski 's feminism , saying that her professional activities " continued to advocate industries that treat us as pieces of meat " . Heather Saul of The Independent wrote in support of Ratajkowski in an article subtitled " Ratajkowski is becoming an important feminist voice in the debate over female censorship and sexuality " . New York 's Allie Jones called Ratajkowski " the best feminist celeb " . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Music videos = = = = = Magazine cover history = = = Spafford Farm massacre = The Spafford Farm massacre , also referred to as the Wayne massacre , was an attack upon U.S. militia and civilians that occurred as part of the Black Hawk War near present @-@ day South Wayne , Wisconsin . Spafford Farm was settled in 1830 by Omri Spafford and his partner Francis Spencer . Before the war started they made numerous improvements to the parcel of land . On June 14 , 1832 five men were attacked by a Kickapoo war party , three whites were killed instantly , including Spafford . In total at least one Native and four white settlers were killed in the action . Two men managed to escape , though one was fooled into thinking Fort Hamilton had been overtaken by a group of friendly Menominee for days before he finally sought refuge there . The incident at Spafford Farm eventually led to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend ( also known as the Battle of Pecatonica ) . = = Background = = As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement , in 1828 the Sauk and Fox tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi River . However , Sauk Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty , claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted , nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede land . Angered by the loss of his birthplace , Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830 . Each time , he was persuaded without bloodshed to return west . In April 1832 , encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British , he again moved his so @-@ called " British Band " of around 1 @,@ 000
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115,121
warriors and civilians into Illinois . Finding no allies , he attempted to return to Iowa , but events overtook him and led to the Battle of Stillman 's Run . A number of other engagements followed , and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk 's band . The ensuing conflict became known as the Black Hawk War . On May 19 , a group of militia volunteers were ambushed at Buffalo Grove and the same day as the raid at Plum River , May 21 , a more famous war event , the Indian Creek massacre , occurred . The Indian Creek event , believed to mostly a peripheral event to the Black Hawk War was followed on by more violence preceding the attack at Spafford Farm . = = Prelude = = The Spafford Farm massacre , also known as the Wayne massacre , occurred in LaFayette County , Wisconsin , near present @-@ day South Wayne , Wisconsin during the course of the Black Hawk War . The first land claim in Lafayette County was made in tandem by Omri Spafford and Francis Spencer in 1830 . The location that become known as Spafford Farm , was located near the junction of the Spafford 's Branch and the Pecatonica River . The pair made many improvements on the land prior to the onset of the war in 1832 . Present at Spafford Farm the day of the massacre besides Spafford was Spencer , Bennett Million , Abraham Searles , James McIllwaine , and an Englishman identified only by the moniker " John Bull " , but probably being John Compton . = = Massacre = = On June 14 , 1832 the six men were sent from Fort Hamilton to work on Spafford Farm . The group had just commenced working when they were attacked by a band of Kickapoo warriors . The warriors had concealed themselves in some trees near the farmstead and opened fire in a surprise attack . The men dropped their tools and broke for the Pecatonica River , reaching the river and making a hasty crossing . Having crossed the river , four of the men were shot as they clambered up the opposite bank . Spafford , Searles and McIllwaine were killed instantly in the melee ; also killed was " Bull " ( probably John Compton ) . Spencer and 17 @-@ year @-@ old Million were able to escape the attackers . Million escaped by jumping into the Pecatonica River , hiding in brush and making his way to Fort Hamilton . Spencer 's escape was a longer process . He did not jump into the river , but hid along the banks . One of the attackers pursued him but Spencer killed the warrior before he could be overtaken . He wandered the woods for several days before reaching Fort Hamilton . Spencer reached Fort Hamilton around the same time that Colonel William S. Hamilton arrived with a large group of Menominee who had volunteered against the Sauk and Fox . Afraid that the fort had also been attacked , Spencer retreated back into the woods . He avoided the fort for between six and nine days , when hunger finally drove him into the open where he realized his mistake . = = Aftermath = = Word of the attack at Spafford 's farm spread quickly to Fort Defiance , about five miles southeast of Mineral Point . A small volunteer force of 13 men was assembled at Fort Defiance and they set off to hunt down the band of Native Americans responsible for the massacre . The group reached Fort Hamilton at around midnight on June 15 . On the morning of June 15 survivor , Bennett Million guided the militia volunteers back to the site of the massacre ; one of the volunteers was Alexander Higgenbotham , a survivor of the St. Vrain massacre . The bodies of the dead were badly mutilated and Spafford 's corpse was headless ; his head was found scalped and tossed into the grass along the river bank . The volunteers buried the mangled bodies of the fallen and searched in vain for Spencer , whom they also assumed dead . Colonel Henry Dodge was at Gratiot 's Grove when the war descended upon Spafford Farm , having just sent his volunteers to their forts to resupply and recuperate . Shortly after he arrived back at his home fort , he received word of the Aubrey murder at Fort Blue Mounds and the incident at Spafford Farm . Dodge ordered militia detachments from Fort Defiance , Fort Jackson , and Fort Hamilton to the scene of the massacre . After the massacre , General Henry Atkinson was informed that Dodge was to take over General Alexander Posey 's brigade at Fort Hamilton . While Dodge was on his way to visit the brigade , he heard a rifle shot from a group of Native Americans . Dodge quickly returned to his command post and gathered as many men as he could to pursue the enemy . With Dodge in quick pursuit , a group of approximately 25 Native warriors criss @-@ crossed the Pecatonica River until , finding flight hopeless , they prepared to make a
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"Ġand", "Ġsearched", "Ġin", "Ġvain", "Ġfor", "ĠSpencer", "Ġ,", "Ġwhom", "Ġthey", "Ġalso", "Ġassumed", "Ġdead", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠColonel", "ĠHenry", "ĠDodge", "Ġwas", "Ġat", "ĠGr", "at", "iot", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠGrove", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġwar", "Ġdescended", "Ġupon", "ĠSp", "aff", "ord", "ĠFarm", "Ġ,", "Ġhaving", "Ġjust", "Ġsent", "Ġhis", "Ġvolunteers", "Ġto", "Ġtheir", "Ġfor", "ts", "Ġto", "Ġres", "upp", "ly", "Ġand", "Ġrec", "u", "perate", "Ġ.", "ĠShortly", "Ġafter", "Ġhe", "Ġarrived", "Ġback", "Ġat", "Ġhis", "Ġhome", "Ġfort", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġreceived", "Ġword", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAub", "rey", "Ġmurder", "Ġat", "ĠFort", "ĠBlue", "ĠM", "ounds", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġincident", "Ġat", "ĠSp", "aff", "ord", "ĠFarm", "Ġ.", "ĠDodge", "Ġordered", "Ġmilitia", "Ġdetach", "ments", "Ġfrom", "ĠFort", "ĠDef", "iance", "Ġ,", "ĠFort", "ĠJackson", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠFort", "ĠHamilton", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġscene", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmassacre", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAfter", "Ġthe", "Ġmassacre", "Ġ,", "ĠGeneral", "ĠHenry", "ĠAtkinson", "Ġwas", "Ġinformed", "Ġthat", "ĠDodge", "Ġwas", "Ġto", "Ġtake", "Ġover", "ĠGeneral", "ĠAlexander", "ĠPose", "y", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġbrigade", "Ġat", "ĠFort", "ĠHamilton", "Ġ.", "ĠWhile", "ĠDodge", "Ġwas", "Ġon", "Ġhis", "Ġway", "Ġto", "Ġvisit", "Ġthe", "Ġbrigade", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġheard", "Ġa", "Ġrifle", "Ġshot", "Ġfrom", "Ġa", "Ġgroup", "Ġof", "ĠNative", "ĠAmericans", "Ġ.", "ĠDodge", "Ġquickly", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġcommand", "Ġpost", "Ġand", "Ġgathered", "Ġas", "Ġmany", "Ġmen", "Ġas", "Ġhe", "Ġcould", "Ġto", "Ġpursue", "Ġthe", "Ġenemy", "Ġ.", "ĠWith", "ĠDodge", "Ġin", "Ġquick", "Ġpursuit", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġgroup", "Ġof", "Ġapproximately", "Ġ25", "ĠNative", "Ġwarriors", "Ġcr", "iss", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcrossed", "Ġthe", "ĠP", "ec", "aton", "ica", "ĠRiver", "Ġuntil", "Ġ,", "Ġfinding", "Ġflight", "Ġhopeless", "Ġ,", "Ġthey", "Ġprepared", "Ġto", "Ġmake", "Ġa" ]
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stand at the Battle of Pecatonica . = I Miss You ( Miley Cyrus song ) = " I Miss You " is a song by American recording artist , Miley Cyrus . It was co @-@ written by Cyrus ( credited under her birth name Destiny Hope Cyrus ) , Brian Green , Wendy Foy Green , and produced by Brian Green . " I Miss You " is a homage to Cyrus ' late grandfather , Ron Cyrus , who died in February 28 , 2006 . He was diagnosed with mesothelioma , and , seeing her grandfather nearing death , Cyrus wanted to write him a song prior to his decease . It was released to Radio Disney mid @-@ year 2007 as promotion for the dual disc Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus . The song is a ballad with rock and country influences . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics ; some commented on how it deviated from her usual material at the time and how effective the message was . " I Miss You " appeared on two United States charts : it peaked at number nine on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , an extension of the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and at number ninety @-@ two on the defunct Pop 100 . Cyrus performed the song on acoustic guitar as an encore at several stops on her first headlining concert tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 – 08 ) . = = Background = = The singer had a very close relationship with her paternal grandfather , Ron Cyrus , a Democratic legislator in the state of Kentucky and public servant , whom she referred to as " Pappy " . He was diagnosed with mesothelioma , a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body 's internal organs , and struggled with the illness for several years as result of exposure to asbestos . Cyrus then relocated from Franklin , Tennessee to Los Angeles , California to commence work on the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana . At the sight of her grandfather ailing from afar , Cyrus was inspired to compose " I Miss You " . In her autobiography Miles to Go ( 2009 ) , she explained , " That 's how I ended up writing the song ' I Miss You ' for Pappy . He was so sick . I knew he was dying , and slowly so did my heart . I couldn 't imagine life without him . " She co @-@ wrote the song with her mother 's dear friends Wendy Foy Green and Brian Green , and described it as the most difficult song for her write because of the subject matter . Cyrus attempted to halt writing " I Miss You " , telling her co @-@ writers she could not bear anymore . However , Cyrus later desired to resume writing , saying she " knew what [ her ] heart wanted to say , and whatever is in [ her ] heart finds its way to [ her ] fingertips . " Moreover , she desired for her grandfather to listen to the song before passing away . Although Cyrus was never able to sing it for him , her father played a quick cut of " I Miss You " for Ron towards the end of his life . The singer said she liked to believe that the song gave her grandfather hope , in a similar fashion which he gave and continues to give hope to her . At the age of 70 , Ron Cyrus died on February 28 , 2006 , two days prior the red carpet premiere of Hannah Montana . In the episode " She 's a Supersneak " , Cyrus sang a part of the song as Miley Stewart , in memory of the character 's late mother . Cyrus then recorded the song for her debut album , Meet Miley Cyrus . The singer believed that , despite having personal significance to her , " I Miss You " could have a variety of meanings for distinct people in divergent situations , including moving away from home , the loss of a parent , or a breakup in a romantic relationship . = = Composition = = " I Miss You " is a pop music song with a length of three minutes and fifty @-@ eight seconds . It is a ballad that maintains low @-@ key with an acoustic styling . " I Miss You " is influenced by elements of the country music genre ; nevertheless , it has a rock music @-@ based musical arrangement , relying prominently on a gentle strumming guitar for instrumentation . Written in the key of B ♭ major but will transpose at the key of C major at the end of the bridge , " I Miss You " is set in common time with a tempo of 85 beats per minute . Cyrus ' low and throaty vocals span a one octave , ranging from G3 to B ♭ 4 . The song has the following chord progression , B ♭ – Gm7 – F – F – Fsus . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = " I Miss You " has received generally positive reviews from music critics . Heather Phares of Allmusic
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"Ġchart", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġat", "Ġnumber", "Ġninety", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġtwo", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġdefunct", "ĠPop", "Ġ100", "Ġ.", "ĠCyrus", "Ġperformed", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġon", "Ġacoustic", "Ġguitar", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġenc", "ore", "Ġat", "Ġseveral", "Ġstops", "Ġon", "Ġher", "Ġfirst", "Ġhead", "lining", "Ġconcert", "Ġtour", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠBest", "Ġof", "ĠBoth", "ĠWorlds", "ĠTour", "Ġ(", "Ġ2007", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ08", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBackground", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġsinger", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġvery", "Ġclose", "Ġrelationship", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġpaternal", "Ġgrandfather", "Ġ,", "ĠRon", "ĠCyrus", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "ĠDemocratic", "Ġlegislator", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġstate", "Ġof", "ĠKentucky", "Ġand", "Ġpublic", "Ġservant", "Ġ,", "Ġwhom", "Ġshe", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "ĠP", "appy", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġdiagnosed", "Ġwith", "Ġmes", "ot", "hel", "i", "oma", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġrare", "Ġform", "Ġof", "Ġcancer", "Ġthat", "Ġdevelops", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġprotective", "Ġlining", "Ġthat", "Ġcovers", "Ġmany", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbody", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġinternal", "Ġorgans", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġstruggled", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġillness", "Ġfor", "Ġseveral", "Ġyears", "Ġas", "Ġresult", "Ġof", "Ġexposure", "Ġto", "Ġasbestos", "Ġ.", "ĠCyrus", "Ġthen", "Ġrelocated", "Ġfrom", "ĠFranklin", "Ġ,", "ĠTennessee", "Ġto", "ĠLos", "ĠAngeles", "Ġ,", "ĠCalifornia", "Ġto", "Ġcommence", "Ġwork", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠDisney", "ĠChannel", "Ġoriginal", "Ġseries", "ĠHannah", "ĠMontana", "Ġ.", "ĠAt", "Ġthe", "Ġsight", "Ġof", "Ġher", "Ġgrandfather", "Ġa", "iling", "Ġfrom", "Ġafar", "Ġ,", "ĠCyrus", "Ġwas", "Ġinspired", "Ġto", "Ġcompose", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġher", "Ġautobiography", "ĠMiles", "Ġto", "ĠGo", "Ġ(", "Ġ2009", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġexplained", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠThat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġhow", "ĠI", "Ġended", "Ġup", "Ġwriting", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġ'", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ'", "Ġfor", "ĠP", "appy", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġwas", "Ġso", "Ġsick", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġknew", "Ġhe", "Ġwas", "Ġdying", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġslowly", "Ġso", "Ġdid", "Ġmy", "Ġheart", "Ġ.", "ĠI", "Ġcouldn", "Ġ'", "t", "Ġimagine", "Ġlife", "Ġwithout", "Ġhim", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠShe", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwrote", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġmother", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdear", "Ġfriends", "ĠWendy", "ĠF", "oy", "ĠGreen", "Ġand", "ĠBrian", "ĠGreen", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġdescribed", "Ġit", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġdifficult", "Ġsong", "Ġfor", "Ġher", "Ġwrite", "Ġbecause", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsubject", "Ġmatter", "Ġ.", "ĠCyrus", "Ġattempted", "Ġto", "Ġhalt", "Ġwriting", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġtelling", "Ġher", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġwriters", "Ġshe", "Ġcould", "Ġnot", "Ġbear", "Ġanymore", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "ĠCyrus", "Ġlater", "Ġdesired", "Ġto", "Ġresume", "Ġwriting", "Ġ,", "Ġsaying", "Ġshe", "Ġ\"", "Ġknew", "Ġwhat", "Ġ[", "Ġher", "Ġ]", "Ġheart", "Ġwanted", "Ġto", "Ġsay", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwhatever", "Ġis", "Ġin", "Ġ[", "Ġher", "Ġ]", "Ġheart", "Ġfinds", "Ġits", 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"Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġlength", "Ġof", "Ġthree", "Ġminutes", "Ġand", "Ġfifty", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġeight", "Ġseconds", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġball", "ad", "Ġthat", "Ġmaintains", "Ġlow", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġkey", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġacoustic", "Ġstyling", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ\"", "Ġis", "Ġinfluenced", "Ġby", "Ġelements", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcountry", "Ġmusic", "Ġgenre", "Ġ;", "Ġnevertheless", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġrock", "Ġmusic", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbased", "Ġmusical", "Ġarrangement", "Ġ,", "Ġrelying", "Ġprominently", "Ġon", "Ġa", "Ġgentle", "Ġstr", "um", "ming", "Ġguitar", "Ġfor", "Ġinstrument", "ation", "Ġ.", "ĠWritten", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġkey", "Ġof", "ĠB", "ĠâĻ", "Ń", "Ġmajor", "Ġbut", "Ġwill", "Ġtrans", "pose", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġkey", "Ġof", "ĠC", "Ġmajor", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġend", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbridge", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ\"", "Ġis", "Ġset", "Ġin", "Ġcommon", "Ġtime", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġtempo", "Ġof", "Ġ85", "Ġbeats", "Ġper", "Ġminute", "Ġ.", "ĠCyrus", "Ġ'", "Ġlow", "Ġand", "Ġthroat", "y", "Ġvocals", "Ġspan", "Ġa", "Ġone", "Ġoct", "ave", "Ġ,", "Ġranging", "Ġfrom", "ĠG", "3", "Ġto", "ĠB", "ĠâĻ", "Ń", "Ġ4", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsong", "Ġhas", "Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġchord", "Ġprogression", "Ġ,", "ĠB", "ĠâĻ", "Ń", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠG", "m", "7", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠF", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠF", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠF", "s", "us", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠRe", "ception", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCritical", "Ġreception", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ\"", "Ġhas", "Ġreceived", "Ġgenerally", "Ġpositive", "Ġreviews", "Ġfrom", "Ġmusic", "Ġcritics", "Ġ.", "ĠHeather", "ĠPh", "ares", "Ġof", "ĠAll", "music" ]
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complimented " I Miss You " , and categorized it as one of the tracks on Meet Miley Cyrus that bared much resemblance to Hannah Montana songs . Andy Webster of The New York Times wrote that " I Miss You " is " as doleful as it gets " . Andy Spletzer of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer believed the track had a level a sincerity that was void from the remainder of Cyrus ' repertoire at the time . He added , " The songs are more guitar @-@ driven , the outfits more adult , and the lyrics imply a string of bad boyfriends -- but it feels like imaginary drama taken from high school poetry , as if she 's pretending to be older than she is . " In a similar note , Elysa Gardner of USA Today stated the song was the exception to the " heavy on flash and fantasy " that characterized Cyrus at the time . Joseph P. Kahn of the Boston Globe mentioned the song while remarking that Cyrus ' songs surpass much of the music played on Radio Disney . Maitland McDonagh of TV Guide believed the track a was a clear demonstration of how affectionate Cyrus was with her grandfather . Kelly Jane Torrance of The Washington Times said " I Miss You " was an unpredictable effort , which , according to her , was both empathetic and executed properly , from Cyrus . = = = Chart performance = = = On the week ending July 14 , 2007 , " I Miss You " debuted on two US Billboard charts . It entered at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 extension , the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart , and at number ninety @-@ two in its only week on the discontinued Pop 100 chart . The following week , the song fell to number twenty @-@ five in its second and final appearance on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . = = Live performances = = Cyrus performed " I Miss You " as an encore on sporadic dates of her first headlining tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour , which extended from October 2007 to January 2008 . The tour 's concert film uses the performance within the set , although it was not performed as such . The performance had Cyrus dressed in a white tank top , blue cardigan , and denim pants , and sole on the stage . She sat on a stool that placed towards the end of the runaway , performing with an acoustic guitar , as images and home footage of Ron Cyrus appeared on the screens . Chris William of Entertainment Weekly attended the November 8 , 2007 concert at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego , California , and wrote , " So it was especially sweet when , for the encore , she ditched the dancers and enhancers and strummed an acoustic guitar on ' I Miss You , ' vulnerably serenading her late grandpappy — and , for once , really looking and sounding 14 . Not everyone noticed because , when she finished , half the seats were empty . " Alison Bonaguro Dressed of the Chicago Tribune stated that , despite its simplicity , the performance on December 8 , 2007 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois felt like as though it was the largest production of all . In a gray shirt and black pants , Cyrus performed the song , along with " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " and " The Best of Both Worlds " , on The Oprah Winfrey Show on December 20 , 2007 , as a screen displayed a light @-@ blue background . On October 5 , 2013 , as part of a Saturday Night Live skit , Cyrus performed an excerpt from " I Miss You " with actress Vanessa Bayer . = = Charts = = = 55 Cancri b = 55 Cancri b ( abbreviated 55 Cnc b ) , occasionally designated 55 Cancri Ab ( to distinguish it from the star 55 Cancri B ) , also named Galileo , is an extrasolar planet orbiting the Sun @-@ like star 55 Cancri A every 14 @.@ 65 days . It is the second planet in order of distance from its star , and is an example of a hot Jupiter , or possibly rather " warm Jupiter " . In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Galileo for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Royal Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy of the Netherlands . It honors early @-@ 17th century astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei . = = Discovery = = 55 Cancri b was discovered in 1996 by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler . It was the fourth known extrasolar planet , excluding pulsar planets . Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , it was discovered by detecting variations in its star 's radial velocity caused by the planet 's gravity . By making sensitive measurements of the Do
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"Ġscreen", "Ġdisplayed", "Ġa", "Ġlight", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġblue", "Ġbackground", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "ĠOctober", "Ġ5", "Ġ,", "Ġ2013", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠSaturday", "ĠNight", "ĠLive", "Ġsk", "it", "Ġ,", "ĠCyrus", "Ġperformed", "Ġan", "Ġexcerpt", "Ġfrom", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "ĠMiss", "ĠYou", "Ġ\"", "Ġwith", "Ġactress", "ĠVanessa", "ĠBayer", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCh", "arts", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "anc", "ri", "Ġb", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "anc", "ri", "Ġb", "Ġ(", "Ġabbrevi", "ated", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "nc", "Ġb", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġoccasionally", "Ġdesignated", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "anc", "ri", "ĠAb", "Ġ(", "Ġto", "Ġdistinguish", "Ġit", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġstar", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "anc", "ri", "ĠB", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġalso", "Ġnamed", "ĠGalileo", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġextras", "olar", "Ġplanet", "Ġorbiting", "Ġthe", "ĠSun", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlike", "Ġstar", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "anc", "ri", "ĠA", "Ġevery", "Ġ14", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ65", "Ġdays", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", 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"Ġcentury", "Ġastronomer", "Ġand", "Ġphysicist", "ĠGalileo", "ĠGalile", "i", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠDiscovery", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ55", "ĠC", "anc", "ri", "Ġb", "Ġwas", "Ġdiscovered", "Ġin", "Ġ1996", "Ġby", "ĠGeoffrey", "ĠMar", "cy", "Ġand", "ĠR", ".", "ĠPaul", "ĠButler", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġfourth", "Ġknown", "Ġextras", "olar", "Ġplanet", "Ġ,", "Ġexcluding", "Ġpuls", "ar", "Ġplanets", "Ġ.", "ĠLike", "Ġthe", "Ġmajority", "Ġof", "Ġknown", "Ġextras", "olar", "Ġplanets", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġdiscovered", "Ġby", "Ġdetecting", "Ġvariations", "Ġin", "Ġits", "Ġstar", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġradial", "Ġvelocity", "Ġcaused", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġplanet", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġgravity", "Ġ.", "ĠBy", "Ġmaking", "Ġsensitive", "Ġmeasurements", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠDo" ]
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ppler shift of the spectrum of 55 Cancri A , a 15 @-@ day periodicity was detected . The planet was announced in 1996 , together with the planet of Tau Boötis and the innermost planet of Upsilon Andromedae . Even when this inner planet , with a mass at least 78 % times that of Jupiter was accounted for , the star still showed a drift in its radial velocity . This eventually led to the discovery of the outer planet 55 Cancri d in 2002 . = = Orbit and mass = = 55 Cancri b is in a short @-@ period orbit , though not so extreme as that of the previously detected hot Jupiter 51 Pegasi b . The orbital period indicates that the planet is located close to a 1 : 3 mean motion resonance with 55 Cancri c , however investigations of the planetary parameters in a Newtonian simulation indicate that while the orbital periods are close to this ratio , the planets are not actually in the resonance . In 2012 , b 's upper atmosphere was observed transiting the star ; so its inclination is about 85 degrees , coplanar with 55 Cancri e . This helped to constrain the mass of the planet but the inclination was too low to constrain its radius . The mass is about .85 that of Jupiter . = = Characteristics = = 55 Cancri b is a gas giant with no solid surface . The atmospheric transit has demonstrated hydrogen in the upper atmosphere . That transit is so tangential , that properties such as its radius , density , and temperature are unknown . Assuming a composition similar to that of Jupiter and that its environment is close to chemical equilibrium , 55 Cancri b 's upper atmosphere is predicted to be cloudless with a spectrum dominated by alkali metal absorption . The atmosphere 's transit indicates that it is slowly evaporating under the sun 's heat . The evaporation is slower than that for previously studied ( hotter ) hot Jupiters . The planet is unlikely to have large moons , since tidal forces would either eject them from orbit or destroy them on short timescales relative to the age of the system . = Ridge Racer ( video game ) = Ridge Racer ( リッジレーサー , Rijji Rēsā ) is a 1993 racing video game developed and published by Namco . It was initially released on the Namco System 22 arcade system board , and later ported to the PlayStation console in 1994 . It is the first title in the Ridge Racer series released for arcades and home consoles . The objective is to finish in first place in a series of races . Ridge Racer was among the first racing games to use polygon graphics to its full potential . The PlayStation version supports Namco 's NeGcon controller . The first home version of Ridge Racer was released in Japan in 1994 as a launch title for the PlayStation ; the versions for North America and Europe were released in 1995 . It was re @-@ released in Japan for the PlayStation The Best range in July 1997 , and for the Greatest Hits and Platinum ranges in North America and PAL regions respectively the same year . The game played a major role in establishing the new system and giving it an early edge over its nearest competitor , the Sega Saturn , and was considered a rival to Sega 's Daytona USA . Ridge Racer received a highly positive reception . Reviewers praised the graphics , audio , drifting mechanics , and arcade @-@ like gameplay , although some were critical of the lack of strong artificial intelligence and multiplayer mode . The arcade version was followed by a sequel , Ridge Racer 2 , in 1994 , whereas the PlayStation sequel , Ridge Racer Revolution , was released in December 1995 in Japan , and in 1996 in North America and PAL regions . The soundtrack was remixed and released on the Namco Game Sound Express Vol . 11 album . = = Gameplay = = In the PlayStation version , a mini @-@ game of Galaxian can be played as the game loads . If won , eight additional cars become available . The cars are varied in their specifications ; some feature a high top speed , others excelling at acceleration or turning , and others being more balanced . Certain cars are named after other Namco games such as Solvalou , Mappy , Bosconian , Nebulasray , and Xevious . Once the game has loaded , all the CD is needed for is to play six music tracks . The disc can be replaced at any time during gameplay , although the game does not update ; regardless of what disc is inserted , there will always be six tracks , corresponding the starting points of the tracks on the game disc . A course , transmission ( automatic or six @-@ speed manual ) , car , and song are chosen . The racetrack can be observed from the first @-@ person perspective ( or from the third @-@ person perspective for the PlayStation version ) . Namco '
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115,125
s NeGcon controller can be used to play . Being an arcade racer , collisions do no damage , and merely slow the player down . There is a time limit , which ends the game if counted down to zero . A single course is featured , although it consists of four configurations of increasing difficulty ; Novice , Intermediate , Advanced and Time Trial ( the latter two are extended ) . The player races eleven opponents except in Time Trial , where there is only one . The higher the difficulty , the faster the cars run , with Time Trial being the fastest . Each race consists of three laps ( two on the beginner course ) . Checkpoints that grant additional time when passed through are present throughout . In the PlayStation version , after every race is won , reversed ones become available , and an additional opponent is encountered in Time Trial ; the 13th Racing " Devil " , the fastest car . On winning , the car is unlocked . In the arcade version , the winning player 's score is saved in action @-@ replay highlights after finishing the game . The PlayStation version features hidden " mirror " version of the tracks . It becomes a " mirror image " of itself ; left turns become right turns and vice @-@ versa , and the surroundings switch sides of the road . = = Development and release = = At JAMMA 's 1992 Amusement Machine Show in Japan , held during 27 – 19 August 1992 , Namco debuted a racing game called Sim Drive , for the Namco System 22 arcade system board . It was a sequel to Eunos Roadster Driving Simulator , a Mazda MX @-@ 5 driving simulation arcade game that Namco developed with Mazda and released in 1990 . Its 3D polygon graphics stood out for its use of Gouraud shading and texture mapping . After a location test at the show , where it was previewed by the November 1992 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly , Sim Drive had a limited Japanese release in December 1992 , but did not get a mass @-@ market release . It served as a prototype for Ridge Racer . Ridge Racer had a development cycle of eight months . The development team was under pressure to complete it before their rivals , and designer Fumihiro Tanaka commented that " the other company " was in the same position . Ridge Racer was originally planned to be an F1 racing game , but the concept was replaced with one based on a trend among Japanese car enthusiasts at the time . Namco Bandai 's general manager Yozo Sakagami explained that they liked racing on mountain roads and did not want to slow down around corners , so drifted around them instead . The team therefore decided to create a game which lets the player test his driving skills and experience the car 's manipulation at high speeds while mastering drifting . Development for the PlayStation version began in April 1994 . Because of the radical differences , that version essentially had to be done from scratch , and took nearly as long to develop , being completed in November 1994 . The PlayStation port was developed by the same team . Due to technical limitations , the PlayStation port was difficult to program and runs at a lower resolution , lower framerate ( 30 frames per second for NTSC , 25 for PAL ) , and was less detailed . Specialised graphics libraries had to be developed because it was felt the standard ones provided by Sony were too limited . Visual director Yozo Sakagami remarked that the hardest element to port was the experience of driving a car . It was felt that the NeGcon controller would provide a more analogue feel than the standard PlayStation controller . Sakagami was concerned about loading times due to the CD @-@ ROM format ; the team countered this by having all the data loaded into memory by the time the title screen appeared , and having the player play a mini @-@ game of Galaxian while waiting . Sakagami chose Galaxian because he was part of its arcade team , and wanted to honour his former boss . Due to CDs being cheaper to produce , the retail price was cheaper than cartridge games despite an increase in development costs . Ridge Racer sold for under ¥ 6000 ( £ 37 ) in Japan . During release for arcade system board , Ridge Racer was called by Namco " the most realistic driving game ever " . It featured three @-@ dimensional polygon graphics with texture mapping . The PlayStation version was shown at the 1995 Electronic Entertainment Expo event , and was an innovation in the use of three @-@ dimensional polygons . Ridge Racer was released in Japan on 3 December 1994 , in North America on 9 September 1995 , and in Europe on 29 September as a launch title for the PlayStation . = = = Music = = = The soundtrack was produced alongside the game by Shinji Hosoe , with contributions from Nobuyoshi Sano and Ayako Saso , as the development team didn 't have enough time to produce them separately . The team did not initially plan to have music , but ended up producing techno , which Tanaka believed helped players to enjoy a fun feeling while playing . Hiroshi Ok
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"ĠTanaka", "Ġbelieved", "Ġhelped", "Ġplayers", "Ġto", "Ġenjoy", "Ġa", "Ġfun", "Ġfeeling", "Ġwhile", "Ġplaying", "Ġ.", "ĠHirosh", "i", "ĠOk" ]
115,126
ubo believed techno would give a feeling of energy , journey , and speed , and commented that the genre was chosen because it embodied the game 's " unrealistic speed and tension " . This was commemorated by the release of Namco Game Sound Express Vol . 11 , which featured remixed versions , on 21 January 1994 in Japan . = = Reception = = Ridge Racer received critical acclaim . The graphics and sound in particular were praised . In the April 1994 issue of the UK magazine Computer and Video Games , Paul Rand gave high marks , remarking that it was " far and away the most realistic arcade game ever seen " on reviewing the arcade machine ( based on the full @-@ scale unit ) . In a review of its Japanese console release , GamePro called the PlayStation version " a near carbon copy of the original " and praised the graphics , soundtrack , and the entire game being loaded into the PlayStation 's RAM , eliminating mid @-@ game loading and giving the option of removing the game disc and using the PlayStation as a music CD player during gameplay . Although they criticised the graphical glitches and slowdown , the game was recommended . Next Generation applauded the conversion 's faithful recreation of the arcade version , smooth graphics , and additional cars . Although they noted the lack of variety in the different cars ' performance and the absence of a multiplayer mode as downsides , they found the game overall remarkable and commented that the fact that Ridge Racer was an early game for the PlayStation , and a rushed project at that , made it " an excellent harbinger of what 's to come " . GamePro 's review of the later North American release judged that the game surpassed competitor Daytona USA in graphics , audio , and control responsiveness , and called it " The best racing game to date for home systems " . Commenting on the realism , Game Informer remarked that Ridge Racer " does a better job of capturing the feel of high performance car racing than any existing driving game " . The two sports reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the gameplay and music . Maximum commented that " Ridge Racer isn 't without its bad points - basically , there is only one track and the game lacks the awesome crash sequences of Daytona USA , but everything else in the title is sheer class " . They commented positively on the " feeling of smoothness and speed " , the " distinctly European " dance music , the engine sounds , and the unrealistically exaggerated driving manoeuvres . In 1996 , IGN commented that despite two years of release the game " has definitely stood the test of time " , but complained that " there is no two @-@ player mode " and that " the cars don 't really vary in performance that much " . AllGame 's Shawn Sackenheim praised the game , particularly the graphics and audio , and concluded that it " is a fun title that racing fans will love " . Coming Soon Magazine praised its " ultra fluid and very realistic " graphics , but criticised the game for being too short . The Electric Playground 's Victor Lucas gave top marks , remarking " The experience of playing RR supersedes the thrills generally attributed to playing other racing video games " , and further commented " I really can 't stress enough how deserving of your video game dollars Ridge Racer is " . Edge praised the " dazzling " graphics and " arcade @-@ perfect " music . Despite positive reviews , the game was criticised by 1UP.com for the arcade style of gameplay . The lack of artificial intelligence has received criticism — the movement of the computer @-@ controlled cars is restricted to predetermined waypoints . The game was reviewed in 1995 in Dragon No. 221 by Jay & Dee in the " Eye of the Monitor " column , where Dee called it " just another racing game " . Ridge Racer was awarded Best Driving Game of 1995 by Electronic Gaming Monthly . It was listed as one of the best games of all time by Game Informer in 2001 , Yahoo in 2005 , Electronic Gaming Monthly in 2006 , Guinness World Records in 2008 and 2009 , NowGamer in 2010 , and FHM in 2012 . = = = Legacy = = = Ridge Racer has been followed by many sequels and helped establish the position of the PlayStation console . IGN stated that Ridge Racer had been " one of PlayStation 's first big system pushers " and " an excellent port of the arcade version that showed the true potential of Sony 's 32 @-@ bit wonder " . UGO Networks 's Michael Hess and Chris Plante said that it had " set the stage for Gran Turismo by adding an option to choose between automatic and manual transmission " . John Davison of 1UP.com said that Ridge Racer was an " unbelievable demonstration of what the PlayStation could do " . Ridge Racer is mentioned in the song My Console ( 1999 ) from the Italian electronic dance group Eiffel 65 . = = Other releases = = The PlayStation version was re @-@ released for The Best , Greatest Hits , and Platinum ranges in 1997 . Ridge Racer received a number
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"Ġpotential", "Ġof", "ĠSony", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ32", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġbit", "Ġwonder", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠU", "GO", "ĠNetworks", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠMichael", "ĠHess", "Ġand", "ĠChris", "ĠPl", "ante", "Ġsaid", "Ġthat", "Ġit", "Ġhad", "Ġ\"", "Ġset", "Ġthe", "Ġstage", "Ġfor", "ĠGran", "ĠTur", "ismo", "Ġby", "Ġadding", "Ġan", "Ġoption", "Ġto", "Ġchoose", "Ġbetween", "Ġautomatic", "Ġand", "Ġmanual", "Ġtransmission", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠJohn", "ĠDav", "ison", "Ġof", "Ġ1", "UP", ".", "com", "Ġsaid", "Ġthat", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "Ġwas", "Ġan", "Ġ\"", "Ġunbelievable", "Ġdemonstration", "Ġof", "Ġwhat", "Ġthe", "ĠPlayStation", "Ġcould", "Ġdo", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "Ġis", "Ġmentioned", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "ĠMy", "ĠConsole", "Ġ(", "Ġ1999", "Ġ)", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠItalian", "Ġelectronic", "Ġdance", "Ġgroup", "ĠE", "iff", "el", "Ġ65", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOther", "Ġreleases", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠPlayStation", "Ġversion", "Ġwas", "Ġre", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġreleased", "Ġfor", "ĠThe", "ĠBest", "Ġ,", "ĠGreatest", "ĠHits", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠPlatinum", "Ġranges", "Ġin", "Ġ1997", "Ġ.", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "Ġreceived", "Ġa", "Ġnumber" ]
115,127
of ports and spin @-@ offs : = = = Ridge Racer Full Scale = = = A Full Scale arcade version was released alongside the standard arcade version in 1993 . This version was designed to give the player a more realistic driving experience . Players ( a passenger could sit in the car next to the driver ) sat inside an adapted red Eunos Roadster , the Japanese right @-@ hand @-@ drive version of the Mazda MX @-@ 5 Miata , and controlled the same car on @-@ screen . The game was played in front of a 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) wide , front @-@ projected triple screen ( which benefited from dimmed ambient lighting ) , with the wheel , gear stick and pedals functioning as the controls . The ignition key was used to start , the speed and RPM gauges were functional , and fans blew wind on the player from inside the air vents . Speakers concealed inside the car provided realistic engine and tyre sounds ; overhead speakers provided surround music . The P.C.B. was located under the bonnet of the car . = = = Ridge Racer : 3 Screen Edition = = = A version with three screens was released in arcades to give a peripheral vision effect . The machine used multiple System 22 arcade boards to drive the additional monitors and was only available in the sit down version . = = = Pocket Racer = = = Pocket Racer ( ポケットレーサー , Poketto Rēsā ) is a super deformed version with cars resembling Choro @-@ Q models , and aimed towards children . It was released in 1996 in Japan . It was only available in upright cabinet version , and uses Namco System 11 hardware . A similar game is included in Ridge Racer Revolution using the same cars under the name Pretty Racer ( also known as buggy mode ) , the inspiration for this game . = = = Ridge Racer Turbo = = = R4 : Ridge Racer Type 4 ( released on 3 December 1998 in Japan , 1 May 1999 in North America , and on 1 September 1999 in Europe ) includes a bonus disc containing a new version of the original Ridge Racer , called Ridge Racer Turbo in North America , Ridge Racer Hi @-@ Spec Demo in Europe , and Ridge Racer Hi Spec Version ( リッジレーサーハイスペックバージョン , Rijji Rēsā Hai Supekku Bājon ) in Japan . It featured improved graphics , runs at 60 frames per second ( 50 for PAL ) , as opposed to the original 30 , and supports vibration feedback and the Jogcon controller . There is only one opponent ( two in time trial boss races ) , and the White Angel from Ridge Racer Revolution appears in addition to the 13th Racing as a boss and unlockable car . A Time Attack mode is added , in which the player attempts to beat the time record without any opponent cars . This is distinct from Time Trial , where there are opponent cars . = = = Mobile versions = = = On 31 December 2005 , a version for mobile phones was released . It received mixed reviews . GameSpot 's Jeff Gerstmann gave the game 6 @.@ 1 / 10 . He praised graphics as " somewhat impressive for a mobile game " , but criticised the steering , saying that " it doesn 't take long to master the game . " Levi Buchanan of IGN gave Ridge Racer 6 @.@ 2 / 10 , complaining about the problematic controls and saying that the game without the analogue control " feels really lacking " . In 2005 , a version of Ridge Racer was released for mobile phones under the name Ridge Racer 3D ( not to be confused with the later Ridge Racer 3D for the Nintendo 3DS ) . On 11 August 2009 , this version was ported to Zeebo . = Peterborough ( UK Parliament constituency ) = Peterborough is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , sharing the name of a smaller constituency represented in the Parliament of England until 1707 and then in that of Great Britain until 1800 . It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election . The serving Member is Conservative Stewart Jackson . He defeated Labour 's Helen Clark in 2005 , and was re @-@ elected in 2010 with an increased majority . In 2015 , he held the seat with a reduced majority . = = Boundaries = = 1918 @-@ 1950 : The administrative county of the Soke of Peterborough , the Urban District of Oundle , the Rural Districts of Easton @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Hill and Gretton , and parts of the Rural Districts of Oundle and Thrapston . 1950 @-@ 1974 : The Municipal Borough of Peterborough , the Urban District of Oundle , the Rural Districts of Barnack and Peterborough
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"ĠSpec", "ĠVersion", "Ġ(", "Ġ", "ãĥª", "ãĥĥ", "ãĤ¸", "ãĥ¬", "ãĥ¼", "ãĤµ", "ãĥ¼ãĥ", "ı", "ãĤ¤", "ãĤ¹", "ãĥ", "ļ", "ãĥĥãĤ¯", "ãĥIJ", "ãĥ¼", "ãĤ¸", "ãĥ", "§", "ãĥ³", "Ġ,", "ĠR", "ij", "ji", "ĠR", "Äĵ", "s", "Äģ", "ĠHai", "ĠSu", "pe", "k", "ku", "ĠB", "Äģ", "jon", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "ĠJapan", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġfeatured", "Ġimproved", "Ġgraphics", "Ġ,", "Ġruns", "Ġat", "Ġ60", "Ġframes", "Ġper", "Ġsecond", "Ġ(", "Ġ50", "Ġfor", "ĠPAL", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġopposed", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġoriginal", "Ġ30", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġsupports", "Ġvibration", "Ġfeedback", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠJ", "og", "con", "Ġcontroller", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġis", "Ġonly", "Ġone", "Ġopponent", "Ġ(", "Ġtwo", "Ġin", "Ġtime", "Ġtrial", "Ġboss", "Ġraces", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠWhite", "ĠAngel", "Ġfrom", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "ĠRevolution", "Ġappears", "Ġin", "Ġaddition", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġ13", "th", "ĠRacing", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġboss", "Ġand", "Ġunlock", "able", "Ġcar", "Ġ.", "ĠA", "ĠTime", "ĠAttack", "Ġmode", "Ġis", "Ġadded", "Ġ,", "Ġin", 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".", "@", "Ġ2", "Ġ/", "Ġ10", "Ġ,", "Ġcomplaining", "Ġabout", "Ġthe", "Ġproblematic", "Ġcontrols", "Ġand", "Ġsaying", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġwithout", "Ġthe", "Ġanalogue", "Ġcontrol", "Ġ\"", "Ġfeels", "Ġreally", "Ġlacking", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġversion", "Ġof", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġfor", "Ġmobile", "Ġphones", "Ġunder", "Ġthe", "Ġname", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "Ġ3", "D", "Ġ(", "Ġnot", "Ġto", "Ġbe", "Ġconfused", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġlater", "ĠRidge", "ĠRacer", "Ġ3", "D", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠNintendo", "Ġ3", "DS", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġ11", "ĠAugust", "Ġ2009", "Ġ,", "Ġthis", "Ġversion", "Ġwas", "Ġported", "Ġto", "ĠZ", "ee", "bo", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠPeter", "borough", "Ġ(", "ĠUK", "ĠParliament", "Ġconstituency", "Ġ)", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠPeter", "borough", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġborough", "Ġconstituency", "Ġrepresented", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠHouse", "Ġof", "ĠCommons", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠParliament", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠKingdom", "Ġ,", "Ġsharing", "Ġthe", "Ġname", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġsmaller", "Ġconstituency", "Ġrepresented", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠParliament", "Ġof", "ĠEngland", "Ġuntil", "Ġ17", "07", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġin", "Ġthat", "Ġof", "ĠGreat", "ĠBritain", "Ġuntil", "Ġ1800", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġelect", "s", "Ġone", "ĠMember", "Ġof", "ĠParliament", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġpast", "Ġthe", "Ġpost", "Ġsystem", "Ġof", "Ġelection", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġserving", "ĠMember", "Ġis", "ĠConservative", "ĠStewart", "ĠJackson", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġdefeated", "ĠLabour", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠHelen", "ĠClark", "Ġin", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġwas", "Ġre", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġelected", "Ġin", "Ġ2010", "Ġwith", "Ġan", "Ġincreased", "Ġmajority", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2015", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġheld", "Ġthe", "Ġseat", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġreduced", "Ġmajority", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBound", "aries", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ1918", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġ1950", "Ġ:", "ĠThe", "Ġadministrative", "Ġcounty", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSo", "ke", "Ġof", "ĠPeter", "borough", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠUrban", "ĠDistrict", "Ġof", "ĠO", "undle", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠRural", "ĠDistrict", "s", "Ġof", "ĠEast", "on", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġthe", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠHill", "Ġand", "ĠG", "rett", "on", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġparts", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠRural", "ĠDistrict", "s", "Ġof", "ĠO", "undle", "Ġand", "ĠTh", "rap", "ston", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ1950", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġ1974", "Ġ:", "ĠThe", "ĠMunicipal", "ĠBorough", "Ġof", "ĠPeter", "borough", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠUrban", "ĠDistrict", "Ġof", "ĠO", "undle", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠRural", "ĠDistrict", "s", "Ġof", "ĠBarn", "ack", "Ġand", "ĠPeter", "borough" ]
115,128
, and part of the Rural District of Oundle and Thrapston . 1974 @-@ 1983 : The Municipal Borough of Peterborough , and the Rural Districts of Barnack , Peterborough , and Thorney . 1983 @-@ 1997 : The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton , Central , Dogsthorpe , East , Fletton , North , Orton Longueville , Orton Waterville , Park , Paston , Ravensthorpe , Stanground , Walton , and West . 1997 @-@ 2010 : The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton , Central , Dogsthorpe , East , North , Park , Paston , Ravensthorpe , Walton , Werrington , and West . 2010 @-@ present : The City of Peterborough wards of Bretton North , Bretton South , Central , Dogsthorpe , East , Eye and Thorney , Newborough , North , Park , Paston , Ravensthorpe , Walton , Werrington North , Werrington South , and West . The City of Peterborough formed a parliamentary borough returning two Members in 1541 . The rest of the Soke of Peterborough was part of the Northamptonshire parliamentary county , except the area south of the River Nene in the historic county of Huntingdonshire and Thorney , which was considered part of Cambridgeshire . Until 1832 when the whole of the parish of Saint John the Baptist was encompassed , the boundary , as far as is known , excluded the villages of Longthorpe , Dogsthorpe and Newark with Eastfield . The Great Reform Act did not affect the borough , while the rural portion of the Soke was included in the northern division of Northamptonshire . New Fletton was transferred from Huntingdonshire in 1868 and in 1918 the parliamentary borough was abolished and replaced with a new division of the parliamentary county of Northampton with the Soke of Peterborough , including the whole of the Soke and neighbouring parts of the administrative county of Northamptonshire , extending down to and beyond Thrapston and Corby . This became a county constituency under the 1948 revisions , when the boundaries of the constituency were adjusted to correspond to those of the Soke and they remained much the same until 1970 . Peterborough became a county constituency in 1974 . Following their review of parliamentary representation in Cambridgeshire in 2005 , the Boundary Commission for England made minor alterations to the existing constituencies to deal with population changes . The electoral wards used to create the modified Peterborough constituency fought at the 2010 general election are : Bretton North , Bretton South , Central , Dogsthorpe , East , Eye and Thorney , Newborough , North , Park , Paston , Ravensthorpe , Walton , Werrington North , Werrington South , and West . These changes increased the electorate from 64 @,@ 893 to 70 @,@ 640 . On the enumeration date of 17 February 2000 , the electoral quota for England was 69 @,@ 934 voters per constituency . The Peterborough wards of Barnack , Fletton , Glinton and Wittering , Northborough , Orton Longueville , Orton Waterville , Orton with Hampton , Stanground Central , and Stanground East form part of the North West Cambridgeshire constituency created in 1997 from parts of Peterborough and Huntingdon constituencies . The serving member for North West Cambridgeshire is the Conservative , Shailesh Vara MP , who succeeded Sir Brian Mawhinney , former Secretary of State for Transport and Chairman of the Conservative Party , in 2005 . Mawhinney , who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979 , was created Baron Mawhinney , of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire in 2005 . Eye and Thorney was previously included in the North East Cambridgeshire ( prior to 1983 Isle of Ely ) constituency . = = Franchise = = In the unreformed House of Commons to be either a candidate or an elector for a county seat , a man had to own ( not rent ) freehold property valued for the land tax at two pounds a year ( women could neither vote nor stand for election ) . This was known as the 40 / - freehold . The franchise for borough seats varied enormously . Originally in Peterborough the dean and chapter had claimed the franchise and held that only residents of Minster Precincts were burgesses . By the interregnum , the city was one of 37 boroughs in which suffrage was restricted to those paying scot and lot , a form of municipal taxation . In 1800 there were 2 @,@ 000 registered voters in Northamptonshire and 400 in Peterborough . By 1835 this was 576 , or about one per cent of the population . Bribery was general until the introduction of the secret ballot under the Ballot Act 1872 . Votes were
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115,129
cast by spoken declaration , in public , at the hustings , erected on the Market Place ( now Cathedral Square ) . In 1832 the Great Reform Act enfranchised those who owned or leased land worth £ 10 or more and the Second Reform Act extended this to all householders paying £ 10 or more in rent per annum , effectively enfranchising the skilled working class , so by 1868 the percentage of voters in Peterborough had risen to about 20 % of the population . The Third Reform Act extended the provisions of the previous act to the counties and the Fourth Reform Act widened suffrage further by abolishing practically all property qualifications for men and by enfranchising women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications . This system , known as universal manhood suffrage , was first used in the 1918 general election . However , full electoral equality wouldn 't occur until the Fifth Reform Act ten years later . According to the 2001 census , the population count of Peterborough constituency is 95 @,@ 103 persons , comprising 46 @,@ 131 males and 48 @,@ 972 females . 67 @.@ 56 % of those aged 16 – 74 are economically active , including 5 @.@ 92 % umemployed ; a further 12 @.@ 26 % are retired and 3 @.@ 08 % students . Of a total 39 @,@ 760 households , 63 @.@ 80 % are owner occupied , fewer than the regional ( 72 @.@ 71 % ) and national ( 68 @.@ 72 % ) averages . Turnout at the 2005 general election was 41 @,@ 194 or 61 @.@ 0 % of those eligible to vote , below the regional ( 63 @.@ 6 % ) and national ( 61 @.@ 3 % ) figures . = = Members of Parliament = = Peterborough sent two members to parliament for the first time in 1547 . Before the civil war , many were relatives of the clergy ; then for two hundred years after the restoration there was always a Fitzwilliam , or a Fitzwilliam nominee , sitting as member for Peterborough , making it a Whig stronghold . Representation was reduced to one member under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 . From the formal merger of the breakaway Liberal Unionists with the Conservatives in 1912 and the absorption of rural North Northamptonshire in 1918 , Peterborough has been predominantly Conservative . The growth in the New Town from 1967 may in part account for Labour 's victory here in 1974 . Since its formation in 1997 , North West Cambridgeshire has been one of the safest Conservative seats in the country . At the election which followed , Peterborough was ranked 93rd in the Conservatives 's one hundred most vulnerable seats ( the ones which the other parties must take if there is to be a change of government ) and 73rd on Labour 's target list . In 1966 , the closest poll in UK history , Sir Harmar Nicholls held the seat by three votes after seven recounts . Nicholls was the Conservative member from 1950 to 1974 , when he lost in the October election of that year to Labour 's Michael Ward , having held on by just 22 votes after four recounts in the election eight months earlier . After he lost his seat he was created Baron Harmar @-@ Nicholls , of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire and served , from 1979 to 1984 , as Member of the European Parliament for Greater Manchester South . David Cecil , 6th Marquess of Exeter , winner of 400m hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics , member of the International Olympic Committee for 48 years and chairman of the organising committee of the 1948 Summer Olympics , was the Conservative member from 1931 to 1943 . Lord Burghley , as he then was , succeeded the socialist writer and illustrator , Frank Horrabin , who was born in the city and elected under the leadership of Ramsay MacDonald in 1929 . The most recent Labour MP for Peterborough , Helen Clark ( née Brinton ) , won the seat in 1997 . She was defeated at the 2005 general election , following which it was widely reported that Clark was planning to defect to the Conservative Party , an announcement which was not popular locally . However , by early June it emerged that while she had left the Labour Party , she had not in fact joined the Conservatives and did not intend to . One of the earliest incumbents , Sir Walter Mildmay , member for Peterborough from 1553 to 1554 , subsequently became Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1559 to 1589 . Later , in the nineteenth century , William Elliot , Whig member from 1802 until his death in 1819 , was Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland between 1806 and 1807 ; the Hon. William Lamb ( later the 2nd Viscount Melbourne ) , Whig member from 1816 to 1819 , became Home Secretary in 1830 then Prime Minister from 1834 to 1841 ; and Sir James Scarlett ( later the 1st Baron Abinger )
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, Whig member from 1819 to 1830 , was , from 1827 , Attorney General for England and Wales . = = = Parliamentary Borough 1547 – 1918 = = = = = = = MPs 1542 – 1660 = = = = = = = = MPs 1660 – 1883 = = = = The Tories ( or Abhorrers ) and Whigs ( or Petitioners ) originated in the Court and Country parties that emerged in the aftermath of the civil war , although it is more accurate to describe them as loose tendencies , both of which might be regarded as conservative in modern terms . Modern party politics did not really begin to coalesce in Great Britain until at least 1784 . = = = = MPs 1885 – 1918 = = = = In 1832 the Tory Party evolved into the Conservative Party and in 1859 the Whig Party evolved , with Radicals and Peelites , into the Liberal Party . In opposition to Irish home rule , the Liberal Unionists ceded from the Liberals in 1886 , aligning themselves with the Conservatives . The Labour Party was later founded , as the Labour Representation Committee , in 1900 . = = = Division and County Constituency = = = The parliamentary borough of Peterborough was abolished under the Representation of the People Act 1918 , and the name was transferred to a division of the new parliamentary county of Northampton with the Soke of Peterborough . The Peterborough division became a county constituency in 1950 . = = = = MPs 1918 – 1974 = = = = = = = Borough Constituency = = = Peterborough was redefined as a borough constituency with effect from the February 1974 general election . Successors of the historic parliamentary boroughs , the spending limits for election campaigns are slightly lower than in county constituencies . = = = = MPs since 1974 = = = = = = Election results = = = = = Elections in the 2010s = = = = = = Elections in the 2000s = = = = = = Elections in the 1990s = = = = = = Elections in the 1980s = = = = = = Elections in the 1970s = = = = = = Elections in the 1960s = = = = = = Elections in the 1950s = = = = = = Elections in the 1940s = = = General Election 1939 / 40 Another general election was required to take place before the end of 1940 . The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year , the following candidates had been selected : Conservative : David George Brownlow Cecil , Lord Burghley Labour : Samuel Bennett = = = Elections in the 1930s = = = = = = Elections in the 1920s = = = = = = Elections in the 1910s = = = † denotes a candidate endorsed by the Coalition Government = Bart 's Girlfriend = " Bart 's Girlfriend " is the seventh television episode of The Simpsons ' sixth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 6 , 1994 . The plot of the episode follows the secret romance of Bart and Jessica Lovejoy , Reverend Lovejoy 's daughter . Bart tries to end the romance when he discovers that , behind her innocent façade as a preacher 's kid , she is an even bigger troublemaker than he is . Jessica then steals the money from the collection plate , leaving Bart to take the blame until Lisa exposes the truth . The episode was written by Jonathan Collier , and directed by Susie Dietter . Former The Simpsons ' show runner David Mirkin originally came up with the idea of Bart having a girlfriend that was more evil than he was . Meryl Streep guest stars in the episode as Jessica Lovejoy . It features cultural references to films such as Planet of the Apes and The Silence of the Lambs . Since airing , the episode has received acclaim from both critics and fans , and Entertainment Weekly named Meryl Streep 's role as one of the best guest appearances on The Simpsons . = = Plot = = Bart falls in love with Reverend Lovejoy 's daughter , Jessica . However , when he approaches her , she ignores him . The next Sunday , Bart decides to attend Sunday school to try to convince Jessica that he is a good person , but she still ignores him . Frustrated , Bart goes to the park to play a prank on Groundskeeper Willie , and is punished with detention . Jessica approaches him to express sympathy and invites him to her house for dinner with her family . During a formal dinner with the Lovejoys , Bart 's crude mannerisms and foul language cause Reverend Lovejoy to forbid him from ever seeing Jessica again . However , Jessica realizes that Bart is a bad boy and tells Bart that she likes
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"Ġsympathy", "Ġand", "Ġinvites", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġhouse", "Ġfor", "Ġdinner", "Ġwith", "Ġher", "Ġfamily", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDuring", "Ġa", "Ġformal", "Ġdinner", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠLove", "joy", "s", "Ġ,", "ĠBart", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcrude", "Ġmanner", "isms", "Ġand", "Ġfoul", "Ġlanguage", "Ġcause", "ĠReverend", "ĠLove", "joy", "Ġto", "Ġforbid", "Ġhim", "Ġfrom", "Ġever", "Ġseeing", "ĠJessica", "Ġagain", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "ĠJessica", "Ġrealizes", "Ġthat", "ĠBart", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġbad", "Ġboy", "Ġand", "Ġtells", "ĠBart", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġlikes" ]
115,131
him . They begin secretly dating and causing mischief through the town . Bart quickly realizes that Jessica ( an example of the preacher 's kid stereotype ) is even more badly behaved than he is , so at the next Sunday service he tries to make her see the error of her ways . Although she seems to agree , Jessica immediately steals from the collection plate before forcing it back upon the hapless Bart. The congregation mistakenly believes that Bart took the money when they see him with the empty plate . Bart attempts to explain , but they refuse to listen . Although Homer assumes Bart is guilty , Marge is willing to hear him out , but Bart claims he does not know who did it . The following day , Bart visits Jessica at her house , and admits that he does not like her after Jessica refuses to own up to the crime . Upon finding out the truth , Lisa is determined not to allow her brother to take blame for something he did not do , and she tells their congregation that Jessica is the guilty party . The townspeople then search Jessica 's room , where the money is found under her bed . Rev. Lovejoy refuses to believe that his daughter is guilty until Jessica admits to him she did it to gain attention . She is punished by being forced to scrub the church steps , and Bart receives an apology from the congregation at Marge 's insistence . Later , Bart approaches Jessica at church and tells her what he has learned , to which Jessica responds that she has learned that she can make boys do whatever she wants . Bart then agrees to finish Jessica 's chores as she runs off with another boyfriend . However , as soon as she leaves , he snickers about how bad a job he is going to do on the steps to get back at her . = = Production = = " Bart 's Girlfriend " was written by Jonathan Collier and directed by Susie Dietter . David Mirkin , who was show runner at the time , originally had the idea of Bart having a girlfriend that was more evil than he was . Mirkin gave the idea to Collier to write it with the help of the show 's executive producer , James L. Brooks . Collier said later that he thought it was a case of Brooks coming up with good ideas and him " giggling insequentially " . The idea for the ending of the episode was to have none of the characters learn anything from the experience . Matt Groening , the creator of The Simpsons , felt that Jessica Lovejoy was hard to draw in his own style but at the same time make her attractive . Julie Kavner , who provides the voice of Marge Simpson on the show , was particularly impressed by the eyes . Jessica was made the Reverend 's daughter to give the impression that she was good at first and then to show that she was rebelling against the righteousness of her family . In the scene where Bart talks to Jessica outside her house , her baton playing was in the script but the exact choreography was not . Dietter liked its incorporation because it gave Jessica something else , other than Bart , to pay attention to . This was also done in the final scene when Jessica scrubs the church steps and plays with the scrub brush . Academy Award winning actress Meryl Streep was called in to do the voice of Jessica . Nancy Cartwright , who provides the voice of Bart Simpson on the show , was a huge fan of Streep and she assumed that Streep would record her lines individually , but all of their recordings were done together . Streep showed up alone with no entourage at the Village Recorder in West Los Angeles at 2 : 30 P.M. , where she recorded her parts with Cartwright . Streep was continually doing many different versions of her lines . Mirkin felt she was easy to work with because she was versatile and keen to do a lot of different things , and as Mirkin expressed it , " easily evil " . Cartwright said in an interview with The Pantagraph that she really wanted Streep 's autograph , but was afraid to ask for it . After the recording session , Streep tapped Cartwright on the shoulder , and said her kids were big The Simpsons fans and that she would be in " big trouble " if she did not get Cartwright 's autograph . In a take off of John Travolta in the 1983 film Staying Alive , Bart struts down a street in Springfield after he is invited to dinner at the Lovejoys , just as Travolta strutted through Times Square to the same tune , in a joke written by Jace Richdale , who was the co @-@ executive producer of The Simpsons at the time . When Homer is musing over Bart 's first date , he begins to sing " Sunrise , Sunset " from Fiddler on the Roof , before moving on to " Cat 's in the Cradle " , and then " Yes , We Have No Bananas " . He then begins to weep due to the people in the song having no bananas . The joke
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"Ġthrough", "ĠTimes", "ĠSquare", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġsame", "Ġtune", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġjoke", "Ġwritten", "Ġby", "ĠJace", "ĠRich", "dale", "Ġ,", "Ġwho", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġexecutive", "Ġproducer", "Ġof", "ĠThe", "ĠSimpsons", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġ.", "ĠWhen", "ĠHomer", "Ġis", "Ġmus", "ing", "Ġover", "ĠBart", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġdate", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġbegins", "Ġto", "Ġsing", "Ġ\"", "ĠSunrise", "Ġ,", "ĠSunset", "Ġ\"", "Ġfrom", "ĠF", "iddler", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠRoof", "Ġ,", "Ġbefore", "Ġmoving", "Ġon", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "ĠCat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠCr", "adle", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġ\"", "ĠYes", "Ġ,", "ĠWe", "ĠHave", "ĠNo", "ĠBan", "anas", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġthen", "Ġbegins", "Ġto", "Ġweep", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġpeople", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġsong", "Ġhaving", "Ġno", "Ġbananas", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġjoke" ]
115,132
was reportedly very expensive for the writers to put in because they had to pay thousands of dollars for the rights to use the songs on the show . " Bart 's Girlfriend " originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 6 , 1994 . The episode was selected for release in a 2001 video collection of selected episodes titled : The Simpsons – Love , Springfield Style . Other episodes included in the collection set were " It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad Marge " , " The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons " , and " I 'm with Cupid " . The episode was included in The Simpsons season 6 DVD set , which was released on August 16 , 2005 , as The Simpsons – The Complete Sixth Season . = = Cultural references = = In the beginning of the episode , the parents chase the children in a cornfield to eventually round them up for church , which parodies a similar scene from the 1968 film Planet of the Apes , where the humans are rounded up by apes . After Bart is accused of stealing from the church collection plate , he is forced to wear a straitjacket in church , which is a reference to Hannibal Lecter 's straight @-@ jacket in The Silence of the Lambs . " Misirlou " , the theme song of the 1994 film Pulp Fiction , plays during Bart and Jessica 's date . Bart calls Jessica " smart , beautiful and a liar ... " and then claims she is " ... so much better than that Sarah , plain and tall " . The scene then cuts to a shot of a plain and tall girl named Sarah that overhears Bart and begins to cry . The Lovejoy family has a replica of Leonardo da Vinci 's painting The Last Supper hanging on the wall in their dining room . The sign on the Springfield Church marquee reads : " Evil Women in History : From Jezebel to Janet Reno " . = = Reception = = In its original American broadcast , " Bart 's Girlfriend " finished 53rd in the ratings for the week of October 31 to November 6 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 6 . The episode was the third highest rated show on the Fox network that week , beaten only by Beverly Hills , 90210 , and Married ... with Children . Since airing , the episode has received many positive reviews from fans and television critics . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , said : " Poor Bart gets picked on very cruelly by Jessica in a cleverly drawn study of pre @-@ pubescent love . We 're very fond of the scene in which Bart leaps out of the window at the church , after which Homer cries : He 's heading for the window ! " Colin Jacobson at DVD Movie Guide said in a review of the sixth season DVD : " We don ’ t often see Bart in a sympathetic light , so shows like this one are fun . " Girlfriend " reminds me of Season Four ’ s " New Kid on the Block " since it also featured Bart in love , though the programs differ since here the girl reciprocates . Streep does nicely as the bad kid and we get many fine moments in this memorable program . " TV Squad 's Adam Finley said : " Homer and Marge remained in the background for most of this episode , with Bart and Lisa becoming the main focus . Earlier episodes seemed to focus more on the dynamics between the two siblings , and it 's always a nice change of pace when the show examines their love for one another as opposed to constant rivalries . Lisa really wants to help Bart in this episode , and it 's actually quite touching . " In a 2008 article , Entertainment Weekly named Meryl Streep 's role as Jessica Lovejoy as one of the sixteen best guest appearances on The Simpsons . Total Film 's Nathan Ditum ranked Streep 's performance as the fifth best guest appearance in the show 's history , commenting that she is " the perfect mix of beguiling and devilish as Reverend Lovejoy ’ s rebellious daughter . " David Mirkin told the Daily News of Los Angeles that " Bart 's Girlfriend " and " Homer the Great " are his favorite episodes of the season . Mirkin liked the scene where Bart is punched by Nelson at the playground because Bart takes a while to recover , which made the scene more realistic . Nancy Cartwright told the Chicago Tribune that this episode , and " Lisa 's Substitute " from season two , are her two favorite The Simpsons episodes . = Delhi Metro = The Delhi Metro is a metro system serving Delhi and its satellite cities of Faridabad , Gurgaon , Noida and Ghaziabad in National Capital Region in India . Delhi Metro is the world 's 12th largest metro system in terms of both length and number of stations .
[ "Ġwas", "Ġreportedly", "Ġvery", "Ġexpensive", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġwriters", "Ġto", "Ġput", "Ġin", "Ġbecause", "Ġthey", "Ġhad", "Ġto", "Ġpay", "Ġthousands", "Ġof", "Ġdollars", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġrights", "Ġto", "Ġuse", "Ġthe", "Ġsongs", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġshow", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ\"", "ĠBart", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠG", "irlfriend", "Ġ\"", "Ġoriginally", "Ġaired", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠFox", "Ġnetwork", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠUnited", "ĠStates", "Ġon", "ĠNovember", "Ġ6", "Ġ,", "Ġ1994", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġepisode", "Ġwas", "Ġselected", "Ġfor", "Ġrelease", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġ2001", "Ġvideo", "Ġcollection", "Ġof", "Ġselected", "Ġepisodes", "Ġtitled", "Ġ:", "ĠThe", "ĠSimpsons", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠLove", "Ġ,", "ĠSpringfield", "ĠStyle", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġepisodes", "Ġincluded", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcollection", "Ġset", "Ġwere", "Ġ\"", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġa", "ĠMad", "Ġ,", "ĠMad", "Ġ,", "ĠMad", "Ġ,", "ĠMad", "ĠM", "arge", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "ĠTwo", "ĠMrs", ".", "ĠNah", "as", "ape", "em", "ap", "et", "il", "ons", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠI", "Ġ'", "m", "Ġwith", "ĠCup", "id", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġepisode", "Ġwas", "Ġincluded", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠSimpsons", "Ġseason", "Ġ6", "ĠDVD", "Ġset", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġwas", "Ġreleased", "Ġon", "ĠAugust", "Ġ16", "Ġ,", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "ĠThe", "ĠSimpsons", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠThe", "ĠComplete", "ĠSixth", "ĠSeason", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠCultural", "Ġreferences", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġbeginning", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġepisode", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġparents", "Ġchase", "Ġthe", "Ġchildren", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġcorn", "field", "Ġto", "Ġeventually", "Ġround", "Ġthem", "Ġup", "Ġfor", "Ġchurch", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġpar", "odies", "Ġa", "Ġsimilar", "Ġscene", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġ1968", "Ġfilm", "ĠPlanet", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAp", "es", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġthe", "Ġhumans", "Ġare", "Ġrounded", "Ġup", "Ġby", "Ġapes", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "ĠBart", "Ġis", "Ġaccused", "Ġof", "Ġstealing", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġchurch", "Ġcollection", "Ġplate", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġforced", "Ġto", "Ġwear", "Ġa", "Ġstra", "it", "j", "acket", "Ġin", "Ġchurch", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġreference", "Ġto", "ĠHannibal", "ĠLect", "er", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġstraight", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġjacket", "Ġin", "ĠThe", "ĠSilence", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠLam", "bs", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠMis", "irl", "ou", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġtheme", "Ġsong", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġ1994", "Ġfilm", "ĠPul", "p", "ĠFiction", "Ġ,", "Ġplays", "Ġduring", "ĠBart", "Ġand", "ĠJessica", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdate", "Ġ.", "ĠBart", "Ġcalls", "ĠJessica", "Ġ\"", "Ġsmart", "Ġ,", "Ġbeautiful", "Ġand", "Ġa", "Ġliar", "Ġ...", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġthen", "Ġclaims", "Ġshe", "Ġis", "Ġ\"", "Ġ...", "Ġso", "Ġmuch", "Ġbetter", "Ġthan", "Ġthat", "ĠSarah", "Ġ,", "Ġplain", "Ġand", "Ġtall", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġscene", "Ġthen", "Ġcuts", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġshot", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġplain", "Ġand", "Ġtall", "Ġgirl", "Ġnamed", "ĠSarah", "Ġthat", "Ġoverhe", "ars", "ĠBart", "Ġand", "Ġbegins", "Ġto", "Ġcry", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠLove", "joy", "Ġfamily", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġreplica", "Ġof", "ĠLeonardo", 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"ĠMarried", "Ġ...", "Ġwith", "ĠChildren", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSince", "Ġairing", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġepisode", "Ġhas", "Ġreceived", "Ġmany", "Ġpositive", "Ġreviews", "Ġfrom", "Ġfans", "Ġand", "Ġtelevision", "Ġcritics", "Ġ.", "ĠWarren", "ĠMart", "yn", "Ġand", "ĠAdrian", "ĠWood", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġauthors", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "ĠI", "ĠCan", "Ġ'", "t", "ĠBelieve", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġa", "ĠBig", "ger", "Ġand", "ĠBetter", "ĠUpdated", "ĠUn", "official", "ĠSimpsons", "ĠGuide", "Ġ,", "Ġsaid", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠPoor", "ĠBart", "Ġgets", "Ġpicked", "Ġon", "Ġvery", "Ġcr", "ue", "lly", "Ġby", "ĠJessica", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġclever", "ly", "Ġdrawn", "Ġstudy", "Ġof", "Ġpre", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġpub", "escent", "Ġlove", "Ġ.", "ĠWe", "Ġ'", "re", "Ġvery", "Ġfond", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġscene", "Ġin", "Ġwhich", "ĠBart", "Ġleaps", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġwindow", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġchurch", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġwhich", "ĠHomer", "Ġcries", "Ġ:", "ĠHe", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġheading", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġwindow", "Ġ!", "Ġ\"", "ĠColin", "ĠJacob", "son", "Ġat", "ĠDVD", "ĠMovie", "ĠGuide", "Ġsaid", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġreview", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsixth", "Ġseason", "ĠDVD", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠWe", "Ġdon", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġt", "Ġoften", "Ġsee", "ĠBart", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġsympathetic", "Ġlight", "Ġ,", "Ġso", "Ġshows", "Ġlike", "Ġthis", "Ġone", "Ġare", "Ġfun", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠG", "irlfriend", "Ġ\"", "Ġreminds", "Ġme", "Ġof", "ĠSeason", "ĠFour", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġs", "Ġ\"", "ĠNew", "ĠKid", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠBlock", "Ġ\"", "Ġsince", "Ġit", "Ġalso", "Ġfeatured", "ĠBart", "Ġin", "Ġlove", "Ġ,", "Ġthough", "Ġthe", "Ġprograms", "Ġdiffer", "Ġsince", "Ġhere", "Ġthe", "Ġgirl", "Ġreciproc", "ates", "Ġ.", "ĠStre", "ep", "Ġdoes", "Ġnicely", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġbad", "Ġkid", "Ġand", "Ġwe", "Ġget", "Ġmany", "Ġfine", "Ġmoments", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġmemorable", "Ġprogram", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠTV", "ĠSquad", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠAdam", "ĠFin", "ley", "Ġsaid", "Ġ:", "Ġ\"", "ĠHomer", "Ġand", "ĠM", "arge", "Ġremained", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbackground", "Ġfor", "Ġmost", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġepisode", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "ĠBart", "Ġand", "ĠLisa", "Ġbecoming", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġfocus", "Ġ.", "ĠEarlier", "Ġepisodes", "Ġseemed", "Ġto", "Ġfocus", "Ġmore", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġdynamics", "Ġbetween", "Ġthe", "Ġtwo", "Ġsiblings", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġit", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġalways", "Ġa", "Ġnice", "Ġchange", "Ġof", "Ġpace", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġshow", "Ġexamines", "Ġtheir", "Ġlove", "Ġfor", "Ġone", "Ġanother", "Ġas", "Ġopposed", "Ġto", "Ġconstant", "Ġrival", "ries", "Ġ.", "ĠLisa", "Ġreally", "Ġwants", "Ġto", "Ġhelp", "ĠBart", "Ġin", "Ġthis", "Ġepisode", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġit", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġactually", "Ġquite", "Ġtouching", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġa", "Ġ2008", "Ġarticle", "Ġ,", "ĠEntertainment", "ĠWeekly", "Ġnamed", "ĠM", "eryl", "ĠStre", "ep", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrole", "Ġas", "ĠJessica", "ĠLove", "joy", "Ġas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsixteen", "Ġbest", "Ġguest", "Ġappearances", "Ġon", "ĠThe", "ĠSimpsons", "Ġ.", "ĠTotal", "ĠFilm", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠNathan", "ĠD", "it", "um", "Ġranked", "ĠStre", "ep", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġperformance", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "Ġfifth", "Ġbest", "Ġguest", "Ġappearance", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġshow", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġhistory", "Ġ,", "Ġcommenting", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġis", "Ġ\"", "Ġthe", "Ġperfect", "Ġmix", "Ġof", "Ġbeg", "u", "iling", "Ġand", "Ġdevil", "ish", "Ġas", "ĠReverend", "ĠLove", "joy", "ĠâĢ", "Ļ", "Ġs", "Ġrebellious", "Ġdaughter", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠDavid", "ĠMir", "kin", "Ġtold", "Ġthe", "ĠDaily", "ĠNews", "Ġof", "ĠLos", "ĠAngeles", "Ġthat", "Ġ\"", "ĠBart", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠG", "irlfriend", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠHomer", "Ġthe", "ĠGreat", "Ġ\"", "Ġare", "Ġhis", "Ġfavorite", "Ġepisodes", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġseason", "Ġ.", "ĠMir", "kin", "Ġliked", "Ġthe", "Ġscene", "Ġwhere", "ĠBart", "Ġis", "Ġpunched", "Ġby", "ĠNelson", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġplayground", "Ġbecause", "ĠBart", "Ġtakes", "Ġa", "Ġwhile", "Ġto", "Ġrecover", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġmade", "Ġthe", "Ġscene", "Ġmore", "Ġrealistic", "Ġ.", "ĠNancy", "ĠCart", "wright", "Ġtold", "Ġthe", "ĠChicago", "ĠTribune", "Ġthat", "Ġthis", "Ġepisode", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ\"", "ĠLisa", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠSubst", "itute", "Ġ\"", "Ġfrom", "Ġseason", "Ġtwo", "Ġ,", "Ġare", "Ġher", "Ġtwo", "Ġfavorite", "ĠThe", "ĠSimpsons", "Ġepisodes", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġmetro", "Ġsystem", "Ġserving", "ĠDelhi", "Ġand", "Ġits", "Ġsatellite", "Ġcities", "Ġof", "ĠFar", "id", "abad", "Ġ,", "ĠG", "urga", "on", "Ġ,", "ĠNo", "ida", "Ġand", "ĠGh", "azi", "abad", "Ġin", "ĠNational", "ĠCapital", "ĠRegion", "Ġin", "ĠIndia", "Ġ.", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ12", "th", "Ġlargest", "Ġmetro", "Ġsystem", "Ġin", "Ġterms", "Ġof", "Ġboth", "Ġlength", "Ġand", "Ġnumber", "Ġof", "Ġstations", "Ġ." ]
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, the network consists of five colour @-@ coded regular lines and the faster Airport Express line , with a total length of 213 kilometres ( 132 mi ) serving 160 stations ( including 6 on Airport Express line ) . The system has a mix of underground , at @-@ grade , and elevated stations using both broad @-@ gauge and standard @-@ gauge . The metro has an average daily ridership of 2 @.@ 4 million passengers , and , as of August 2010 , had already carried over 1 @.@ 25 billion passengers since its inception.DMRC named second best metro in world Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited ( DMRC ) , a state @-@ owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of Delhi , built and operates the Delhi Metro . The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail @-@ based system in the world to get " carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions " and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 630 @,@ 000 tonnes every year . DMRC operates around 2000 trips daily between 05 : 30 till 00 : 00 running with a headway varying between 1 – 2 minutes and 4 – 10 minutes . The trains are usually of four , six and eight @-@ coach . The power output is supplied by 25 @-@ kilovolt , 50 @-@ hertz alternating current through overhead catenary . Planning for the metro started in 1984 , when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi @-@ modal transport system for the city . Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ( DMRC ) was incorporated in May 1995 , construction started in 1998 , and the first section , on the Red Line , opened in 2002 . The development of network was divided into phases , Phase I containing 3 lines was completed by 2006 and Phase II in 2011 . Phase III is scheduled for completion by 2016 . Phase IV has been approved by the Delhi government , awaiting cabinet approval , to be completed by 2020 . Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon which opened in 2013 , whilst linked to Delhi Metro by the Yellow Line is a separate metro system ( with a different owner / operator than the Delhi Metro ) , although tokens and cards from the Delhi Metro can be used in its network . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The concept of a mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969 . Over the next several years , many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology , route alignment , and governmental jurisdiction . In 1984 , the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi @-@ modal transport system , which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city 's existing suburban railway and road transport networks . While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress , the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998 . Consequently , traffic congestion and pollution soared , as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load . An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem , with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained , noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes , resulting in long waiting times , unreliable service , extreme overcrowding , unqualified drivers , speeding and reckless driving . To rectify the situation , the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation ( DMRC ) on 3 May 1995 , with E. Sreedharan as the managing director . = = = Construction = = = Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on 1 October 1998 . After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro , which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to " political meddling , technical problems and bureaucratic delays " , DMRC is a special purpose organisation vested with great autonomy and powers to execute this gigantic project involving many technical complexities , under a difficult urban environment and within a very limited time frame . DMRC was given full powers to hire people , decide on tenders and control funds . The DMRC then consulted the Hong Kong MTRC on rapid transit operation and construction techniques . As a result , construction proceeded smoothly , except for one major disagreement in 2000 , where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC 's preference for standard gauge . The first elevated line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee , the Prime Minister of India , on 24 December 2002 & the first underground line was inaugurated by Dr Manmohan Singh on 20 December 2004 , and thus , it became the second underground rapid transit system in India , after the Kolkata
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"Ġinaug", "urated", "Ġby", "ĠDr", "ĠMan", "m", "ohan", "ĠSingh", "Ġon", "Ġ20", "ĠDecember", "Ġ2004", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthus", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġbecame", "Ġthe", "Ġsecond", "Ġunderground", "Ġrapid", "Ġtransit", "Ġsystem", "Ġin", "ĠIndia", "Ġ,", "Ġafter", "Ġthe", "ĠK", "olk", "ata" ]
115,134
Metro . The first underground section of Delhi Metro was Vishwa Vidyalaya - Kashmere Gate section which included 4 @.@ 5 km tunnel & 4 stations namely Vishwa Vidyalaya , Vidhan Sabha , Civil Lines & Kashmere Gate station . This project was constructed by Kumagai @-@ Skanska @-@ HCC @-@ Itochu JV or KSHI @-@ JV , a joint venture between Kumagai Gumi , Skanska , Hindustan Construction Company & Itochu . The first phase of the project was completed in 2006 , on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule , an achievement described by Business Week as " nothing short of a miracle " . = = = Construction accidents = = = On 19 October 2008 , a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar , East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath . Workers were using a crane to lift a 400 @-@ tonne concrete span of the bridge when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 @-@ metre ( 112 ft ) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer . On 12 July 2009 , a section of bridge collapsed while it was being erected at Zamrudpur , near East of Kailash , on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor . Six people died and 15 were injured . The following day , on 13 July 2009 , a crane that was removing the debris collapsed , and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes , injuring six . On 22 July 2009 , worker at Ashok Park Metro station was killed when a steel beam fell on him . Over a hundred people , including 93 workers , have died since work on the metro began in 1998 . = = Network = = The Delhi Metro is being built in phases . Phase I completed 58 stations and 65 @.@ 0 km ( 40 @.@ 4 mi ) of route length , of which 13 @.@ 0 km ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) is underground and 52 @.@ 1 km ( 32 @.@ 4 mi ) surface or elevated . The inauguration of the Dwarka – Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 2006 . Phase II of the network comprises 124 @.@ 6 km ( 77 @.@ 4 mi ) of route length and 85 stations , and is fully completed , with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011 . Phase III ( 140 km , 69 stations ) and Phase IV ( 106 km , 51 stations ) are planned to be completed by 2016 and 2020 respectively , with the network spanning 436 km ( 271 mi ) by then . = = = Current routes = = = As of November 2015 , with the completion of Phase I , Phase II and the beginning of operations on Phase III , the Delhi Metro network comprises five coloured lines ( plus the Airport Express line ) , serving 154 metro stations ( with 6 more stations on the Airport Express line , for a total of 160 ) , and operating on a total route length of 213 kilometres ( 132 mi ) . = = = = Red Line = = = = The Red Line was first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east , covering a distance of 25 @.@ 09 kilometres ( 15 @.@ 59 mi ) . It is partly elevated and partly at grade , and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations . The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride . Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar ( later renamed Inderlok ) on 4 October 2003 , Inderlok – Rithala on 31 March 2004 , and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on 4 June 2008 . The red line has two interchange stations , the first Kashmere Gate with the yellow line and the second Inderlok with the green line.Starting from 24 November 2013 six coach trains will be inducted in a phased manner in red line . = = = = Yellow Line = = = = The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened . It runs for 49 kilometres ( 30 mi ) from north to south and connects Samaypur Badli with HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon . The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated , while the central section passes through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground . The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate ( built by Kumagai @-@ Skans
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"Ġgrade", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġcrosses", "Ġthe", "ĠYam", "una", "ĠRiver", "Ġbetween", "ĠKash", "mere", "ĠGate", "Ġand", "ĠSh", "ast", "ri", "ĠPark", "Ġstations", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġinauguration", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġstretch", "Ġbetween", "ĠShah", "d", "ara", "Ġand", "ĠT", "is", "ĠHaz", "ari", "Ġon", "Ġ24", "ĠDecember", "Ġ2002", "Ġcaused", "Ġthe", "Ġticket", "ing", "Ġsystem", "Ġto", "Ġcollapse", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġline", "Ġbeing", "Ġcrowded", "Ġto", "Ġfour", "Ġtimes", "Ġits", "Ġcapacity", "Ġby", "Ġcitizens", "Ġeager", "Ġto", "Ġhave", "Ġa", "Ġride", "Ġ.", "ĠSub", "sequent", "Ġsections", "Ġwere", "Ġinaug", "urated", "Ġfrom", "ĠT", "is", "ĠHaz", "ari", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠTrin", "agar", "Ġ(", "Ġlater", "Ġrenamed", "ĠI", "nder", "l", "ok", "Ġ)", "Ġon", "Ġ4", "ĠOctober", "Ġ2003", "Ġ,", "ĠI", "nder", "l", "ok", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠR", "ith", "ala", "Ġon", "Ġ31", "ĠMarch", "Ġ2004", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠShah", "d", "ara", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠDil", "sh", "ad", "ĠGarden", "Ġon", "Ġ4", "ĠJune", "Ġ2008", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġred", 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"Ġare", "Ġelevated", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġthe", "Ġcentral", "Ġsection", "Ġpasses", "Ġthrough", "Ġsome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġmost", "Ġcongest", "ed", "Ġparts", "Ġof", "ĠDelhi", "Ġis", "Ġunderground", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġsection", "Ġbetween", "ĠVish", "wa", "ĠV", "idy", "al", "aya", "Ġand", "ĠKash", "mere", "ĠGate", "Ġ(", "Ġbuilt", "Ġby", "ĠKum", "ag", "ai", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠSk", "ans" ]
115,135
ka @-@ HCC @-@ Itochu Joint Venture ) opened on 20 December 2004 , and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on 3 July 2005 , and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on 4 February 2009 . This line also possesses the country 's deepest Metro station ( the second deepest metro station in the world ) at Chawri Bazaar , situated 30 metres ( 98 ft ) below ground level . On 21 June 2010 , an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre was opened , initially operating separately from the main line . However , Chhatarpur station on this line opened on 26 August 2010 . Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station , it was constructed using pre @-@ fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel . The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on 3 September 2010 @.@ re on 10 November 2015 , the line was further extended between Jahangirpuri and Samaypur Badli in Outer Delhi . Interchanges are available with the Red Line and Kashmere Gate ISBT at Kashmere Gate station , Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station , Violet Line at Central Secretariat , Airport Express ( Orange ) Line at New Delhi , Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon at Sikandarpur and with the Indian Railways network at Chandni chowk Delhi Junction Railway station and New Delhi New Delhi railway stations . Yellow line is the first line of Delhi Metro which has phased out all four coach trains with six and eight coach configuration . The Metro Museum at Patel Chowk Metro station is a collection of display panels , historical photographs and exhibits , tracing the genesis of the Delhi Metro . The museum was opened on 1 January 2009 . = = = = Blue Line = = = = The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened , and the first to connect areas outside Delhi . Mainly elevated and partly underground , it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east , covering a distance of 47 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 29 @.@ 5 mi ) . The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on 1 January 2006 , and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on 1 April 2006 , Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on 11 November 2006 , Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on 10 May 2009 , Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on 12 November 2009 , and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on 30 October 2010 . This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations , and has India 's second extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan . A branch of the Blue line , inaugurated on 8 January 2010 , takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6 @.@ 25 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 88 mi ) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi . It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on 14 July 2011 . A small stretch of 2 @.@ 76 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 71 mi ) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on 30 October 2010 . Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station , Green line at Kirti Nagar , Violet line at Mandi House , Airport Express ( Orange ) line at Dwarka Sector 21 and with the Indian Railways network and Interstate Bus Station ( ISBT ) at Anand Vihar station , which connects with Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Anand Vihar ISBT . = = = = Green Line = = = = Opened in 2010 , Green Line ( Line 4 ) is the fifth line of the Delhi Metro network and the first line on standard gauge , as opposed to previous broad gauge lines . It runs between Inderlok ( station on the Red Line ) and Mundka with a branch line connecting the line 's Ashok Park Main station with Kirti Nagar station on the Blue Line . The completely elevated line , built as part of the Phase @-@ II of Delhi Metro runs mostly along the busy NH 10 route in West Delhi . The line consists of 17 stations including an interchange station covering a total length of 18 @.@ 46 km.This line also has the country 's first standard @-@ gauge maintenance depot at Mundka . The line was opened in two stages , with the 15 @.@ 1 km Inderlok – Mundka section opening on 3 April 2010 [ 1 ] and the 3 @.@ 5 km Kirti Nagar – Ashok Park Main branch line on 27 August 2011 . On 6 August 2012 , in a
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step that will improve commuting in National Capital Region , the Union government has approved extension of Delhi Metro from Mundka to Bahadurgarh in Haryana . The 11 @.@ 18 km metro stretch will have seven stations at Mundka Industrial Area , Ghevra , Tikri Kalan , Tikri Border , Modern Industrial Estate , Bahadurgarh Bus Stand and City Park between Mundka and Bahadurgarh . = = = = Violet Line = = = = The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened , and the second standard @-@ gauge corridor after the Green Line . The 37 km ( 23 mi ) long line connects Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad to ITO , with 22 @.@ 8 km ( 14 @.@ 2 mi ) being overhead and the rest underground . The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on 3 October 2010 , just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games , and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , which was the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event . Completed in just 41 months , it includes a 100 m ( 330 ft ) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167 @.@ 5 m ( 550 ft ) long cable @-@ stayed bridge across an operational road flyover , and connects several hospitals , tourist attractions , and a major industrial estate along its route . Services are provided at intervals of 5 min . An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse . On 14 January 2011 , the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service , adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line . The section between Mandi House and Central Secretariat , was opened on 26 June 2014 . After that a 971 @-@ metre section between ITO and Mandi House was opened on 8 June 2015 . The latest addition to the line , an 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) extension southwards till Escorts Mujesar in Faridabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 6 September 2015 . All the nine Metro stations of the Badarpur – Escorts Mujesar ( Faridabad ) section of Delhi Metro 's Phase 3 , have been awarded the highest possible rating ( platinum ) for adherence to green building norms , by the Indian Green Building Council ( IGBC ) , which has devised a rating mechanism for Metro stations and buildings on a scale of platinum , gold , silver etc. for following the green building specifications . The awards for these stations were given to DMRC 's managing director , Dr. Mangu Singh by Dr. P C Jain , Chairperson , IGBC in the presence of DMRC 's directors and senior officials on 10 September 2015 . Currently the Faridabad corridor of Delhi Metro Violet Line is the longest metro corridor outside of Delhi , consisting of 9 stations and the total length of corridor being 14 km . = = = = Airport Express = = = = The Airport Express line runs for 22 @.@ 7 km ( 14 @.@ 1 mi ) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21 , linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport . The line was operated by Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited ( DAMEL ) , a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure , the concessionaire of the line till 30 June 2013 and is now being operated by DMRC . The line was constructed at a cost of ₹ 57 billion ( US $ 850 million ) , of which Reliance Infrastructure invested ₹ 28 @.@ 85 billion ( US $ 430 million ) and will pay fees on a revenue @-@ share model . The line has six stations ( Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on 15 August 2011 ) , with some featuring check @-@ in facilities , parking , and eateries . Rolling stock consists of six @-@ coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km / h ( 84 mph ) . Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games , the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance , and was opened on 24 February 2011 , after a delay of around 5 months . After 16 months of commencement of operations , the line was shut down for repairs of the viaducts on 8 July 2012 . The line reopened on 22 January 2013 . On 27 June 2013 Reliance Infrastructure Ltd intimated DMRC that they are unable to operate the line beyond 30 June 2013 . Following this DMRC took over operations of Airport Express line from 1 July 2013 with an Operations and Maintenance team of 100 officials to handle the line . In Jan 2015 , DMRC reported that Airport Metro has recorded about 30 per cent rise in its ridership following the fare reduction of up to 40 per cent in July last year On 14 September 2015 DMRC announced to reduce fares even further to improve the ridership of the
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line , the new fare structure will have maximum fare of Rs 60 and minimum of Rs 10 instead of Rs 100 and Rs 20 charged earlier , a reduction of about 40 % . DMRC has stated that this was done to reduce the crowding on Blue line , diverting some of the Dwarka @-@ bound passengers to Airport Express Line , which is underutilised and faster compared to the Blue Line . = = = Planned extensions = = = Delhi Metro was planned to be built in phases spread over around 20 years as with each phase having a target of five years and end of one phase marking the beginning of another . Phase I ( 65 km ) and Phase II ( 125 km ) were completed in 2006 and 2011 , respectively , and Phase III and Phase IV are scheduled for completion in 2016 and 2021 , respectively . Work on Phase III started in 2011 while planning for Phase IV has begun . Ex @-@ chief of DMRC hinted that by the time Phase IV is completed , the city will need Phase V to cope with rising population and transport needs . = = = = Phase III = = = = The deadline for completion of Phase 3 is 2016 . Out of 2 new lines and 11 route extensions proposed for Phase III , cabinet approvals have been obtained for 2 new lines and 10 route extensions totalling 167 @.@ 27 km , with an estimated cost of ₹ 350 billion ( US $ 5 @.@ 2 billion ) . Construction has already begun on many of these . In April 2014 the Delhi Lt. Governor gave approval for two further extensions . All the approved lines are : . Phase III will have 28 underground stations covering 41 km . More than 20 tunnel boring machines are expected to be simultaneously used during construction of Phase III . Delhi Metro is expecting a ridership of 4 million after completion of Phase III . DMRC has decided to use communication based train control ( CBTC ) for signalling which will allow trains to run at a short headway of 90 seconds . Keeping this in mind and other constraints , DMRC changed its decision to build 9 car long stations for new lines and instead opting for shorter stations which can accommodate 6 car trains . For the first time Delhi Metro will construct ring lines in Phase III . Till Phase II , Delhi Metro focused on expanding the reach of metro and thus built long radial lines . However , in Phase III , Delhi Metro is aiming to interconnect existing lines by ring lines to improve connectivity . This will not only help in reducing distances but will also relieve radial lines of some congestion . = = = = Phase IV = = = = Phase IV has a 2021 deadline , and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar , Burari , Mukundpur , Reola Khanpur , Palam , Najafgarh , Narela , Ghazipur , Noida sector 62 , extensions of Violet line , Green line , Line 8 , having a total length of over 100 km . There might be some changes in plan before actual construction starts on these lines . Delhi metro phase 4 got delhi government approval awaiting union cabinet approval . The proposed corridors : Rithala Narela ( 21 @.@ 73 km ) Inderlok Indraprastha ( 12 @.@ 57 km ) Tughlakabad Terminal 1 ( 22 @.@ 20 km ) Lajpat Nagar Saket G @-@ Block ( 7 @.@ 96 km ) Janakpuri ( west ) RK Ashram ( 28 @.@ 92 km ) Mukundpur Maujpur ( 12 @.@ 54 km ) Along with that the haryana government planning a metro corridor between gurgaon and faridabad . As well as gurgaon will soon see a multiple extension of rapid metro and delhi metro . Some of are a metro corridor between dwarka to iffco chowk line , A new mutiple lines covering old and new gurgaon region like gurgaon railway station and bus stand and various sectors like sector 10 , basai chowk , farrukhnagar connecting dwarka expressway metro line etc , yellow line extension from huda city centre to manesar via rajiv chowk ( gurgaon ) interchanging with old gurgaon metro line , connecting with delhi regional rapid rail system ( delhi gurgaon alwar corridor ) , pod taxi system . Dwarka expressway metro line . As well as plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha – Noida Sector 32 line . The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad through extension of the Blue Line from Vaishali to Mehrauli via Indirapuram . The independently operated Gurgaon Metro , opened in November 2013 , will also interchange with the Delhi Metro at Sikandarpur station on Yellow line . For the year 2012 – 13 , Noida development Authority has
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"way", "Ġmetro", "Ġline", "Ġetc", "Ġ,", "Ġyellow", "Ġline", "Ġextension", "Ġfrom", "Ġh", "uda", "Ġcity", "Ġcentre", "Ġto", "Ġman", "esar", "Ġvia", "Ġr", "aj", "iv", "Ġch", "ow", "k", "Ġ(", "Ġg", "urga", "on", "Ġ)", "Ġinter", "changing", "Ġwith", "Ġold", "Ġg", "urga", "on", "Ġmetro", "Ġline", "Ġ,", "Ġconnecting", "Ġwith", "Ġdel", "hi", "Ġregional", "Ġrapid", "Ġrail", "Ġsystem", "Ġ(", "Ġdel", "hi", "Ġg", "urga", "on", "Ġal", "war", "Ġcorridor", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġpod", "Ġtaxi", "Ġsystem", "Ġ.", "ĠDw", "ark", "a", "Ġexpress", "way", "Ġmetro", "Ġline", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġwell", "Ġas", "Ġplans", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġmoot", "ed", "Ġto", "Ġconstruct", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġline", "Ġfrom", "ĠNo", "ida", "ĠSector", "Ġ62", "Ġto", "ĠGreater", "ĠNo", "ida", "Ġwhich", "Ġwill", "Ġintersect", "ĠIndra", "pr", "as", "tha", "ĠâĢĵ", "ĠNo", "ida", "ĠSector", "Ġ32", "Ġline", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "ĠGh", "azi", "abad", "ĠDevelopment", "ĠAuthority", "Ġis", "Ġplanning", "Ġto", "Ġextend", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġlines", "Ġdeeper", "Ġinto", "ĠGh", "azi", "abad", "Ġthrough", "Ġextension", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠLine", "Ġfrom", "ĠVa", "ish", "ali", "Ġto", "ĠMeh", "ra", "uli", "Ġvia", "ĠInd", "ir", "ap", "ur", "am", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġindependently", "Ġoperated", "ĠG", "urga", "on", "ĠMetro", "Ġ,", "Ġopened", "Ġin", "ĠNovember", "Ġ2013", "Ġ,", "Ġwill", "Ġalso", "Ġinterchange", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġat", "ĠSik", "and", "arp", "ur", "Ġstation", "Ġon", "ĠYellow", "Ġline", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġthe", "Ġyear", "Ġ2012", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ13", "Ġ,", "ĠNo", "ida", "Ġdevelopment", "ĠAuthority", "Ġhas" ]
115,138
allocated Rs 5 billion for Metro extension , with City Centre Metro line being extended till the crossing of Sector 71 and 72 . After phase 4 , delhi metro will focus on phase 5 covering outer region of delhi . And phase 6 , 7 and many more plan according it . = = Finances = = = = = Summary financials = = = The table below is based on the 2014 – 15 Annual Report . EBITDA stands for " Earnings before Interest Taxes Depreciation & Amortization " EBT stands for " Earnings Before Tax " Of note , Delhi Metro has been operating with a loss on an EBT basis for the past few years . EBITDA margin declined from 73 % in Fiscal 2007 to 35 % in Fiscal 2015 . That said , Debt to Equity improved from 1 @.@ 43 in FY07 to 1 @.@ 15 in FY15 . = = = Funding and capitalisation = = = DMRC is owned equally by the Delhi government and the Government of India . As of March 2015 , total debt stood at ₹ 246 billion ( US $ 3 @.@ 7 billion ) , while equity capital was ₹ 214 billion ( US $ 3 @.@ 2 billion ) . Cost of the debt is 0 % for Govt of India and Delhi government loans , and between 0 @.@ 01 % and 2 @.@ 3 % for Japan International Cooperation Agency loans . Of the equity capital , ₹ 163 billion ( US $ 2 @.@ 4 billion ) is paid @-@ up capital and rest is reserves and surplus . = = Operations = = Trains operate at a frequency of one to two minutes to five to ten minutes between 05 : 00 and 00 : 00 , depending upon the peak and off @-@ peak hours . Trains operating within the network typically travel at speed up to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) , and stop for about 20 seconds at each station . Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English . Many stations have services such as ATMs , food outlets , cafés , convenience stores and mobile recharge . Eating , drinking , smoking and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system . The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies , and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations . Navigation information is available on Google Transit . Since October 2010 , the first coach of every train is reserved for women . However , last coaches are also reserved when the train changes tracks at the terminal stations in the Red , Green and Violet Lines . To make travelling by metro a smoother experience , Delhi Metro has launched its own official app for smartphone users , ( iPhone and Android ) that will provide information on various facilities like nearest metro station , fare , parking availability , tourist spots near metro stations , security and emergency helpline numbers . = = = Security = = = Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) , who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007 . Closed @-@ circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations , and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms . Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system , in addition to metal detectors , X @-@ ray baggage inspection systems , and dog squads which are used to secure the system . About 5 @,@ 200 CCTV cameras have been installed , which cover every nook and corner of each Metro station . Each of the underground stations has about 45 to 50 cameras installed while the elevated stations have about 16 to 20 cameras each . The monitoring of these cameras is done by the CISF , which is in charge of security of the Metro , as well as the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation . Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the train operator . Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations . DMRC is also looking at raising the station walls and railings for the safety of passengers . = = = Ticketing and recharge = = = For the convenience of customers , Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase . The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled , with fares for a single journey ranging from ₹ 8 ( 12 ¢ US ) to ₹ 30 ( 45 ¢ US ) . Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart . A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation ( DTC ) buses and the Metro was introduced in 2011 . Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters . They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date
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of last recharge , and are available in denominations of ₹ 200 ( US $ 3 @.@ 00 ) to ₹ 1 @,@ 000 ( US $ 14 @.@ 90 ) . A 10 % discount is given on all travel made on it . A deposit of ₹ 50 ( 74 ¢ US ) needs to be made to buy a new card which is refundable on the return of the card any time before its expiry if the card is not physically damaged . Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time . There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively . The cost of a one @-@ day card is ₹ 150 ( US $ 2 @.@ 20 ) and that of a three @-@ day card is ₹ 300 ( US $ 4 @.@ 50 ) , besides a refundable deposit of ₹ 50 ( 74 ¢ US ) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card . According to new regime , the maximum permissible time limit for stay within the Metro system – 170 minutes at present – will now be 180 minutes for those buying tickets of Rs . 23 or above , 100 minutes for tickets costing Rs . 19 – 23 , and 65 minutes for tickets up to Rs . 18 . = = = Problems = = = As the network has expanded , high ridership in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro . To alleviate the problem , 8 coach trains have been introduced in Yellow line and Blue line and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed . Infrequent , overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern . = = = Ridership = = = Delhi Metro has been registering a continuous increase in ridership since its inception . When Metro services were introduced in 2002 , the average ridership was 80 @,@ 000 passengers per day . As of 2015 , daily ridership has risen to 2 @.@ 6 million , with the latest ridership record set on 28 August 2015 . On 4 August 2014 daily ridership crossed the 2 @.@ 7 million figure . Since then the highest ridership has kept on surpassing the previous best , compelling metro authorities to keep increasing the services on busy routes . Most recent Delhi Metro daily ridership record of 3 @.@ 175 million passengers was reached on the eve of the Rakshabandhan ( 28 August 2015 ) , when commuters poured in large numbers throughout the day . On 25 December 2014 , it was reported that the ridership of the Airport Express had almost doubled in the past year to almost 600 @,@ 000 passengers per month now , as compared to just above 300 @,@ 000 at the beginning of the calendar year . Currently , Delhi Metro has about 220 trains of four , six and eight coaches totalling 1 @,@ 290 coaches . It is further planning to add 421 more coaches on the existing route before the completion of phase 3 . During the financial year 2015 , DMRC on an average pressed 1 @,@ 083 coaches in an hour ( during peak hour ) , in 2012 – 13 , the number was 819 . On an average trains make 2 @,@ 880 trips per day . = = Infrastructure = = = = = Rolling Stock = = = The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges . Phase I lines use 1 @,@ 676 mm ( 5 @.@ 499 ft ) broad gauge rolling stock , while three Phase II lines use 1 @,@ 435 mm ( 4 @.@ 708 ft ) standard gauge rolling stock . Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line , Mundka for the Green Line , Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line , Shastri Park for the Red Line , and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line . Maglev trains were initially considered for some lines of Phase 3 , but DMRC decided to continue with conventional rail in August 2012 . = = = = Broad gauge = = = = The rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers . For the Phase I , the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem , Mitsubishi Corporation , and MELCO.The coaches have a very similar look to MTR Rotem EMU , except with only 4 doors and use sliding doors . The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM , then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement . These trains consist of four 3 @.@ 2 @-@ metre ( 10 ft ) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers , with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach . The coaches are fully air conditioned , equipped with automatic doors , microprocessor @-@ controlled brakes and
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"Ġtickets", "Ġcosting", "ĠRs", "Ġ.", "Ġ19", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ23", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ65", "Ġminutes", "Ġfor", "Ġtickets", "Ġup", "Ġto", "ĠRs", "Ġ.", "Ġ18", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠProblems", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠAs", "Ġthe", "Ġnetwork", "Ġhas", "Ġexpanded", "Ġ,", "Ġhigh", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġin", "Ġnew", "Ġtrains", "Ġhave", "Ġled", "Ġto", "Ġincreasing", "Ġinstances", "Ġof", "Ġovercrowd", "ing", "Ġand", "Ġdelays", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġ.", "ĠTo", "Ġalleviate", "Ġthe", "Ġproblem", "Ġ,", "Ġ8", "Ġcoach", "Ġtrains", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġintroduced", "Ġin", "ĠYellow", "Ġline", "Ġand", "ĠBlue", "Ġline", "Ġand", "Ġan", "Ġincrease", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġfrequency", "Ġof", "Ġtrains", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġproposed", "Ġ.", "ĠInf", "requent", "Ġ,", "Ġovercrowd", "ed", "Ġand", "Ġerratic", "Ġfeed", "er", "Ġbus", "Ġservices", "Ġconnecting", "Ġstations", "Ġto", "Ġnearby", "Ġlocal", "ities", "Ġhave", "Ġalso", "Ġbeen", "Ġreported", "Ġas", "Ġan", "Ġarea", "Ġof", "Ġconcern", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠRiders", "hip", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġregistering", "Ġa", "Ġcontinuous", "Ġincrease", "Ġin", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġsince", "Ġits", "Ġinception", "Ġ.", "ĠWhen", "ĠMetro", "Ġservices", "Ġwere", "Ġintroduced", "Ġin", "Ġ2002", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġaverage", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġwas", "Ġ80", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġpassengers", "Ġper", "Ġday", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġof", "Ġ2015", "Ġ,", "Ġdaily", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġhas", "Ġrisen", "Ġto", "Ġ2", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ6", "Ġmillion", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġlatest", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġrecord", "Ġset", "Ġon", "Ġ28", "ĠAugust", "Ġ2015", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġ4", "ĠAugust", "Ġ2014", "Ġdaily", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġcrossed", "Ġthe", "Ġ2", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ7", "Ġmillion", "Ġfigure", "Ġ.", "ĠSince", "Ġthen", "Ġthe", "Ġhighest", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġhas", "Ġkept", "Ġon", "Ġsurpass", "ing", "Ġthe", "Ġprevious", "Ġbest", "Ġ,", "Ġcompelling", "Ġmetro", "Ġauthorities", "Ġto", "Ġkeep", "Ġincreasing", "Ġthe", "Ġservices", "Ġon", "Ġbusy", "Ġroutes", "Ġ.", "ĠMost", "Ġrecent", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġdaily", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġrecord", "Ġof", "Ġ3", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ175", "Ġmillion", "Ġpassengers", "Ġwas", "Ġreached", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġeve", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠRak", "sh", "aband", "han", "Ġ(", "Ġ28", "ĠAugust", "Ġ2015", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġcommuters", "Ġpoured", "Ġin", "Ġlarge", "Ġnumbers", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġday", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġ25", "ĠDecember", "Ġ2014", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġreported", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġriders", "hip", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠAirport", "ĠExpress", "Ġhad", "Ġalmost", "Ġdoubled", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġpast", "Ġyear", "Ġto", "Ġalmost", "Ġ600", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġpassengers", "Ġper", "Ġmonth", "Ġnow", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġcompared", "Ġto", "Ġjust", "Ġabove", "Ġ300", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġbeginning", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcalendar", "Ġyear", "Ġ.", "ĠCurrently", "Ġ,", "ĠDelhi", "ĠMetro", "Ġhas", "Ġabout", "Ġ220", "Ġtrains", "Ġof", "Ġfour", "Ġ,", "Ġsix", "Ġand", "Ġeight", "Ġcoaches", "Ġtot", "alling", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ290", "Ġcoaches", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġis", "Ġfurther", "Ġplanning", "Ġto", "Ġadd", "Ġ421", "Ġmore", "Ġcoaches", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġexisting", "Ġroute", "Ġbefore", "Ġthe", "Ġcompletion", "Ġof", "Ġphase", "Ġ3", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġfinancial", "Ġyear", "Ġ2015", "Ġ,", "ĠDM", "RC", "Ġon", "Ġan", "Ġaverage", "Ġpressed", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ0", "83", "Ġcoaches", "Ġin", "Ġan", "Ġhour", "Ġ(", "Ġduring", "Ġpeak", "Ġhour", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġ2012", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ13", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġnumber", "Ġwas", "Ġ8", "19", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "Ġan", "Ġaverage", "Ġtrains", "Ġmake", "Ġ2", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ8", "80", "Ġtrips", "Ġper", "Ġday", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠInfrastructure", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠRolling", "ĠStock", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "ĠMetro", "Ġuses", "Ġrolling", "Ġstock", "Ġof", "Ġtwo", "Ġdifferent", "Ġgau", "ges", "Ġ.", "ĠPhase", "ĠI", "Ġlines", "Ġuse", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ6", "76", "Ġmm", "Ġ(", "Ġ5", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ499", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġbroad", "Ġgauge", "Ġrolling", "Ġstock", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġthree", "ĠPhase", "ĠII", "Ġlines", "Ġuse", "Ġ1", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ435", "Ġmm", "Ġ(", "Ġ4", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ7", "08", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġstandard", "Ġgauge", "Ġrolling", "Ġstock", "Ġ.", "ĠTr", "ains", "Ġare", "Ġmaintained", "Ġat", "Ġseven", "Ġdep", "ots", "Ġat", "ĠKh", "y", "ber", "ĠPass", "Ġand", "ĠSultan", "pur", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠYellow", "ĠLine", "Ġ,", "ĠMund", "ka", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠGreen", "ĠLine", "Ġ,", "ĠNaj", "af", "gar", "h", "Ġand", "ĠYam", "una", "ĠBank", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠBlue", "ĠLine", "Ġ,", "ĠSh", "ast", "ri", "ĠPark", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠRed", "ĠLine", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠSar", "ita", "ĠV", "ihar", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "ĠViolet", "ĠLine", "Ġ.", "ĠMag", "lev", "Ġtrains", "Ġwere", "Ġinitially", "Ġconsidered", "Ġfor", "Ġsome", "Ġlines", "Ġof", "ĠPhase", "Ġ3", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "ĠDM", "RC", "Ġdecided", "Ġto", "Ġcontinue", "Ġwith", "Ġconventional", "Ġrail", "Ġin", "ĠAugust", "Ġ2012", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠBroad", "Ġgauge", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġrolling", "Ġstock", "Ġis", "Ġmanufactured", "Ġby", "Ġtwo", "Ġmajor", "Ġsuppliers", "Ġ.", "ĠFor", "Ġthe", "ĠPhase", "ĠI", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġrolling", "Ġstock", "Ġwas", "Ġsupplied", "Ġby", "Ġa", "Ġconsortium", "Ġof", "Ġcompanies", "Ġcomprising", "ĠHyundai", "ĠRot", "em", "Ġ,", "ĠMits", "ub", "ishi", "ĠCorporation", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠM", "EL", "CO", ".", "The", "Ġcoaches", "Ġhave", "Ġa", "Ġvery", "Ġsimilar", "Ġlook", "Ġto", "ĠM", "TR", "ĠRot", "em", "ĠEM", "U", "Ġ,", "Ġexcept", "Ġwith", "Ġonly", "Ġ4", "Ġdoors", "Ġand", "Ġuse", "Ġsliding", "Ġdoors", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcoaches", "Ġwere", "Ġinitially", "Ġbuilt", "Ġin", "ĠSouth", "ĠKorea", "Ġby", "ĠR", "OT", "EM", "Ġ,", "Ġthen", "Ġin", "ĠBangalore", "Ġby", "ĠB", "EM", "L", "Ġthrough", "Ġa", "Ġtechnology", "Ġtransfer", "Ġarrangement", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġtrains", "Ġconsist", "Ġof", "Ġfour", "Ġ3", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ2", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġmetre", "Ġ(", "Ġ10", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġwide", "Ġstainless", "Ġsteel", "Ġlightweight", "Ġcoaches", "Ġwith", "Ġvest", "ib", "ules", "Ġpermitting", "Ġmovement", "Ġthroughout", "Ġtheir", "Ġlength", "Ġand", "Ġcan", "Ġcarry", "Ġup", "Ġto", "Ġ1500", "Ġpassengers", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġ50", "Ġseated", "Ġand", "Ġ330", "Ġstanding", "Ġpassengers", "Ġper", "Ġcoach", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcoaches", "Ġare", "Ġfully", "Ġair", "Ġconditioned", "Ġ,", "Ġequipped", "Ġwith", "Ġautomatic", "Ġdoors", "Ġ,", "Ġmicro", "processor", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġcontrolled", "Ġbrakes", "Ġand" ]
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secondary air suspension , and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km / h ( 20 mph ) over a distance of 1 @.@ 1 km ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) . The system is extensible up to eight coaches , and platforms have been designed accordingly . The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation , which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US $ 1 @.@ 1 billion . While initial trains were made in Görlitz , Germany and Sweden , the remainder will be built at Bombardier 's factory in Savli , near Vadodara . These trains are a mix of four @-@ car and six @-@ car consists , capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively . The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television ( CCTV ) cameras with eight @-@ hour backup for added security , charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops , improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter . = = = = Standard gauge = = = = The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore . The trains are four @-@ car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train , accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach . These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches , power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops , better humidity control , microprocessor @-@ controlled disc brakes , and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km / h ( 21 mph ) over a distance of 1 @.@ 1 km ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) . = = = = Airport Express = = = = Eight 6 @-@ car trains supplied by CAF Beasain were imported from Spain . CAF held 5 % equity in the DAME project , and Reliance Infrastructure held the remaining 95 % before DMRC took over the operations . The trains on this line are of a premium standard compared to the existing metro trains and have in @-@ built noise reduction and padded fabric seats . The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers . The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort . = = = Signalling and Telecommunication = = = The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation , Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules . A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all lines to carry both voice and data information . For Blue Line Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas , the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M. An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable , on @-@ train radio , CCTV , and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies . For Red and Yellow lines ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line Green and Voilet Bombardier Transportation has supplied CITYFLO 350 signalling system . The Airport Express line has introduced WiFi services at all stations along the route on 13 January 2012 . Connectivity inside metro trains travelling on the route is expected in the future . The WiFi service is provided by You Broadband . A fully automated , operatorless train system has been offered to Delhi Metro by the French defence and civilian technologies major Thales . = = Environmental Impact = = The Delhi Metro has won awards from vipul environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations , RINA , and the International Organization for Standardization , becoming the second metro in the world , after the New York City Subway , to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction . Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure . It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism , and has so far earned 400 @,@ 000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains . To reduce its dependence on non @-@ renewable sources of energy , DMRC is looking forward to harness solar energy and install solar panels at the Karkardooma , Noida Sector @-@ 21 , Anand Vihar and Pragati Maidan Metro stations and DMRC 's residential complex at Pushp Vihar . The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure , and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations . Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations , while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with
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"als", "Ġat", "ĠMetro", "Ġstations", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġpillars", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġvi", "ad", "uct", "Ġon", "Ġsome", "Ġelevated", "Ġsections", "Ġhave", "Ġbeen", "Ġdecorated", "Ġwith" ]
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mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren . The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India , while all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi . The Nobel Memorial Wall at Rajiv Chowk has portraits of the seven Nobel Laureates from India : Rabindranath Tagore , CV Raman , Hargobind Khorana , Mother Teresa , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Amartya Sen and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and provide details about their contribution to society and a panel each on Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prizes . = Time Enough at Last = " Time Enough at Last " is episode 8 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone . The episode was adapted from a short story written by Lynn Venable ( pen name of Marilyn Venable ) . The short story appeared in the January 1953 edition of the science fiction magazine If : Worlds of Science Fiction about seven years before the television episode first aired . " Time Enough at Last " became one of the most famous episodes of the original Twilight Zone and has been frequently parodied since . It is " the story of a man who seeks salvation in the rubble of a ruined world " and tells of Henry Bemis / ˈbiːmɪs / , played by Burgess Meredith , who loves books , yet is surrounded by those who would prevent him from reading them . The episode follows Bemis through the post apocalyptic world , touching on such social issues as anti @-@ intellectualism , the dangers of reliance upon technology , and the difference between aloneness ( solitude ) and loneliness . = = Opening narration = = = = Plot summary = = Henpecked , far sighted bank teller and avid bookworm Henry Bemis ( Meredith ) works at his window in a bank , while reading David Copperfield , which causes him to shortchange an annoyed customer . Bemis 's angry boss ( Taylor ) , and later his nagging wife ( deWit ) , both complain to him that he wastes far too much time reading " doggerel " . As a cruel joke , his wife asks him to read poetry from one of his books to her ; he eagerly obliges , only to find that she has inked over the text on every page , obscuring the words . Seconds later , she destroys the book by ripping the pages from it much to Henry 's dismay . The next day , as usual , Henry takes his lunch break in the bank 's vault , where his reading will not be disturbed . Moments after he sees a newspaper headline , which reads " H @-@ Bomb Capable of Total Destruction " , an enormous explosion outside the bank violently shakes the vault , knocking Bemis unconscious . After regaining consciousness and recovering the thick glasses required for him to see , Bemis emerges from the vault to find the bank demolished and everyone in it dead . Leaving the bank , he sees that the entire city has been destroyed , and realizes that a nuclear war has devastated the Earth , but that his being in the vault has saved him . Finding himself totally alone in a shattered world with food to last him a lifetime but no one to share it with , Bemis succumbs to despair . As he prepares to commit suicide using a revolver he has found , Bemis sees the ruins of the public library in the distance . Investigating , he finds that the books are still intact and readable ; all the books he could ever hope for are his for the reading , and ( as he gazes upon a huge fallen face of a clock ) learns that he has all the time in the world to read them without interruption . His despair gone , Bemis contentedly sorts the books he looks forward to reading for years to come . Just as he bends down to pick up the first book , he stumbles , and his glasses fall off and shatter . In shock , he picks up the broken remains of the glasses he is virtually blind without , and says , " That 's not fair . That 's not fair at all . There was time now . There was — was all the time I needed … ! It 's not fair ! It 's not fair ! " and bursts into tears , surrounded by books he now can never read . = = Closing narration = = = = Production = = " Time Enough at Last " was one of the first episodes written for The Twilight Zone . It introduced Burgess Meredith to the series ; he went on to star in three more episodes , being introduced as " no stranger to The Twilight Zone " in promotional spots for season two 's " The Obsolete Man " . He also narrated for the 1983 film Twilight Zone : The Movie , which made reference to " Time Enough at Last " during its opening sequence , with the characters discussing the episode in detail . Footage of the exterior
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"Ġdifference", "Ġbetween", "Ġal", "on", "eness", "Ġ(", "Ġsolitude", "Ġ)", "Ġand", "Ġloneliness", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠOpening", "Ġnarration", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠPlot", "Ġsummary", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHen", "pe", "ck", "ed", "Ġ,", "Ġfar", "Ġsight", "ed", "Ġbank", "Ġtell", "er", "Ġand", "Ġavid", "Ġbook", "worm", "ĠHenry", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġ(", "ĠMeredith", "Ġ)", "Ġworks", "Ġat", "Ġhis", "Ġwindow", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġbank", "Ġ,", "Ġwhile", "Ġreading", "ĠDavid", "ĠCopper", "field", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġcauses", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġshort", "change", "Ġan", "Ġannoyed", "Ġcustomer", "Ġ.", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġangry", "Ġboss", "Ġ(", "ĠTaylor", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġhis", "Ġn", "agging", "Ġwife", "Ġ(", "Ġde", "W", "it", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġboth", "Ġcomplain", "Ġto", "Ġhim", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġwastes", "Ġfar", "Ġtoo", "Ġmuch", "Ġtime", "Ġreading", "Ġ\"", "Ġdog", "ge", "rel", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġa", "Ġcruel", "Ġjoke", "Ġ,", "Ġhis", "Ġwife", "Ġasks", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġread", "Ġpoetry", "Ġfrom", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġbooks", "Ġto", "Ġher", "Ġ;", "Ġhe", "Ġeagerly", "Ġoblig", "es", "Ġ,", "Ġonly", "Ġto", "Ġfind", "Ġthat", "Ġshe", "Ġhas", "Ġin", "ked", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġtext", "Ġon", "Ġevery", "Ġpage", "Ġ,", "Ġobsc", "uring", "Ġthe", "Ġwords", "Ġ.", "ĠSeconds", "Ġlater", "Ġ,", "Ġshe", "Ġdestroys", "Ġthe", "Ġbook", "Ġby", "Ġripping", "Ġthe", "Ġpages", "Ġfrom", "Ġit", "Ġmuch", "Ġto", "ĠHenry", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġdismay", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġnext", "Ġday", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġusual", "Ġ,", "ĠHenry", "Ġtakes", "Ġhis", "Ġlunch", "Ġbreak", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġbank", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġvault", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġhis", "Ġreading", "Ġwill", "Ġnot", "Ġbe", "Ġdisturbed", "Ġ.", "ĠMoments", "Ġafter", "Ġhe", "Ġsees", "Ġa", "Ġnewspaper", "Ġheadline", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġreads", "Ġ\"", "ĠH", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "ĠBomb", "ĠCap", "able", "Ġof", "ĠTotal", "ĠDestruction", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġenormous", "Ġexplosion", "Ġoutside", "Ġthe", "Ġbank", "Ġviolently", "Ġshakes", "Ġthe", "Ġvault", "Ġ,", "Ġknocking", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġunconscious", "Ġ.", "ĠAfter", "Ġreg", "aining", "Ġconsciousness", "Ġand", "Ġrecovering", "Ġthe", "Ġthick", "Ġglasses", "Ġrequired", "Ġfor", "Ġhim", "Ġto", "Ġsee", "Ġ,", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġemerges", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġvault", "Ġto", "Ġfind", "Ġthe", "Ġbank", "Ġdemolished", "Ġand", "Ġeveryone", "Ġin", "Ġit", "Ġdead", "Ġ.", "ĠLeaving", "Ġthe", "Ġbank", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġsees", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġentire", "Ġcity", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġdestroyed", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġrealizes", "Ġthat", "Ġa", "Ġnuclear", "Ġwar", "Ġhas", "Ġdevastated", "Ġthe", "ĠEarth", "Ġ,", "Ġbut", "Ġthat", "Ġhis", "Ġbeing", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġvault", "Ġhas", "Ġsaved", "Ġhim", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFinding", "Ġhimself", "Ġtotally", "Ġalone", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġshattered", "Ġworld", "Ġwith", "Ġfood", "Ġto", "Ġlast", "Ġhim", "Ġa", "Ġlifetime", "Ġbut", "Ġno", "Ġone", "Ġto", "Ġshare", "Ġit", "Ġwith", "Ġ,", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġsucc", "umbs", "Ġto", "Ġdespair", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġhe", "Ġprepares", "Ġto", "Ġcommit", "Ġsuicide", "Ġusing", "Ġa", "Ġrevolver", "Ġhe", "Ġhas", "Ġfound", "Ġ,", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġsees", "Ġthe", "Ġruins", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġpublic", "Ġlibrary", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġdistance", "Ġ.", "ĠInvestig", "ating", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġfinds", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġbooks", "Ġare", "Ġstill", "Ġintact", "Ġand", "Ġreadable", "Ġ;", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġbooks", "Ġhe", "Ġcould", "Ġever", "Ġhope", "Ġfor", "Ġare", "Ġhis", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġreading", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġ(", "Ġas", "Ġhe", "Ġg", "azes", "Ġupon", "Ġa", "Ġhuge", "Ġfallen", "Ġface", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġclock", "Ġ)", "Ġlearns", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġhas", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġworld", "Ġto", "Ġread", "Ġthem", "Ġwithout", "Ġinterruption", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHis", "Ġdespair", "Ġgone", "Ġ,", "ĠB", "emis", "Ġcontent", "edly", "Ġsorts", "Ġthe", "Ġbooks", "Ġhe", "Ġlooks", "Ġforward", "Ġto", "Ġreading", "Ġfor", "Ġyears", "Ġto", "Ġcome", "Ġ.", "ĠJust", "Ġas", "Ġhe", "Ġbends", "Ġdown", "Ġto", "Ġpick", "Ġup", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġbook", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġst", "umbles", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġglasses", "Ġfall", "Ġoff", "Ġand", "Ġshatter", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġshock", "Ġ,", "Ġhe", "Ġpicks", "Ġup", "Ġthe", "Ġbroken", "Ġremains", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġglasses", "Ġhe", "Ġis", "Ġvirtually", "Ġblind", "Ġwithout", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġsays", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠThat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnot", "Ġfair", "Ġ.", "ĠThat", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnot", "Ġfair", "Ġat", "Ġall", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġwas", "Ġtime", "Ġnow", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġwas", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwas", "Ġall", "Ġthe", "Ġtime", "ĠI", "Ġneeded", "ĠâĢ¦", "Ġ!", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnot", "Ġfair", "Ġ!", "ĠIt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnot", "Ġfair", "Ġ!", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġbursts", "Ġinto", "Ġtears", "Ġ,", "Ġsurrounded", "Ġby", "Ġbooks", "Ġhe", "Ġnow", "Ġcan", "Ġnever", "Ġread", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠClosing", "Ġnarration", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠProduction", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ\"", "ĠTime", "ĠEnough", "Ġat", "ĠLast", "Ġ\"", "Ġwas", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "Ġepisodes", "Ġwritten", "Ġfor", "ĠThe", "ĠTwilight", "ĠZone", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġintroduced", "ĠBurgess", "ĠMeredith", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġseries", "Ġ;", "Ġhe", "Ġwent", "Ġon", "Ġto", "Ġstar", "Ġin", "Ġthree", "Ġmore", "Ġepisodes", "Ġ,", "Ġbeing", "Ġintroduced", "Ġas", "Ġ\"", "Ġno", "Ġstranger", "Ġto", "ĠThe", "ĠTwilight", "ĠZone", "Ġ\"", "Ġin", "Ġpromotional", "Ġspots", "Ġfor", "Ġseason", "Ġtwo", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ\"", "ĠThe", "ĠOb", "solete", "ĠMan", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġalso", "Ġnarrated", "Ġfor", "Ġthe", "Ġ1983", "Ġfilm", "ĠTwilight", "ĠZone", "Ġ:", "ĠThe", "ĠMovie", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġmade", "Ġreference", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "ĠTime", "ĠEnough", "Ġat", "ĠLast", "Ġ\"", "Ġduring", "Ġits", "Ġopening", "Ġsequence", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġcharacters", "Ġdiscussing", "Ġthe", "Ġepisode", "Ġin", "Ġdetail", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠFoot", "age", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġexterior" ]
115,142
steps of the library was filmed several months after production had been completed . These steps can also be seen on the exterior of an Eloi public building in MGM 's 1960 version of The Time Machine . John Brahm was nominated for a Directors Guild award for his work on the episode . The book that Bemis was reading in the vault and that flips open when the bomb explodes is A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus by Washington Irving . = = Themes = = Although the overriding message may seem to be " careful what you wish for " , there are other themes throughout the episode as well . Paramount among these is the question of solitude versus loneliness , as embodied by Bemis ' moment of near @-@ suicide . Additionally , the portrayal of societal attitudes towards books speaks to the contemporary decline of traditional literature and how , given enough time , reading may become a relic of the past . At the same time , the ending " punishes Bemis for his antisocial behavior , and his greatest desire is thwarted . " Rod Serling 's concluding statement in the episode - that Bemis has become " just a fragment of what man has deeded to himself " - alludes to Robert Burns ' Scots language poem " To a Mouse " ( 1785 , for which John Steinbeck 's book , Of Mice and Men ( 1938 ) , was also named ) . The poem concludes : " The best @-@ laid schemes o ' mice an men / Gang aft agley " ( translation : " Often go awry " ) . Although " Time Enough at Last " implies that nuclear warfare has destroyed humanity , film critic Andrew Sarris notes that the episode 's necessarily unrealistic format may have been what allowed its production to commence : In the era of the Internet and eBooks , the irony depicted in " Time Enough at Last " has an information age counterpart , according to Weston Ochse of Storytellers Unplugged . As Ochse points out , when Bemis becomes the last person on Earth , he finally has time to read , with all his books at his fingertips and the only impediment is technology when his medium for accessing them — his glasses — breaks . In a hypothetical world where all books are published electronically , Ochse observes , readers would be " only a lightning strike , a faulty switch , a sleepy workman or a natural disaster away from becoming Henry Bemis at the end of the world " — that is , a power outage has the potential to give them time to read , yet like Bemis , they too would lose their medium for accessing their books — namely the computer . This analogy has been taken further by those who suggest that today 's technology @-@ dependent world , where books have become passé ( cf . Bradbury 's " The Pedestrian " ) , could render an outage both a liberator and an executioner : As the gateway to both work and entertainment ( be it a computer , video games or television ) , removing electricity from the equation presents Henry Bemis ' heaven but modern society 's hell . = = = Similar episodes = = = The Twilight Zone often explored similar themes throughout its run . " Time Enough at Last " has strong thematic ties to a number of other episodes in the series , starting with that of isolation , first explored in the series pilot , " Where Is Everybody ? " . It is also a prominent theme in the previous episode " The Lonely " . Additionally , in a plot very similar to that of " Time " , " The Mind and the Matter " tells of a man who uses his mind to erase humanity , only to find that existence without other people is unbearable . The notion of being an outsider , lost in a sea of conformity , was one of the most common themes of the series . Other thematic elements in this episode can be found throughout the series , as well . " The Obsolete Man " takes the episode 's literary subtext — the notion that reading may eventually be considered " obsolete " — to an extreme : The state has declared books obsolete and a librarian ( also played by Meredith ) finds himself on trial for his own obsolescence . This notion , akin to Ray Bradbury 's short story " The Pedestrian " ( 1951 ) , is also alluded to in the episode " Number 12 Looks Just Like You " , in which a perfect and equal world contradictorily considers works like those of Shakespeare " smut " . = = Impact = = = = = Critical and fan favorite = = = " Time Enough at Last " was a ratings success in its initial airing and " became an instant classic " . It " remains one of the best @-@ remembered and best @-@ loved episodes of The Twilight Zone " according to Marc Zicree , author of The Twilight Zone Companion . When a poll asked readers of Twilight Zone Magazine which episode of the series they remembered the most , " Time Enough at Last " was the most frequent
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response , with " To Serve Man " coming in a distant second . In TV Land 's presentation of TV Guide 's " 100 Most Memorable Moments in Television " , " Time Enough at Last " was ranked at # 25 . In an interview years after this episode aired , Serling cited " Time Enough at Last " as one of his two favorites from the entire series . ( The other episode was " The Invaders " , with Agnes Moorehead . ) = = = In popular culture = = = Many elements of American popular culture frequently pay homage to " Time Enough at Last " . = = = = Amusement park attractions = = = = The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , a theme park ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure Park , displays a replica of Henry Bemis ' broken glasses in the lobby . It is noted that , while they are indeed reading glasses , Burgess Meredith wears them the entire episode to make Bemis look more bookish . = = = Comics = = = The comic book version of The Simpsons , Simpsons Comics , published a story called " The Last Fat Man " , based partially on " Time Enough at Last " , and includes a short scene where Homer Simpson shoos a bespectacled man who is reading a book out of a nuclear bunker so he can eat in it , unintentionally taking shelter in it . = = = Film = = = In Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) , Albert Brooks recounts the episode to Dan Aykroyd as they drive along an empty stretch of highway . " This thing freaked me out when I was 7 years old , " says Brooks ' character , adding : " I bought another pair of glasses just in case that would happen . " The episode 's title was borrowed by a 2004 independent film about a man who tries to escape an office building . The film 's official website listed the webmaster 's e @-@ mail alias as " rodserling " . The Pixar movie WALL @-@ E ( 2008 ) , which takes place in a desolate future , also contains a scene in which a pair of broken glasses can be seen in the foreground . = = = Games = = = The PC game Fallout Tactics ( 2001 ) includes a librarian in a desolate world who wants the player to find his missing glasses so he can read his books . = = = Music = = = The episode 's title was borrowed by a song on The Fall 's 1992 album Code : Selfish ( 1992 ) = = = Television = = = There are numerous , notable television spoofs of the episode . Examples include : Stephen Colbert 's A Colbert Christmas : The Greatest Gift of All ! ( in the DVD 's second alternative ending ) Family Guy ( at the end of the season 2 episode " Wasted Talent " ) Futurama ( during an episode of " The Scary Door " [ a Twilight Zone @-@ style TV show that airs in the year 3000 ] on " A Head in the Polls " ) SpongeBob SquarePants The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( " Return of the Nanobots " ) The Drew Carey Show ( " Y2K You 're OK " ) Episodes of other television shows that refer to " Time Enough at Last " include : The Modern Family episode " Airport 2010 " references " Time " when the screen on Jay 's electronic reader gets broken . Jay pours the broken glass to the floor while saying " Not fair . It 's not fair " . Episode 12 of Revolution , titled " Ghosts " , has Jim Hudson 's character who goes by the name of Henry Bemis . Henry ( Jim ) has become the town librarian , until Miles convinces him to help the rebels and go back to his real name . The line , " Seconds , minutes , hours , they crawl by on hands and knees " was referenced to in The Powerpuff Girls Season 2 episode , " Speed Demon " , where the villain , HIM , torments the Powerpuff Girls before revealing that they have unknowingly arrived 50 years into the future , landing in a Townsville that HIM now controls . " The HΩmega Man " segment of The Simpsons episode " Treehouse of Horror VIII " features Homer , who accidentally survives by hiding in a nuclear bunker and comes out to discover that he is apparently the last person alive . In the season 14 episode of The Simpsons , " Strong Arms of the Ma , " a postman is accidentally trapped under a car in front of the Simpson house . He intends to read The Twilight Zone Magazine but discovers that his glasses were broken in the accident and says , " That 's not fair ! " , while the Twilight Zone main @-@ theme music is heard in the background .
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The sitcom Two and a Half Men made references to it when the character Alan has a nervous breakdown in a bookstore . This episode was mentioned in the CBS drama series , Under the Dome 's third season . = = Adaptations = = " Time Enough at Last " has been released in numerous formats over the years . In 1988 it was available on VHS as part of a Twilight Zone collector 's edition . Two releases were made in 1998 and 1999 , as part of a more widely available two @-@ episodes @-@ per @-@ tape release scheme . Although similar individual multi @-@ episode DVDs were released , it is now exclusively available as part of The Twilight Zone – The Definitive Edition , the first volume of which was released December 24 , 2004 . Included is an audio @-@ only interview with Burgess Meredith as well as the clip of The Drew Carey Show 's parody of the episode . The story which inspired it has been released in eBook and MP3 form , capitalizing on the success of the episode . In 2003 , the Falcon Picture Group produced a series of radio dramas based on the series — stating , " In the 1950s many radio series were turned into television series – so why not the reverse ? " — which were broadcast on about 200 stations through the USA ; " Time " was included in volume six . In 2005 , " Time " became one of the first Twilight Zone episodes offered for download via Google Video and later on sites such as Amazon.com. = Dead Head Fred = Dead Head Fred ( Japanese : デッドヘッドフレッド ～ 首なし探偵の悪夢 ～ , Hepburn : Deddo Heddo Fureddo ~ Kubinashi Tantei no Akumu ~ ) is a horror @-@ themed action @-@ adventure video game for the PlayStation Portable , developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by D3 Publisher . It was released in North America on August 28 , 2007 and is powered by Vicious Cycle 's proprietary Vicious Engine . It features a premise that is a combination of 1940s @-@ style noir and contemporary horror , dubbed " twisted noir " by the design team . The game is a single @-@ player experience whose title character , Fred Neuman , is a private investigator with the ability to switch heads . Fred has recently been murdered and decapitated , and has few memories of the events leading to his death . The plot follows Fred as he pieces together the clues of his murder and tries to get revenge on the man who killed him . Unlike many action game heroes , Fred has no conventional weapons — he relies solely on the powers available to him from the severed heads of fallen enemies . The game received generally positive reviews , with reviewers mentioning its dark humor and noir @-@ inspired motif as high points . It received criticism for its controls and lack of combat depth . In 2008 , it won the Writers Guild of America 's first @-@ ever award for video game writing . = = Gameplay = = Dead Head Fred is a third @-@ person action @-@ adventure game that incorporates a variety of gameplay styles , including combat , platforming , and puzzles . The core gameplay of Dead Head Fred revolves around Fred 's missing head and his ability to " switch " heads by defeating certain enemies , decapitating them , and collecting their heads ( referred to as " headhunting " ) . As Fred explores the city of Hope Falls , he can collect an assortment of heads , each of which has unique abilities . Examples include the Stone Idol head , which Fred can use as a battering ram , and the Corpse head , which can be used to suck up and spit out water , gasoline , and other materials . Fred uses these heads to navigate the city of Hope Falls , and certain parts of the city are not accessible until certain heads are found . The high level of radiation in Hope Falls has led to a proliferation of grossly mutated worms , which the player can collect and use to upgrade Fred 's heads and temporarily increase his fighting abilities , among other benefits . Also collectible are money and special items , which can be earned by defeating enemies or completing various side @-@ missions . There are several minigames unrelated to the plot , such as pinball and fishing , scattered around the city . In combat , players have several attacks at their disposal , depending on the head Fred is equipped with . These attacks include combos , head @-@ specific counterattacks , and ranged attacks . During a counterattack , the player can complete a Quick Time Event to instantly kill an enemy by removing its head , which gives Fred " Rage " points . Rage energy builds up over time , and the player can use it to unleash powerful attacks on multiple foes . Dealing a large amount of damage to an opponent will stun them , during which time Fred can remove their
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"Ġradio", "Ġdramas", "Ġbased", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġseries", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġstating", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠIn", "Ġthe", "Ġ1950", "s", "Ġmany", "Ġradio", "Ġseries", "Ġwere", "Ġturned", "Ġinto", "Ġtelevision", "Ġseries", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġso", "Ġwhy", "Ġnot", "Ġthe", "Ġreverse", "Ġ?", "Ġ\"", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġwhich", "Ġwere", "Ġbroadcast", "Ġon", "Ġabout", "Ġ200", "Ġstations", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "ĠUSA", "Ġ;", "Ġ\"", "ĠTime", "Ġ\"", "Ġwas", "Ġincluded", "Ġin", "Ġvolume", "Ġsix", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġ2005", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "ĠTime", "Ġ\"", "Ġbecame", "Ġone", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġfirst", "ĠTwilight", "ĠZone", "Ġepisodes", "Ġoffered", "Ġfor", "Ġdownload", "Ġvia", "ĠGoogle", "ĠVideo", "Ġand", "Ġlater", "Ġon", "Ġsites", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠAmazon", ".", "com", ".", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠDead", "ĠHead", "ĠFred", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDead", "ĠHead", "ĠFred", "Ġ(", "ĠJapanese", "Ġ:", "Ġãĥ", "ĩ", "ãĥĥãĥī", "ãĥĺ", "ãĥĥãĥī", "ãĥķ", "ãĥ¬", "ãĥĥãĥī", "Ġï", "½", "ŀ", "Ġé", "¦", "ĸ", "ãģª", "ãģĹ", "æ", "İ", "¢", "å", "ģ", "µ", "ãģ®æ", "Ĥª", 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"Ġsingle", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġplayer", "Ġexperience", "Ġwhose", "Ġtitle", "Ġcharacter", "Ġ,", "ĠFred", "ĠNe", "uman", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġprivate", "Ġinvestigator", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġability", "Ġto", "Ġswitch", "Ġheads", "Ġ.", "ĠFred", "Ġhas", "Ġrecently", "Ġbeen", "Ġmurdered", "Ġand", "Ġdecap", "itated", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhas", "Ġfew", "Ġmemories", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġevents", "Ġleading", "Ġto", "Ġhis", "Ġdeath", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġplot", "Ġfollows", "ĠFred", "Ġas", "Ġhe", "Ġpieces", "Ġtogether", "Ġthe", "Ġclues", "Ġof", "Ġhis", "Ġmurder", "Ġand", "Ġtries", "Ġto", "Ġget", "Ġrevenge", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġman", "Ġwho", "Ġkilled", "Ġhim", "Ġ.", "ĠUnlike", "Ġmany", "Ġaction", "Ġgame", "Ġheroes", "Ġ,", "ĠFred", "Ġhas", "Ġno", "Ġconventional", "Ġweapons", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġhe", "Ġrelies", "Ġsolely", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġpowers", "Ġavailable", "Ġto", "Ġhim", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġsevered", "Ġheads", "Ġof", "Ġfallen", "Ġenemies", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġgame", "Ġreceived", "Ġgenerally", "Ġpositive", "Ġreviews", "Ġ,", "Ġwith", "Ġreviewers", "Ġmentioning", "Ġits", "Ġdark", "Ġhumor", "Ġand", "Ġno", "ir", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġinspired", "Ġmotif", "Ġas", "Ġhigh", "Ġpoints", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġreceived", "Ġcriticism", "Ġfor", "Ġits", "Ġcontrols", "Ġand", "Ġlack", "Ġof", "Ġcombat", "Ġdepth", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ2008", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġwon", "Ġthe", "ĠWriters", "ĠGuild", "Ġof", "ĠAmerica", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġfirst", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġever", "Ġaward", "Ġfor", "Ġvideo", "Ġgame", "Ġwriting", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠGame", "play", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDead", "ĠHead", "ĠFred", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġthird", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġperson", "Ġaction", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġadventure", "Ġgame", "Ġthat", "Ġincorporates", "Ġa", "Ġvariety", "Ġof", "Ġgameplay", "Ġstyles", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "Ġcombat", "Ġ,", "Ġplatform", "ing", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġpuzzles", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġcore", "Ġgameplay", "Ġof", "ĠDead", "ĠHead", "ĠFred", "Ġrevolves", "Ġaround", "ĠFred", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġmissing", "Ġhead", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġability", "Ġto", "Ġ\"", "Ġswitch", 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"Ġcertain", "Ġheads", "Ġare", "Ġfound", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġhigh", "Ġlevel", "Ġof", "Ġradiation", "Ġin", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġhas", "Ġled", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġproliferation", "Ġof", "Ġgrossly", "Ġmutated", "Ġworms", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġthe", "Ġplayer", "Ġcan", "Ġcollect", "Ġand", "Ġuse", "Ġto", "Ġupgrade", "ĠFred", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġheads", "Ġand", "Ġtemporarily", "Ġincrease", "Ġhis", "Ġfighting", "Ġabilities", "Ġ,", "Ġamong", "Ġother", "Ġbenefits", "Ġ.", "ĠAlso", "Ġcollect", "ible", "Ġare", "Ġmoney", "Ġand", "Ġspecial", "Ġitems", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġcan", "Ġbe", "Ġearned", "Ġby", "Ġdefeating", "Ġenemies", "Ġor", "Ġcompleting", "Ġvarious", "Ġside", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġmissions", "Ġ.", "ĠThere", "Ġare", "Ġseveral", "Ġmin", "ig", "ames", "Ġunrelated", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġplot", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "Ġpin", "ball", "Ġand", "Ġfishing", "Ġ,", "Ġscattered", "Ġaround", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠIn", "Ġcombat", "Ġ,", "Ġplayers", "Ġhave", "Ġseveral", "Ġattacks", "Ġat", "Ġtheir", "Ġdisposal", "Ġ,", "Ġdepending", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġhead", "ĠFred", "Ġis", "Ġequipped", "Ġwith", "Ġ.", "ĠThese", "Ġattacks", "Ġinclude", "Ġcombos", "Ġ,", "Ġhead", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġspecific", "Ġcounter", "attacks", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġranged", "Ġattacks", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġa", "Ġcounter", "attack", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġplayer", "Ġcan", "Ġcomplete", "Ġa", "ĠQuick", "ĠTime", "ĠEvent", "Ġto", "Ġinstantly", "Ġkill", "Ġan", "Ġenemy", "Ġby", "Ġremoving", "Ġits", "Ġhead", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġgives", "ĠFred", "Ġ\"", "ĠRage", "Ġ\"", "Ġpoints", "Ġ.", "ĠRage", "Ġenergy", "Ġbuilds", "Ġup", "Ġover", "Ġtime", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġplayer", "Ġcan", "Ġuse", "Ġit", "Ġto", "Ġunleash", "Ġpowerful", "Ġattacks", "Ġon", "Ġmultiple", "Ġfoes", "Ġ.", "ĠDe", "aling", "Ġa", "Ġlarge", "Ġamount", "Ġof", "Ġdamage", "Ġto", "Ġan", "Ġopponent", "Ġwill", "Ġstun", "Ġthem", "Ġ,", "Ġduring", "Ġwhich", "Ġtime", "ĠFred", "Ġcan", "Ġremove", "Ġtheir" ]
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head . Collected heads can be traded at " Head Shops " for a usable version . There are several types of environmental puzzles that the player has to solve in order to progress through the game . Each one requires a specific head — the Bone head gives Fred sharp claws which allow him to climb on the sides of buildings , while the Shrunken head decreases his size dramatically and lets him navigate platforming levels , such as a saw mill . There is also a mannequin head that Fred must use to socialize with the residents of Hope Falls , because they are terrified of his other heads . There are nine available heads , seven of which are suitable for combat . = = Plot = = = = = Setting = = = Dead Head Fred takes place in Hope Falls , New Jersey , a once @-@ prosperous area based on American cities in the 1940s . The city has steadily fallen from grace since a business mogul named Ulysses Pitt began accumulating power . Pitt has a background of petty crime , and there are allegations that he was somehow responsible for the disappearance of Vinni Rossini , an influential Hope Falls businessman . Pitt 's new " Nukular Plant " has recently finished construction and has caused a high level of radiation in the city , leading to strange phenomena like mutated wildlife and undead monsters . Hope Falls is composed of several areas . The first that Fred has access to is Dr. Steiner 's castle , the ancestral home of the Steiner family where Fred has been resurrected . Outside of the castle is a large cemetery that borders the forested area of Creepy Hollow . In Hope Falls proper are the urban areas of Downtown , Uptown , Old Hope Falls and Zombietown . Downtown is the home of Pitt 's headquarters , and Fred 's office is found in Old Hope Falls . Zombietown , as its name suggests , is overrun with zombies and most of its residents have fled the neighborhood or barricaded themselves in their homes . Two other rural areas border the city : Freak Farms , where Fred owns a small cabin , and the Boonies , a highly irradiated area where the Nukular Reactor has been built . Each area contains several teleporters in the form of sewer manholes , which Fred can use to quickly move from one area of Hope Falls to another . = = = Characters = = = The protagonist of Dead Head Fred is Fred Neuman ( voiced by John C. McGinley ) , a private detective . Fred is the only playable character , but since each head gives him a different set of animations , he could be considered nine separate characters . As he does not have a proper face , Fred 's mood is portrayed by the tone of his voice and by face @-@ like expressions formed by his eyes and frontal lobes . Fred has a wisecracking , sarcastic personality and occasionally breaks the fourth wall , such as heckling the player when he dies . Ulysses Pitt ( Jon Polito ) , the game 's primary antagonist , is a small @-@ time hoodlum turned racketeer . Pitt employs many henchmen throughout Hope Falls , the most prominent of which is his lieutenant Lefty , whose right leg has been amputated and replaced with a tommygun . Fred makes several allies throughout the game , including Dr. Steiner , who resurrected him , his girlfriend Jeanne Rossini ( Kari Wahlgren ) , and his former partner Benny Salazar . Fred 's enemies are generally employees of Pitt , like the skeletal " bone thugs " , or creatures created by Hope Falls ' radiation , like zombies and animated scarecrows . = = = Story = = = The game begins with Fred waking up in the castle of a Dr. Freidrich Steiner , an employee of Ulysses Pitt . Fred soon learns that he has been murdered and subsequently resurrected , and his head is missing . In its place is a liquid @-@ filled jar that contains his brain and eyes . Steiner explains that Fred is a private detective who had been investigating Pitt , but Pitt had discovered that Fred was on to him and had him murdered . Many of Fred 's memories are missing as a result of the trauma to his brain , and before Steiner can explain further , Pitt and several of his henchmen arrive . As Fred hides in Steiner 's lab , Pitt 's thugs apprehend Steiner and announce that he is to be taken to the Horseman , a minion of Pitt 's who resides in Creepy Hollow . Fred leaves Steiner 's castle and meets a blue @-@ skinned hunchback in the cemetery outside . The hunchback introduces himself as Sam Spade , a gravedigger and " head merchant " who can help Fred by providing him with quality interchangeable heads . Fred continues to Creepy Hollow , where he defeats the Horseman and rescues Dr. Steiner . Steiner , however , has little information regarding Fred 's
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"Ġan", "Ġinfluential", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġbusinessman", "Ġ.", "ĠPitt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġnew", "Ġ\"", "ĠN", "uk", "ular", "ĠPlant", "Ġ\"", "Ġhas", "Ġrecently", "Ġfinished", "Ġconstruction", "Ġand", "Ġhas", "Ġcaused", "Ġa", "Ġhigh", "Ġlevel", "Ġof", "Ġradiation", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġ,", "Ġleading", "Ġto", "Ġstrange", "Ġphenomena", "Ġlike", "Ġmutated", "Ġwildlife", "Ġand", "Ġundead", "Ġmonsters", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġis", "Ġcomposed", "Ġof", "Ġseveral", "Ġareas", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfirst", "Ġthat", "ĠFred", "Ġhas", "Ġaccess", "Ġto", "Ġis", "ĠDr", ".", "ĠSte", "iner", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġcastle", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġancestral", "Ġhome", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠSte", "iner", "Ġfamily", "Ġwhere", "ĠFred", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġresurrected", "Ġ.", "ĠOutside", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġcastle", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġlarge", "Ġcemetery", "Ġthat", "Ġborders", "Ġthe", "Ġforest", "ed", "Ġarea", "Ġof", "ĠCreep", "y", "ĠHollow", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġproper", "Ġare", "Ġthe", "Ġurban", "Ġareas", "Ġof", "ĠDowntown", "Ġ,", "ĠU", "pt", "own", "Ġ,", "ĠOld", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġand", "ĠZ", "omb", "iet", "own", "Ġ.", "ĠDowntown", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "Ġhome", "Ġof", "ĠPitt", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġheadquarters", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "ĠFred", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġoffice", "Ġis", "Ġfound", "Ġin", "ĠOld", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġ.", "ĠZ", "omb", "iet", "own", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġits", "Ġname", "Ġsuggests", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġoverrun", "Ġwith", "Ġzombies", "Ġand", "Ġmost", "Ġof", "Ġits", "Ġresidents", "Ġhave", "Ġfled", "Ġthe", "Ġneighborhood", "Ġor", "Ġbarric", "aded", "Ġthemselves", "Ġin", "Ġtheir", "Ġhomes", "Ġ.", "ĠTwo", "Ġother", "Ġrural", "Ġareas", "Ġborder", "Ġthe", "Ġcity", "Ġ:", "ĠFreak", "ĠFarms", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "ĠFred", "Ġowns", "Ġa", "Ġsmall", "Ġcabin", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠB", "oon", "ies", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġhighly", "Ġirrad", "iated", "Ġarea", "Ġwhere", "Ġthe", "ĠN", "uk", "ular", "ĠRe", "actor", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġbuilt", "Ġ.", "ĠEach", "Ġarea", "Ġcontains", "Ġseveral", "Ġtele", "por", "ters", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġform", 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"Ġgirlfriend", "ĠJeanne", "ĠRoss", "ini", "Ġ(", "ĠK", "ari", "ĠW", "ahl", "gren", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġformer", "Ġpartner", "ĠBenny", "ĠSal", "azar", "Ġ.", "ĠFred", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġenemies", "Ġare", "Ġgenerally", "Ġemployees", "Ġof", "ĠPitt", "Ġ,", "Ġlike", "Ġthe", "Ġskeletal", "Ġ\"", "Ġbone", "Ġthugs", "Ġ\"", "Ġ,", "Ġor", "Ġcreatures", "Ġcreated", "Ġby", "ĠHope", "ĠFalls", "Ġ'", "Ġradiation", "Ġ,", "Ġlike", "Ġzombies", "Ġand", "Ġanimated", "Ġscare", "c", "rows", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠStory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġgame", "Ġbegins", "Ġwith", "ĠFred", "Ġwaking", "Ġup", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcastle", "Ġof", "Ġa", "ĠDr", ".", "ĠFre", "id", "rich", "ĠSte", "iner", "Ġ,", "Ġan", "Ġemployee", "Ġof", "ĠU", "lyss", "es", "ĠPitt", "Ġ.", "ĠFred", "Ġsoon", "Ġlearns", "Ġthat", "Ġhe", "Ġhas", "Ġbeen", "Ġmurdered", "Ġand", "Ġsubsequently", "Ġresurrected", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhis", "Ġhead", "Ġis", "Ġmissing", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġits", "Ġplace", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġliquid", "Ġ@", "-", 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115,146
investigation and suggests that he question the residents of Hope Falls to learn more about his demise . Fred begins exploring Hope Falls , meeting many strange personalities along the way . He reconnects with his old girlfriend Jeanne , who is the daughter of a prominent Hope Falls citizen , Vinni Rossini . Fred learns that Mr. Rossini had been reported missing by Jeanne , and Jeanne had subsequently hired Fred to find him . Fred had eventually followed the trail to Pitt , who had bribed Fred 's partner , Benny Salazar , into betraying him . Fred was promptly caught by Pitt 's henchmen and shot to death by his right @-@ hand man , Lefty . Armed with the knowledge of his death and the events leading up to it , Fred continues his investigation and recovers a videotape of Vinni Rossini 's murder that incriminates Pitt . Pitt learns that Fred is still " alive " and kidnaps Jeanne to use as leverage against him . Fred confronts the mobster at his headquarters after shutting down the centerpiece of the his criminal enterprise , the Pitt Nukular Plant , and defeating Lefty . Lefty , however , was exposed to nuclear waste during the fight and subsequently mutated into a huge beast who comes to Pitt 's aid in the game 's final battle . Fred ultimately defeats both Pitt and Lefty atop the Pitt Building . Pitt is killed during the battle , but Lefty manages to escape and retreats to the remains of the Nukular Plant . After the battle , Fred 's head , which , along with Jeanne , had been held hostage by Pitt , is shown tumbling into an open manhole near the Pitt Building , unbeknownst to Fred . The final scene of the game shows Fred and Jeanne having dinner at a restaurant to celebrate , with Fred lamenting the loss of his head . = = Development = = = = = Geo = = = Dead Head Fred uses the Vicious Engine , a game engine created and maintained by game design company Vicious Cycle Software . Considered " middleware " in the video game industry , the engine was designed as a simple set of creation tools that could be used across multiple consoles . The game was originally conceived as a platform game based on the character " Geo . " Vicious Cycle 's president , Eric Peterson , and some of his staff developed a conceptual world called " Prime " where Geo lived . Geo had the ability to switch his head between several different shapes ( a cube , sphere , cylinder , and pyramid ) that would help him solve puzzles , fight , and move around Prime in his quest to stop the evil King Rhombus , who was trying to destroy Prime . Each of Geo 's shaped heads had unique properties that gave him different abilities — the sphere head allowed him to roll around very quickly , for example . The Geo concept was described by the development team as similar to other platform games like Rayman or Spyro , and skewed towards a younger audience . When the concept was complete , the development team presented it to several publishers , who stated that they liked the idea but its geometry @-@ based core too strongly resembled " edutainment " , and that they were interested in developing a more edgy , adult premise . The Nintendo GameCube had been an early choice for hosting the game before the PSP was chosen . = = = Noir setting = = = Vicious Cycle went back to the drawing board and produced a new concept that they felt was darker and better suited to an older audience . The " head @-@ switching " game mechanic had been praised by the potential publishers and was kept , but this time the cartoonish , childlike Geo was replaced by an angry , vengeful private detective named Fred Neuman . The world of Prime was replaced with the bleak , film noir @-@ esque city of Hope Falls , where Fred would seek revenge against those who had wronged him . Vicious Cycle presented the new project to Sony , who promptly approved the game for the PSP , despite it not having secured a publisher . Shortly afterwards , the project was picked up by D3Publisher . Vicious Cycle then submitted the concept to art company Massive Black Studios to develop initial character sketches . Massive Black 's artists were allowed to use their imagination while developing Fred , but the one stipulation Vicious Cycle made from the beginning was Fred 's head — the developers wanted it to be a liquid @-@ filled jar with the detective 's brain and eyes floating around inside . Massive Black came up with several different versions of Fred , including some with guns , which lead designer Adam Cogan had already decided the game would not include . After receiving the sketches , Vicious Cycle chose several that portrayed Fred with a squat , childlike appearance that retained some of the youthful focus of the scrapped Geo project . The publisher , D3 , decided to present all of the concept art to a test group . To the developers ' surprise , the test group was much more interested in a darker , more intimidating portrayal of Fred
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"Ġdarker", "Ġ,", "Ġmore", "Ġintimidating", "Ġportrayal", "Ġof", "ĠFred" ]
115,147
than the cartoonish , playful look they had chosen . The developers decided to flesh out the concept and took the chosen sketches back to Massive Black . This time the art came back darker , with similarities to Dirty Harry and The Matrix and The Evil Dead , and a Norman Rockwell @-@ inspired look that would influence the game 's art style towards a more violent theme . = = = Further testing = = = D3 provided the development team with more focus groups , and as a result , the game slowly incorporated more combat and less platforming and puzzles . Fred 's combat capabilities were revamped to give him more attacks , counterattacks and combinations . D3 also gave Vicious Cycle more time to develop the game , with the hope of receiving better reviews and potentially turning Dead Head Fred into a franchise . The delay pushed back the game 's release from January to August 2007 . D3Publisher bought Vicious Cycle two months before the game 's release , but the company 's headquarters remained in North Carolina and the staff was retained . = = Audio = = = = = Soundtrack = = = The music of Dead Head Fred was composed by Rod Abernethy and Jason Graves and recorded at Abernethy 's studio , Rednote Audio . Abernethy and Graves had worked on previous games by Vicious Cycle , like Curious George . The composers were interested in developing a sound for Dead Head Fred that was retro @-@ futuristic , and borrowed from other death @-@ themed pieces like Stubbs the Zombie and Beetlejuice . The development team did not have any substantial ideas for the game 's music beyond the theme and mood of Hope Falls , giving the composers free rein on the soundtrack 's direction . = = = Voice work = = = A crucial area of development was the formation of the game 's mood , theme , and story to give it a dark , yet humorous quality . Hiring a Hollywood screenwriter to create the script was proposed , but ultimately Vicious Cycle designer Dave Ellis was given the task of writing the game 's cutscenes and voiceover script , while Cogan focused on the in @-@ game dialog . Ellis referred to several noir films for inspiration , especially Miller 's Crossing and Who Framed Roger Rabbit During this time , Eric Peterson cast several voice actors , including John C. McGinley from the TV show Scrubs and Jon Polito from the aforementioned Miller 's Crossing . McGinley was cast as Fred because of his Scrubs character 's sarcasm and wit , while Polito was cast in the role of mob boss Ulysses Pitt , which was very similar to his role of Johnny Caspar in Miller 's Crossing . The development team then set about recording the game 's dialog , which proved to be challenging because of Vicious Cycle 's location on the East Coast . All of the recordings were done over the phone at a studio in Hollywood . Despite this , and the fact that Fred alone had over 1000 lines of in @-@ game dialog , the recording went smoothly , with the exception of one unidentified actor who walked out in the middle of a session . The original script had only one instance of the word " fuck " , but several recording sessions with McGinley resulted in a great deal of colorful improvisation . The design team liked the recordings and the script was modified to permit McGinley and other actors to curse more . McGinley focused on portraying Fred as " pissed off " and " having a chip on his shoulder " because his head was missing . " No , this guy was unique because , well … his head was gone ! With him , you could really just open up your imagination and roll out a cavalcade of eccentricities and see what makes sense to you . It was pretty much unlike anything I ’ ve ever done before . " = = Promotion and release = = Dead Head Fred was first announced at the Electronics Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) video game convention in May 2006 , where a trailer was shown to the public . Following this , little was heard about the game until Cogan started a developer diary on Vicious Cycle 's website in March 2007 . Three diary entries were written by Cogan and Ellis , which provided details about the game 's pre @-@ production conceptualization and voice work . In May 2007 , D3 announced that John C. McGinley would be voicing Fred , and the next month the company issued a press release stating that the game was finished and ready for mass production . However , the game was delayed , allowing D3 Publisher to show it at E3 2007 . It was eventually released on August 28 , 2007 in North America after nearly two years of development . It was released on October 26 in Europe , November 2 in Australia , and March 19 , 2008 in Japan . In December 2007 , D3 reduced the price of the game , and in October 2008 it was made available for download on Sony 's PlayStation
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Network . The soundtrack was released on iTunes by Lakeshore Records on September 18 , 2007 . = = = Future = = = Dead Head Fred was designed specifically for the PSP , and Vicious Cycle intended it to be their " flagship " title for the system . However , the game 's designers have hinted that the game could potentially be ported to the PlayStation Network or Xbox Live Arcade with a few months ' work . As of March 2009 , D3Publisher has announced a sequel , but the designers have stated that subsequent titles were discussed during the game 's development . John C. McGinley has expressed interest in reprising Fred . Namco Bandai Games ( the parent of D3 ) were impressed with the game and wanted to publish the sequel because they ' wanted ' to test out Vicious Cycle 's Gameplay on the PSP . = = Reception = = Dead Head Fred received generally favorable reviews from critics . The game 's writing and dialogue were considered the main strengths of the game , with GameSpy 's reviewer stating that " In the vast sea of PSP titles , Dead Head Fred stands ' head and shoulders ' above the rest . " IGN said " The tale of revenge in a dark world is twisted [ and ] unapologetically humorous " . Other publications were not as impressed , however , with one reviewer stating " ... the overused profanity just makes it feel like it 's been designed by teenagers desperately trying to be edgy . " The game 's supernatural themes elicited comparisons to The Darkness and Grim Fandango . GamesRadar included it in their list of the 100 most overlooked games of its generation . Editor Jason Fanelli felt that PSP games often lacked creativity and that Dead Head Fred was the exception . Many reviewers were pleased with the game 's premise and setting , variously describing it as " weird " , " wacky " and " silly " . Hope Falls , especially the area of Creepy Hollow , was compared to the work of Tim Burton . Dead Head Fred 's graphics were warmly received , with GameSpy noting " The game looks simply phenomenal on the PSP screen . " Pocket Gamer UK said " graphically the game won 't blow your head off but it is undeniably stylish . " Pocket Gamer also felt that the game 's level design , with its emphasis on changing heads to solve environmental puzzles , made up for the " mediocre combat system " . The character design was praised ; GameSpy said " Fred is one of the most interesting and entertaining characters to ever hit gaming , " and GameZone said " Fred ’ s freakish form is like looking at a car crash … you really don ’ t want to stare but you just can ’ t help it . " The voice acting , in particular John C. McGinley 's portrayal of Fred , was widely praised , as was the rest of the game 's audio . GameZone 's Natalie Romano said " There ’ s also some great music in the game and the sound effects are ... wonderfully detailed " . " The sound for the title , however , is fantastic . The majority of it is centered around the voice acting , which is anchored by John C. McGinley of Scrubs and Office Space fame . McGinley expertly brings his dry , sarcastic delivery to Fred 's lines and consistently delivers humorous lines across the entire game . " The focal point of reviewers ' criticism was Dead Head Fred 's gameplay , specifically the combat . It was generally considered tedious and repetitive . Australia 's PAL Gaming Network described the combat as " one of the poorest elements of the game " , and Game Informer called the combat mechanics " awful " . The performance of the camera was also criticized , with IGN noting " Considering that the camera will sometimes choose some horrible angles for you in battle or during puzzles , it 's annoying to have to fight it as well as mutants that want you dead . " GameZone said " I just wish the camera wouldn ’ t be such a hindrance sometimes . " Reviewers were also unhappy with Dead Head Fred 's loading times ; Eurogamer considered them " excessively high " , and IGN said " The only downside that crops up when it comes to the visuals are the continual loading times on just about every single area . " = = = Awards = = = Dead Head Fred was nominated for several awards , including the Writers Guild of America 's first award for video game writing , which it won . During E3 2007 , the game was nominated for the Best of E3 2007 : Best Handheld Game award by the Game Critics Awards , a group of prominent media journalists . Dead Head Fred lost to The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass for the Nintendo DS , but was notable for being the only new intellectual property nominated in the handheld category . The audio was nominated for two awards at the Game Audio Network Guild 's 6th annual ceremony , Best Soundtrack of the Year and Best Handheld Audio
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115,149
. Dead Head Fred lost to BioShock and Syphon Filter : Logan 's Shadow , respectively . = Al Wistert = Albert Alexander " Ox " Wistert ( December 28 , 1920 – March 5 , 2016 ) was an All @-@ Pro American football tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Philadelphia Eagles . He played his entire nine @-@ year NFL career for the Eagles and became their team captain . He was named to play in the NFL 's first Pro Bowl as an Eagle . During most of Wistert 's career there were no football All @-@ star games , although he was named to the league All @-@ Pro team eight times . Wistert played college football at the University of Michigan . He is one of the three brothers — along with Whitey and Alvin — who were named All @-@ American tackles at Michigan and later inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame . He was the first Michigan alumnus to be selected to the National Football League Pro Bowl . The Wistert brothers all wore jersey No. 11 at Michigan and are among the seven players who have had their numbers retired by the Michigan Wolverines football program . Their number will be put back into circulation starting on November 10 , 2012 before a Michigan home game against Northwestern as part of the Michigan Football Legend program . = = Early life = = Wistert , who was born in Chicago , Illinois , was from a Lithuanian family . His father , Kazimer Wistert , was a Spanish – American War veteran who was later killed in the line of duty while working for the Chicago Police Department . The story of the Wistert brothers at Michigan began when Whitey 's Carl Schurz High School classmate John Kowalik was invited to visit the University of Michigan . At the time , Whitey Wistert had a factory job where he was involved with building Majestic radios . Kowalik took Whitey with him on his visit to Ann Arbor , and according to Alvin , " that 's how it started : the Wisterts of Michigan . " = = College football = = After graduating from Foreman High School , Wistert became the second of the Wistert brothers to play for Michigan where he wore number 11 like his brothers and played from 1940 to 1942 . He was a consensus All @-@ American and team MVP in 1942 . He played in the 1943 East – West Shrine Game . He is well remembered , among other things , for his exploits in a 1942 game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team , and he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968 , one year after his brother Francis . In 1981 , he was named to the University of Michigan Hall of Honor in the fourth class of inductees alongside his brothers . Only five Michigan football players earned this honor before him . Michigan posted a 20 – 5 – 1 record during Wistert 's three years on the team . In 1940 , the team 's only loss in its eight @-@ game season was to the eventual national champion Minnesota Golden Gophers football . The Wolverines followed that season with 6 – 1 – 1 and 7 – 3 marks in the next two years . Wistert served as captain of the College All @-@ star team that beat the Sammy Baugh @-@ led National Football League champion Washington Redskins , 27 – 7 , in Chicago . He was the only one of the three brothers not to play on a national championship squad at Michigan . = = Professional football = = After being drafted in the fifth round by the Philadelphia Eagles and signing for $ 3800 ( $ 51 @,@ 965 today ) , he encountered animosity from veteran players for having signed such a large contract ( though they thought he signed for $ 4500 ) . He earned All @-@ Pro honors in eight ( five by consensus ) of his nine seasons . As a two @-@ way player , he played his entire nine @-@ year career for the Philadelphia Eagles ( who operated as a merged team with the Pittsburgh Steelers for one season during World War II . ) The National Football League had no All @-@ Star games between 1943 and 1950 . Thus , although Wistert was a perennial All @-@ Pro selection , it is difficult to compare him to more modern players who are often measured by Pro Bowl invitations . He served as Eagles captain for five consecutive seasons , from 1946 to 1950 , and was named All @-@ Pro in each season . In Wistert 's next to last season he was selected to the first Pro Bowl . In his final season , he recovered three fumbles . The Eagles won the 1948 and 1949 National Football League Championships with Wistert . These were the only consecutive National Football League champions to win by shutout . His number 70 was retired by the Eagles in 1952 . According to his College Football Hall of Fame biography , during his career he started every
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game the Eagles played except for the 1950 season opener against the Cleveland Browns . However , according to other statistical databases he only started about 2 / 3 of his career games . His is one of only seven retired Eagles Jerseys . Wistert lamented not having been enshrined in the Professional Football Hall of Fame and on Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll : Wistert was inducted into the Philadelphia Eagles Honor Roll on September 29 , 2009 along with Randall Cunningham . In 2003 , he was named to the Pro Football Researchers Association Hall of Very Good in the association 's inaugural HOVG class . = = Later life and family = = After football Wistert became a successful life insurance salesman . He sold insurance for 40 years . Among the places he has lived since retirement are California and Grants Pass , Oregon . He was married to his late wife Ellie for 61 years and has three daughters ( Pam , Dianna and Kathy ) and three grandchildren . At one point he was both coaching football at Riverside High School in Riverside Township , New Jersey and playing professionally . According to brother Alvin , their father " was born Casmir Vistertus and he Anglicized it when he came to America to Wistert . " Wistert died on March 5 , 2016 in Grants Pass , Oregon at the age of 95 . = Si Una Vez = " Si Una Vez " ( English : If I Once ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was written by Pete Astudillo and produced by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla . " Si Una Vez " is a mariachi fusion song and draws influence from cumbia and Latin dance music . Lyrically , Selena questions why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner , saying she will never repeat her mistakes . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment . " Si Una Vez " received positive reviews from music critics who found the song to have showcase the singer 's vocal abilities . The Broadcast Music Inc. recognized it as the Single of the Year at the 1996 BMI Pop Awards . Many musicians have since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal , American reggaeton performer Ivy Queen , American indie rock band Girl in a Coma , and American salsa singer Manny Manuel . The latter 's version peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Tropical Songs chart , and ended 1995 as the fourteenth most successful U.S. tropical song . = = Background and composition = = " Si Una Vez " was written by Selena y Los Dinos backup dancer and vocalist Pete Astudillo . The song was co @-@ written by Selena 's brother @-@ producer A.B. Quintanilla who , along with Argentine musician Bebu Silvetti , served as producers . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela retold in a 2002 interview how the band hired a professional trumpist to record parts of the song . " Si Una Vez " is a Spanish @-@ language mariachi fusion track with influences of cumbia and Latin dance music . Author Deborah Paredez called " Si Una Vez " as having punk music undertones . In 2002 , A.B. spoke on how Amor Prohibido was experimental music @-@ heavy and commented on how " Si Una Vez " was an example of his ideas of keeping the band 's image modern . The song makes use of the Guitarrón guitar under a cumbia beat . " Si Una Vez " is written in the key of D minor and is played in a moderate groove of 84 beats per minute . It incorporates music from several musical instruments , including the piano and guitar . Lyrically , Selena reminiscences her failed relationship and wonders why she ever fell in love with an abusive partner who betrayed and left her , vowing to never allow a man like that back into her life . The lyrics suggest unrequited love and female empowerment . = = Critical reception and legacy = = " Si Una Vez " was named by the Latin Times as one of the top @-@ ten best karaoke songs sung in Spanish . Writing for the Latin Times , Maria Valdez called the song " fun " especially when running into your former partner at a karaoke party and found the track to showcases a singer 's vocal abilities . Texas Public Radio 's Nathan Cone , said " the song " resonates best " with South Texas " . Entertainment Weekly contributor David Browne , commented on Selena 's vocals as being " full @-@ throated , warbling " and that it " recalls Lydia Mendoza , conjunto 's leading lady . " A New University writer
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found the recording to have " showcase [ the singer 's ] passion with her vocals . " Selena performed the song on her final performance on March 19 , 1995 during the Calle Ocho Festival in Miami , which attracted over 100 @,@ 000 fans . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . Selena 's performance of the song during her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26 , 1995 , was emulated by Jennifer Lopez as her role as the singer for the 1997 biopic film about Selena . " Si Una Vez " is considered by Billboard magazine to be one of Selena 's signature songs . Terra named " Si Una Vez " as one of Selena 's " most famous works " along with her other songs " El Chico del Apartamento 512 " , " Amor Prohibido " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " . The Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) recognized " Si Una Vez " at the BMI Pop Music Awards as Single of the Year in 1996 . = = Covers = = Mexican singer Mary Boquitas recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican mariachi singer Alicia Villareal performed and recorded " Si Una Vez " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . American reggaeton singer Ivy Queen covered " Si Una Vez " for her fifth studio album Flashback ( 2005 ) . She said in an interview how she felt " honored to be able to cover one of Selena 's songs " . Ivy Queen chose to cover " Si Una Vez " finding it to be identifiable to her and because of the song 's message which the singer stood for . Jonathan Widran of AllMusic called her versions a " reggaetón @-@ ed up twist " . In 2010 , indie rock group Girl in a Coma recorded a punk cover of " Si Una Vez " . The group decided to record the song because it was their favorite recordings of Selena . Girl in a Coma performed the song live during the 2010 Tejano Music Awards as a homage to Selena . In April 2011 , A.B. ' s band Kumbia All @-@ Starz performed their version of the song during their tour for La Vida De Un Genio ( 2010 ) in Bolivia . Colombian singer Kali Uchis performed " Si Una Vez " at the 2015 SXSW festival . Vibe magazine found Uchis ' performance to have given them " shivers " . = = = Manny Manuel version = = = American merengue musician Manny Manuel covered the song on his debut album , El Rey de Corazones ( 1995 ) . Out of the five singles released from the album , " Si Una Vez " was Manuel 's most successful single off of the El Rey de Corazones album . The song debuted at number 29 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and number three on the U.S. Tropical Songs chart . The following week , " Si Una Vez " rose to numbers 22 and two on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs chart , respectively . On October 14 , 1995 , the track climbed to number 21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it fell to number four on the Tropical Songs chart . In its fourth week , " Si Una Vez " jumped to number 18 on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while over at the Tropical Songs chart the song rose to number three . Despite increased airplay spins , " Si Una Vez " fell to number 20 on the Hot Latin Songs chart . On November 11 , 1995 , " Si Una Vez " peaked at number one on the Tropical Songs chart for one week , reeciving airplay honors that week . = = = = Chart performance = = = = = = Credits and personnel = = All credits were taken from the album 's liner notes . = Sicklefin lemon shark = The sicklefin lemon shark , or sharptooth lemon shark ( Negaprion acutidens ) , is a species of requiem shark belonging to the family Carcharhinidae , widely distributed in the tropical waters of the Indo @-@ Pacific . It is closely related to the better @-@ known lemon shark ( N. brevirostris ) of the Americas ; the two species are almost identical in appearance , both being stout @-@ bodied sharks with broad heads , two dorsal fins of nearly equal size , and a plain yellow @-@ tinged coloration . As its common name suggests , the sicklefin lemon shark differs from its American counterpart in having more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped
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) fins . This large species grows up to 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) long . It generally inhabits water less than 92 m ( 302 ft ) deep in a variety of habitats , from mangrove estuaries to coral reefs . A slow @-@ moving predator feeding mainly on bony fishes , the sicklefin lemon shark seldom travels long distances and many individuals can be found year @-@ round at certain locations . Like other members of its family , this species is viviparous , with females giving birth to no more than 13 pups every other year , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Although they are potentially dangerous to humans and known to respond vigorously to any provocation , under normal circumstances , sicklefin lemon sharks are cautious and tend to retreat if approached . The IUCN has assessed this species as Vulnerable ; its low reproductive productivity and rate of movement limits the capacity of depleted stocks to recover . Off India and Southeast Asia , this species has been severely depleted or extirpated by unregulated exploitation for its meat , fins , and liver oil . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The sicklefin lemon shark was first described as Carcharias acutidens by German naturalist Eduard Rüppell , in the 1837 Fische des Rothen Meeres ( Fishes of the Red Sea ) . In 1940 , Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley moved this species to his newly formed genus Negaprion . The type specimen , designated in 1960 , is a 68 @-@ cm @-@ long individual caught in the Red Sea off Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The specific epithet acutidens is derived from the Latin acutus meaning " sharp " , and dens meaning " teeth " . The sicklefin lemon shark may also be referred to as broadfin shark , Indian lemon shark , Indo @-@ Pacific lemon shark , or simply lemon shark . Based on microsatellite DNA evidence , the sicklefin lemon shark is thought to have diverged from its sister species N. brevirostris 10 – 14 million years ago , when the closure of the Tethys Sea separated lemon sharks in the Indian Ocean from those in the Atlantic . The ancestral lemon shark species may have been N. eurybathrodon , the fossilized teeth of which occur in both the United States and Pakistan . Morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that Negaprion is grouped with the whitetip reef shark ( Triaenodon ) and the sliteye shark ( Loxodon ) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid evolutionary tree , between the most basal genera ( Galeocerdo , Rhizoprionodon , and Scoliodon ) and the most derived ( Carcharhinus and Sphyrna ) . = = Distribution and habitat = = The range of the sicklefin lemon shark extends from South Africa to the Red Sea ( including Mauritius , the Seychelles , and Madagascar ) , continuing eastward along the coast of the Indian subcontinent to Southeast Asia , extending as far north as Taiwan and the Philippines , and as far south as New Guinea and northern Australia . This species is also found around numerous Pacific islands , including New Caledonia , Palau , the Marshall Islands , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Vanuatu , and French Polynesia . This species likely colonized the central Pacific by infrequently " hopping " from one island to the next . Significant levels of genetic differentiation between sicklefin lemon sharks in Australia and French Polynesia , 750 km ( 470 mi ) apart , suggest that little intermingling occurs between regional subpopulations . An inhabitant of coastal continental and insular shelves , the sicklefin lemon shark occurs from the intertidal zone to a depth of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . This species favors still , murky waters and is most common in bays , estuaries , and lagoons , and over sandy flats and outer reefs . Sometimes , an individual may venture into open water ; one was filmed in the 1971 documentary Blue Water , White Death , in the vicinity of a sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) carcass . Juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks are often found on reef flats or around mangroves , in water so shallow that their dorsal fins are exposed . In Herald Bight off Western Australia , a known nursery , juvenile sicklefin lemon sharks frequent open areas and mangroves in water under 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , but not areas covered by the seagrass Posidonia australis . = = Description = = The sicklefin lemon shark has a robust , stocky body and a short , broad head . The snout is rounded or almost wedge @-@ shaped , with small nostrils bearing triangular flaps of skin in
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115,153
front . The eyes are small , with no spiracles . Short furrows are present at the corners of the mouth . Thirteen to 16 ( usually 14 ) tooth rows occur on either side of both jaws , not including the tiny teeth at the symphysis ( the jaw midline ) . The upper teeth have a large cusp rising from a broad base , with a notch on each side ; these teeth become increasingly angled towards the corners of the mouth . The lower teeth resemble the upper teeth , but are narrower and more erect . The teeth of sharks over 1 @.@ 4 m ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) long are finely serrated . The fins ( especially the dorsal , pectoral , and pelvics ) of the sicklefin lemon shark are more falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) than those of the otherwise very similar American lemon shark . The first dorsal fin is positioned closer to the pelvic than the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin , nearly equal to the first in size , is located over or slightly forward of the anal fin . No ridge is seen between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins are long and broad , originating below the space between the third and fourth gill slits . The anal fin has a strong notch in the rear margin . The precaudal pit ( a cavity just forward of the caudal fin ) is oriented longitudinally . The large dermal denticles are overlapping and bear three to five horizontal ridges each . The coloration is a plain yellowish brown or gray above and lighter below , with more yellow on the fins . This species attains a maximum known length of 3 @.@ 8 m ( 12 ft ) , though it typically does not exceed 3 @.@ 1 m ( 10 ft ) . = = Biology and ecology = = A sluggish species , the sicklefin lemon shark is usually seen cruising sedately just above the sea bottom or lying still on it , as unlike most requiem sharks , it is capable of actively pumping water over its gills . However , it will approach the surface in pursuit of food . This shark seldom undertakes long @-@ distance movements . A study at Aldabra Atoll in the Seychelles found , of the tagged sharks that were later recaptured , over 90 % were still within 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) of their initial tagging location . Another study at Moorea in French Polynesia found that some of the local sharks were year @-@ round residents of the island , while others were more transitory and visited only occasionally . Over 90 % of the sicklefin lemon shark 's diet consists of bottom- and shore @-@ dwelling teleosts , including herring , mullets , mackerel , silversides , needlefish , smelt @-@ whitings , porgies , sea catfish , triggerfish , parrotfish , and porcupinefish . Occasionally , they may also take cephalopods and crustaceans , and older individuals have been known to consume stingrays and guitarfish . This species may be preyed upon by larger sharks . Known parasites include the tapeworms Paraorygmatobothrium arnoldi , Pseudogrillotia spratti , Phoreiobothrium perilocrocodilus , and Platybothrium jondoeorum . Sicklefin lemon sharks have been documented resting on the bottom and eliciting cleanings by bluestreak cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) , during which they may open their mouths and stop respiring for as long as 150 seconds to give the wrasses access to their mouths and gills . As with other members of its family , the sicklefin lemon shark is viviparous ; the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection formed from their depleted yolk sacs . Females give birth to one to 13 ( usually six to 12 ) pups every other year in shallow nursery areas , following a gestation period of 10 – 11 months . Unlike in the American lemon shark , cant evidence indicates this species is philopatric ( returns to the site of their birth to reproduce ) . Parturition occurs in October or November at Madagascar and Aldabra , and in January at French Polynesia ; ovulation and mating for nonpregnant females takes place at around the same time . The embryos develop a placenta after around four months of gestation , when they still possess vestiges of external gills . The young are born at a length of 45 – 80 cm ( 18 – 31 in ) . Juvenile sharks grow slowly , at a rate of 12 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 9 – 6 @.@ 1 in ) per year . Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of 2 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 2
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115,154
– 7 @.@ 9 ft ) . = = Human interactions = = Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans have been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark . Due to its formidable size and teeth , it is regarded as potentially dangerous , and certainly this species has been known to defend itself quickly and vigorously if touched , speared , or otherwise provoked or alarmed . Once agitated , this shark can be a persistent adversary ; in one case , a shark forced a swimmer to seek refuge atop a coral head , and circled for hours before giving up . However , observations by divers show that normally this shark is shy and hesitant to approach , even when presented with bait . Often , the shark will move away when a diver enters visual range . Young sharks are reportedly more aggressive and inquisitive than the adults . At Moorea , sicklefin lemon sharks are the main attraction of daily shark @-@ feeding ecotourism dives . This shark adapts well to captivity and is displayed in public aquariums . The IUCN has assessed the sicklefin lemon shark globally as Vulnerable ; it is harvested using anchored and floating gillnets , beach nets , and longlines . The meat is sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption , the fins used for shark fin soup , and the liver oil is processed for vitamins . The sicklefin lemon shark is highly susceptible to local overfishing , due to its slow reproductive rate and limited movements . Off Southeast Asia , this shark has become scarce under the pressure of expanding , unmonitored , and unregulated fisheries , and has been assessed there as Endangered by the IUCN . Widespread habitat degradation , including pollution and blast fishing on coral reefs and deforestation in mangroves , poses an additional threat to the survival of this species in the region . Already , the sicklefin lemon shark has been extirpated in parts of India and Thailand , and has not been reported from Indonesian markets in recent years despite being historically abundant there . Off Australia , the sicklefin lemon shark is taken in only small numbers intentionally and as bycatch , and has been listed under Least Concern . = Flammulated flycatcher = The flammulated flycatcher ( Deltarhynchus flammulatus ) is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family and is the only species in the monotypic genus Deltarhynchus , although it is closely related to the birds of the genus Myiarchus . It is endemic to the dry deciduous forest , arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland of Mexico ’ s Pacific coast . The flycatcher is an olive to gray @-@ brown bird with a streaked , pale gray chest , white throat , black bill , dark gray feet , and dark brown wings . It is a skulking bird that typically remains hidden in the underbrush . It feeds by gleaning insects off of leaves and twigs that it spots from an exposed perch . The female lays approximately three eggs in a nest made in a shallow tree cavity . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described in 1875 by ornithologist George Newbold Lawrence , who placed this species in the genus Myiarchus . However , in 1893 it was split from Myiarchus into the new , monotypic genus Deltarhynchus by Robert Ridgway because of its shorter and broader bill , more rounded wings , and partially streaked underparts . This change was upheld in 1901 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe and by subsequent authors . However , in 1977 ornithologist Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr . , while upholding its status as a monotypic genus , said that the species should be lumped back into Myiarchus if its nesting habits were similar to those of that genus . These doubts were put to rest by Wesley Lanyon 's research of the flycatcher in 1979 , which confirmed the bird 's placement in a monotypic genus . Deltarhynchus is similar to the genus Myiarchus , but is distinguished from it by a broader and shorter bill , more rounded wings , a different face pattern , pale cinnamon wing and tail edgings , voice , streaking on the chest , and the bird 's skulking habits . The flammulated flycatcher 's generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words delta , which means " delta @-@ shaped " or , in this case , " wedge " , and rhynchos , which means " beak " . Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin word flammula , which means " little flame " . The flycatcher has no subspecies . = = Description = = The flammulated flycatcher is approximately 6 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 15 @-@ 16 @.@ 5 cm ) in length and has a chunky
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"Ġwhich", "Ġmeans", "Ġ\"", "Ġbe", "ak", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠIts", "Ġspecific", "Ġepit", "het", "Ġis", "Ġderived", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠLatin", "Ġword", "Ġfl", "amm", "ula", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġmeans", "Ġ\"", "Ġlittle", "Ġflame", "Ġ\"", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfly", "cat", "cher", "Ġhas", "Ġno", "Ġsub", "species", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠDescription", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfl", "amm", "ulated", "Ġfly", "cat", "cher", "Ġis", "Ġapproximately", "Ġ6", "Ġto", "Ġ6", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ5", "Ġinches", "Ġ(", "Ġ15", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġ16", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ5", "Ġcm", "Ġ)", "Ġin", "Ġlength", "Ġand", "Ġhas", "Ġa", "Ġch", "unky" ]
115,155
body . Adult males and females are similar in plumage , with each possessing olive to a worn gray @-@ brown upperparts and head . A whitish supraloral stripe and crescent are behind the bird 's eyes . It also has a dusky lore . The throat is whitish and the chest is a pale gray with inconspicuous dusky streaking , while the belly and undertail coverts are a pale yellow . Additionally , this species has dark brown , well @-@ rounded wings with pale cinnamon @-@ edged coverts and remiges . The wings are about 3 inches ( 76 mm ) long . The tail is also a dark brown edged with a narrow band of pale cinnamon . It is barely shorter than the wing and slightly rounded . The bird 's bill is black , broad , and triangular with a slightly paler base and about half the length of the its head . The legs are a dark gray and end with large , curved , and sharp claws . It has an orange mouth and a brown eye . The juvenile is similar to the adult , although the tail has a broad band of pale cinnamon . = = = Vocalization = = = The flammulated flycatcher mostly sings from April to August , which includes its breeding season , and tends to remain hidden while singing . The song of the flycatcher is a plaintive whistle followed by a short but quick roll . It can also give a plaintive and slurred chew call , which is often sung three to five times in a descending series , as well as a squeaky chatter . Calls are the same for males and females and are given throughout the day to give a location , identify an individual , sound an alarm , and mark the limits of a territory , among other functions . During the breeding season , males give what is known as a dawn song every morning , which includes the calls chee @-@ bee beet and churr @-@ r @-@ r @-@ bee bee in alternation . = = Distribution and habitat = = This flycatcher is endemic to the Pacific lowlands of Mexico 's western coast from Sinaloa to western Chiapas , while possibly extending into Guatemala , although this has not been confirmed . The total area that it lives in is estimated to be 66 @,@ 000 km2 ( 25 @,@ 482 @.@ 7 sq mi ) . Its range is discontinuous and it is found in low densities when present . It lives in dry deciduous forest , arid and semi @-@ arid thorn forest , and scrubby woodland at about 1000 – 1400 meters ( 3280 – 4593 ft ) above sea level . This species is non @-@ migratory . = = = Status = = = The flammulated flycatcher is listed as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its large range and the belief that the total population numbers over 10 @,@ 000 individuals ; however , no precise estimate on the bird 's population exists . While the species is known to be uncommon in parts of its range , its population is not believed to be declining enough to pass the threshold of 30 % in ten years or three generations necessary to be listed as near threatened , although the exact population trends also have not been quantified . = = Ecology and behavior = = This flycatcher is a sluggish and skulking species that usually remains in the underbrush . When excited either by an intruder or when attempting to attract a mate , this species raises the feathers on its crown to form what appears to be a crest ; however , unlike the closely related genus Myiarchus , it does not bob its head while displaying the crest . = = = Feeding = = = The flammulated flycatcher forages by perching on an open branch and looking outward and downward for prey , which primarily consists of insects . Once it spots a potential meal , the flycatcher rapidly and directly flies at the insect , which is normally on the exposed upper surface of a leaf or twig . It hovers briefly before the insect before grabbing it in its beak and flying away to typically a new perch . = = = Reproduction = = = The flycatcher breeds around June of each year . It nests in shallow tree cavities that are surprisingly close to the ground , at approximately 90 centimeters above it . The nest is shaped like a cup and is composed of fine vegetable fibers , dried leaves , and shredded bark . Unlike the similar Myiarchus flycatchers , it does not use snakeskin or other materials to build its nest . The female lays three eggs that are creamy to pinkish in color and are decorated with brown and gray splotches . = Ontario Highway 89 = King 's Highway 89 , commonly referred to as Highway 89 , is an east – west provincially maintained highway in the
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",", "@", "Ġ000", "Ġkm", "2", "Ġ(", "Ġ25", "Ġ@", ",", "@", "Ġ48", "2", "Ġ@", ".", "@", "Ġ7", "Ġsq", "Ġmi", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠIts", "Ġrange", "Ġis", "Ġdiscontin", "uous", "Ġand", "Ġit", "Ġis", "Ġfound", "Ġin", "Ġlow", "Ġdens", "ities", "Ġwhen", "Ġpresent", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġlives", "Ġin", "Ġdry", "Ġdec", "id", "uous", "Ġforest", "Ġ,", "Ġar", "id", "Ġand", "Ġsemi", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġar", "id", "Ġthorn", "Ġforest", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġscrub", "by", "Ġwoodland", "Ġat", "Ġabout", "Ġ1000", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ1400", "Ġmeters", "Ġ(", "Ġ32", "80", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġ4", "593", "Ġft", "Ġ)", "Ġabove", "Ġsea", "Ġlevel", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġspecies", "Ġis", "Ġnon", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġmigr", "atory", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠStatus", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfl", "amm", "ulated", "Ġfly", "cat", "cher", "Ġis", "Ġlisted", "Ġas", "Ġbeing", "Ġof", "Ġleast", "Ġconcern", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠI", "UC", "N", "ĠRed", "ĠList", "Ġdue", "Ġto", "Ġits", "Ġlarge", "Ġrange", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "Ġbelief", "Ġthat", "Ġthe", "Ġtotal", 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"Ġsnakes", "kin", "Ġor", "Ġother", "Ġmaterials", "Ġto", "Ġbuild", "Ġits", "Ġnest", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġfemale", "Ġlays", "Ġthree", "Ġeggs", "Ġthat", "Ġare", "Ġcreamy", "Ġto", "Ġpink", "ish", "Ġin", "Ġcolor", "Ġand", "Ġare", "Ġdecorated", "Ġwith", "Ġbrown", "Ġand", "Ġgray", "Ġspl", "ot", "ches", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠOntario", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠKing", "Ġ'", "s", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġ,", "Ġcommonly", "Ġreferred", "Ġto", "Ġas", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġ,", "Ġis", "Ġan", "Ġeast", "ĠâĢĵ", "Ġwest", "Ġprov", "in", "cially", "Ġmaintained", "Ġhighway", "Ġin", "Ġthe" ]
115,156
southwestern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario , stretching 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) from the junction of Highway 9 and Highway 23 in Harriston in the west , to Highway 400 just east of Cookstown in the east . The principal urban centres along the highway include Alliston , Shelburne and Mount Forest . Outside of these towns , the highway travels through rural farmland across a large part of southwestern Ontario . Highway 89 was established in 1937 as a result of the rerouting of Highway 9 between Orangeville and Highway 27 . In 1963 , the route was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . Plans were conceived during the late 1970s to push the highway further east to Highway 12 via Ravenshoe Road , resulting in a brief extension to Highway 11 . However , environmental protest over the chosen route through the Holland Marsh resulted in the cancellation of plans in 1986 . In 1997 , the section between Highway 400 and Highway 11 was decommissioned . The most recent change to the route took place in 2003 , when the section of Highway 89 between Palmerston and Harriston was renumbered as part of Highway 23 , creating a shared terminus at a junction with Highway 9 . = = Route description = = The route forms the main streets of several of the small towns that dot the highway east to west , namely Cookstown , Alliston and Shelburne . The highway also forms the backbone of many small villages and hamlets between the larger centres , such as Conn , Keldon , Primrose , Violet Hill , Rosemont and Nicolston . The highway formerly continued past its current eastern terminus at Highway 400 to Yonge Street , formerly Highway 11 , in the hamlet of Fennell . This section is now numbered as Simcoe County Route 3 and known locally as Shore Acres Drive . The highway also continued past its current western terminus in Harriston , taking the route to Palmerston that is now numbered as Highway 23 . The highway mostly runs through farmland and small communities , although the route does pass by Earl Rowe Provincial Park and the Honda car manufacturing plant in the Alliston area . Other parks and natural areas that are close to the route are Boyne Valley Provincial Park and Mono Cliffs Provincial Park , both of which are located on the Niagara Escarpment . Further west is the Luther Marsh Conservation Area , a vast wilderness area that surrounds Luther Lake . = = History = = Highway 89 was created out of a highway rerouting in the late 1930s . Originally , it formed the routing of Highway 9 , which until then turned north at Orangeville , travelling concurrently with Highway 10 , then turning east to Cookstown . On February 10 , 1937 , Highway 9 was rerouted along its present course east of Orangeville . By 1938 , Highway 89 was designated along the former route of Highway 9 . Highway 89 remained as @-@ is until the early 1960s , when it was extended west to Palmerston and east to Highway 400 . On April 1 , 1963 , the highway was assumed through the counties of Dufferin , Grey and Wellington . The section between Highway 27 and Highway 400 was assumed the following day . During the mid @-@ 1970s , Highway 89 was extended east to Highway 11 at Fennell . This section was eventually returned to the jurisdiction of Simcoe County on April 1 , 1997 . During the spring of 2003 , the MTO renumbered several highways to improve route continuity . Among these was the renumbering of a section of Highway 89 between Harriston and Palmerston . The result of this renumbering was a shared terminus between Highway 89 and Highway 23 at an intersection with Highway 9 . = = = Extension to Highway 12 = = = During the late 1970s , plans arose to create a new highway link on the south side of Lake Simcoe to connect Highway 400 and Highway 12 . The route for this extension was announced on June 30 , 1978 . It was to follow 11th Line from Highway 400 east to the Holland Marsh , where it would cross towards the northeast onto the alignment of Ravenshoe Road ( York Road 32 ) . The extension would traverse the length of Ravenshoe Road to Lakeridge Road ( Durham Road 23 ) , where it would zig @-@ zag onto Concession Road 7 to end immediately north of Sunderland . However , heavy environmental protests ensued over the chosen route through the marsh . Consequently , then Transportation Minister Ed Fulton officially cancelled the extension on April 21 , 1986 . The proposal has since been reborn as the Bradford Bypass . = = Major intersections = = The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 89 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . = Luke Smith ( writer ) = Luke Michael Smith is an American writer . He is a staff member at Bungie , a video game development company , and is a former video games journalist . Smith wrote for a college newspaper and weekly papers in Michigan before being hired as one
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"Ġthe", "Ġroute", "Ġwas", "Ġextended", "Ġwest", "Ġto", "ĠPalmer", "ston", "Ġand", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġ.", "ĠPlans", "Ġwere", "Ġconceived", "Ġduring", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "Ġ1970", "s", "Ġto", "Ġpush", "Ġthe", "Ġhighway", "Ġfurther", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "ĠHighway", "Ġ12", "Ġvia", "ĠRaven", "sh", "oe", "ĠRoad", "Ġ,", "Ġresulting", "Ġin", "Ġa", "Ġbrief", "Ġextension", "Ġto", "ĠHighway", "Ġ11", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "Ġenvironmental", "Ġprotest", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġchosen", "Ġroute", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "ĠHolland", "ĠMarsh", "Ġresulted", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġcancellation", "Ġof", "Ġplans", "Ġin", "Ġ1986", "Ġ.", "ĠIn", "Ġ1997", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġsection", "Ġbetween", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġand", "ĠHighway", "Ġ11", "Ġwas", "Ġdecom", "mission", "ed", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġmost", "Ġrecent", "Ġchange", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġroute", "Ġtook", "Ġplace", "Ġin", "Ġ2003", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġthe", "Ġsection", "Ġof", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġbetween", "ĠPalmer", "ston", "Ġand", "ĠHar", "rist", "on", "Ġwas", "Ġren", "umbered", "Ġas", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "ĠHighway", "Ġ23", "Ġ,", "Ġcreating", "Ġa", "Ġshared", "Ġtermin", "us", "Ġat", "Ġa", "Ġjunction", "Ġwith", "ĠHighway", "Ġ9", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠRoute", "Ġdescription", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġroute", "Ġforms", "Ġthe", "Ġmain", "Ġstreets", "Ġof", "Ġseveral", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġsmall", "Ġtowns", "Ġthat", "Ġdot", "Ġthe", "Ġhighway", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "Ġwest", "Ġ,", "Ġnamely", "ĠCook", "stown", "Ġ,", "ĠAll", "iston", "Ġand", "ĠShel", "burn", "e", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġhighway", "Ġalso", "Ġforms", "Ġthe", "Ġbackbone", "Ġof", "Ġmany", "Ġsmall", "Ġvillages", "Ġand", "Ġham", "lets", "Ġbetween", "Ġthe", "Ġlarger", "Ġcentres", "Ġ,", "Ġsuch", "Ġas", "ĠConn", "Ġ,", "ĠKe", "ldon", "Ġ,", "ĠPrim", "rose", "Ġ,", "ĠViolet", "ĠHill", "Ġ,", "ĠRose", "mont", "Ġand", "ĠNicol", "ston", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġhighway", "Ġformerly", "Ġcontinued", "Ġpast", "Ġits", "Ġcurrent", "Ġeastern", "Ġtermin", "us", "Ġat", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġto", "ĠY", "onge", "ĠStreet", "Ġ,", "Ġformerly", "ĠHighway", "Ġ11", "Ġ,", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġham", "let", "Ġof", "ĠF", "enn", "ell", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġsection", "Ġis", "Ġnow", "Ġnumbered", "Ġas", "ĠSim", "coe", "ĠCounty", "ĠRoute", "Ġ3", "Ġand", "Ġknown", "Ġlocally", "Ġas", "ĠShore", "ĠAc", "res", "ĠDrive", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġhighway", "Ġalso", "Ġcontinued", "Ġpast", "Ġits", "Ġcurrent", "Ġwestern", "Ġtermin", "us", "Ġin", "ĠHar", "rist", "on", "Ġ,", "Ġtaking", "Ġthe", "Ġroute", "Ġto", "ĠPalmer", "ston", "Ġthat", "Ġis", "Ġnow", "Ġnumbered", "Ġas", "ĠHighway", "Ġ23", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġhighway", "Ġmostly", "Ġruns", "Ġthrough", "Ġfarmland", "Ġand", "Ġsmall", "Ġcommunities", "Ġ,", "Ġalthough", "Ġthe", "Ġroute", "Ġdoes", "Ġpass", "Ġby", "ĠEarl", "ĠRowe", "ĠProvincial", "ĠPark", "Ġand", "Ġthe", "ĠHonda", "Ġcar", "Ġmanufacturing", "Ġplant", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "ĠAll", "iston", "Ġarea", "Ġ.", "ĠOther", "Ġparks", "Ġand", "Ġnatural", "Ġareas", "Ġthat", "Ġare", "Ġclose", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġroute", "Ġare", "ĠBoy", "ne", "ĠValley", "ĠProvincial", "ĠPark", "Ġand", "ĠMono", "ĠCl", "iffs", "ĠProvincial", "ĠPark", "Ġ,", "Ġboth", "Ġof", "Ġwhich", "Ġare", "Ġlocated", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "ĠNiagara", "ĠEsc", "arp", "ment", "Ġ.", "ĠFurther", "Ġwest", "Ġis", "Ġthe", "ĠLuther", "ĠMarsh", "ĠConservation", "ĠArea", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġvast", "Ġwilderness", "Ġarea", "Ġthat", "Ġsurrounds", "ĠLuther", "ĠLake", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠHistory", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġwas", "Ġcreated", "Ġout", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġhighway", "Ġre", "r", "outing", "Ġin", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "Ġ1930", "s", "Ġ.", "ĠOriginally", "Ġ,", "Ġit", "Ġformed", "Ġthe", "Ġrouting", "Ġof", "ĠHighway", "Ġ9", "Ġ,", "Ġwhich", "Ġuntil", "Ġthen", "Ġturned", "Ġnorth", "Ġat", "ĠOrange", "ville", "Ġ,", "Ġtravelling", "Ġconcurrently", "Ġwith", "ĠHighway", "Ġ10", "Ġ,", "Ġthen", "Ġturning", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "ĠCook", "stown", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "ĠFebruary", "Ġ10", "Ġ,", "Ġ1937", "Ġ,", "ĠHighway", "Ġ9", "Ġwas", "Ġre", "r", "outed", "Ġalong", "Ġits", "Ġpresent", "Ġcourse", "Ġeast", "Ġof", "ĠOrange", "ville", "Ġ.", "ĠBy", "Ġ1938", "Ġ,", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġwas", "Ġdesignated", "Ġalong", "Ġthe", "Ġformer", "Ġroute", "Ġof", "ĠHighway", "Ġ9", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġremained", "Ġas", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġis", "Ġuntil", "Ġthe", "Ġearly", "Ġ1960", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġwhen", "Ġit", "Ġwas", "Ġextended", "Ġwest", "Ġto", "ĠPalmer", "ston", "Ġand", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġ.", "ĠOn", "ĠApril", "Ġ1", "Ġ,", "Ġ1963", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġhighway", "Ġwas", "Ġassumed", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġcounties", "Ġof", "ĠD", "uffer", "in", "Ġ,", "ĠGrey", "Ġand", "ĠWellington", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġsection", "Ġbetween", "ĠHighway", "Ġ27", "Ġand", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġwas", "Ġassumed", "Ġthe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġday", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġmid", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġ1970", "s", "Ġ,", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġwas", "Ġextended", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "ĠHighway", "Ġ11", "Ġat", "ĠF", "enn", "ell", "Ġ.", "ĠThis", "Ġsection", "Ġwas", "Ġeventually", "Ġreturned", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġjurisdiction", "Ġof", "ĠSim", "coe", "ĠCounty", "Ġon", "ĠApril", "Ġ1", "Ġ,", "Ġ1997", "Ġ.", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġspring", "Ġof", "Ġ2003", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "ĠM", "TO", "Ġren", "umbered", "Ġseveral", "Ġhighways", "Ġto", "Ġimprove", "Ġroute", "Ġcontinuity", "Ġ.", "ĠAmong", "Ġthese", "Ġwas", "Ġthe", "Ġren", "umber", "ing", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġsection", "Ġof", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġbetween", "ĠHar", "rist", "on", "Ġand", "ĠPalmer", "ston", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġresult", "Ġof", "Ġthis", "Ġren", "umber", "ing", "Ġwas", "Ġa", "Ġshared", "Ġtermin", "us", "Ġbetween", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġand", "ĠHighway", "Ġ23", "Ġat", "Ġan", "Ġintersection", "Ġwith", "ĠHighway", "Ġ9", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠExtension", "Ġto", "ĠHighway", "Ġ12", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠDuring", "Ġthe", "Ġlate", "Ġ1970", "s", "Ġ,", "Ġplans", "Ġarose", "Ġto", "Ġcreate", "Ġa", "Ġnew", "Ġhighway", "Ġlink", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġsouth", "Ġside", "Ġof", "ĠLake", "ĠSim", "coe", "Ġto", "Ġconnect", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġand", "ĠHighway", "Ġ12", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġroute", "Ġfor", "Ġthis", "Ġextension", "Ġwas", "Ġannounced", "Ġon", "ĠJune", "Ġ30", "Ġ,", "Ġ1978", "Ġ.", "ĠIt", "Ġwas", "Ġto", "Ġfollow", "Ġ11", "th", "ĠLine", "Ġfrom", "ĠHighway", "Ġ400", "Ġeast", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "ĠHolland", "ĠMarsh", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġit", "Ġwould", "Ġcross", "Ġtowards", "Ġthe", "Ġnortheast", "Ġonto", "Ġthe", "Ġalignment", "Ġof", "ĠRaven", "sh", "oe", "ĠRoad", "Ġ(", "ĠYork", "ĠRoad", "Ġ32", "Ġ)", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġextension", "Ġwould", "Ġtraverse", "Ġthe", "Ġlength", "Ġof", "ĠRaven", "sh", "oe", "ĠRoad", "Ġto", "ĠL", "aker", "idge", "ĠRoad", "Ġ(", "ĠDurham", "ĠRoad", "Ġ23", "Ġ)", "Ġ,", "Ġwhere", "Ġit", "Ġwould", "Ġz", "ig", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġz", "ag", "Ġonto", "ĠCon", "cession", "ĠRoad", "Ġ7", "Ġto", "Ġend", "Ġimmediately", "Ġnorth", "Ġof", "ĠSunderland", "Ġ.", "ĠHowever", "Ġ,", "Ġheavy", "Ġenvironmental", "Ġprotests", "Ġensued", "Ġover", "Ġthe", "Ġchosen", "Ġroute", "Ġthrough", "Ġthe", "Ġmarsh", "Ġ.", "ĠConsequently", "Ġ,", "Ġthen", "ĠTransportation", "ĠMinister", "ĠEd", "ĠFulton", "Ġofficially", "Ġcancelled", "Ġthe", "Ġextension", "Ġon", "ĠApril", "Ġ21", "Ġ,", "Ġ1986", "Ġ.", "ĠThe", "Ġproposal", "Ġhas", "Ġsince", "Ġbeen", "Ġreborn", "Ġas", "Ġthe", "ĠBradford", "ĠBy", "pass", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "ĠMajor", "Ġintersections", "Ġ=", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠThe", "Ġfollowing", "Ġtable", "Ġlists", "Ġthe", "Ġmajor", "Ġjun", "ctions", "Ġalong", "ĠHighway", "Ġ89", "Ġ,", "Ġas", "Ġnoted", "Ġby", "Ġthe", "ĠMinistry", "Ġof", "ĠTransportation", "Ġof", "ĠOntario", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "Ġ=", "ĠLuke", "ĠSmith", "Ġ(", "Ġwriter", "Ġ)", "Ġ=", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠLuke", "ĠMichael", "ĠSmith", "Ġis", "Ġan", "ĠAmerican", "Ġwriter", "Ġ.", "ĠHe", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġstaff", "Ġmember", "Ġat", "ĠBungie", "Ġ,", "Ġa", "Ġvideo", "Ġgame", "Ġdevelopment", "Ġcompany", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġis", "Ġa", "Ġformer", "Ġvideo", "Ġgames", "Ġjournalist", "Ġ.", "ĠSmith", "Ġwrote", "Ġfor", "Ġa", "Ġcollege", "Ġnewspaper", "Ġand", "Ġweekly", "Ġpapers", "Ġin", "ĠMichigan", "Ġbefore", "Ġbeing", "Ġhired", "Ġas", "Ġone" ]
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of the first new freelance writers for Kotaku . At Kotaku , Smith developed his writing style but soon left the site for a staff position as 1UP.com 's news editor . Smith made a name for himself at 1UP , particularly through an article he wrote focusing on problems with the game Halo 2 . Smith was known for his direct approach to game journalism and scathing criticism of the video game industry . During his time at 1UP the site developed a greater profile and stepped out of its sister publication 's shadow , but Smith grew frustrated with the contemporary state of gaming news and what he considered manipulation of journalists and readers into accepting promotional material as news . In April 2007 he left 1UP to become a Bungie writer and co @-@ host of the developer 's podcast . = = Early career = = Smith gradually entered into game journalism while working on an English Literature degree at the University of Michigan , writing about media in the college newspaper . After graduation , he worked for weekly papers in Dearborn and Detroit , Michigan , including Real Detroit Weekly . Clive Thompson , a games writer with Slate , interacted with Smith over AOL Instant Messenger and the two began to bounce ideas off of each other for their respective writing projects ; when games blog Kotaku started to expand from one writer ( founder Brian Crecente ) , Thompson recommended Smith . Smith credits his time at Kotaku for helping him come into his own , develop his style and learn about attribution and citing sources , but he left after a short period of time . " At the time stories ( on Kotaku ) were unsigned . Kotaku was like the Brian Crecente vision . If I posted something or [ fellow writer Brian Ashcraft ] did people thought [ Crecente ] did . Also , there was no health insurance , it was just full @-@ time freelance . " = = 1UP.com journalism = = Smith served as the news editor for 1UP.com , the sister site to the now @-@ defunct magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly . During his tenure at 1UP , Smith wrote extensively about the Halo video game franchise , as was considered a leading fan voice ; in one article , he declared Halo was the only game series he cared about . Smith wrote a feature story for 1UP in 2005 called " Broken Halo " , in which he explained how developer Bungie could fix problems he perceived with the game ; Crecente said the article put Smith " on the map " . Smith also became one of the panelists of the 1UP Yours show , a weekly video games podcast featuring gaming editors and experts . In 2006 , Edge named him one of gaming 's top 50 journalists . Play.d magazine credited Smith with inspiring gamers to learn more about the game industry and not accept company promotion , as well as turning 1UP from " the bastard child of EGM " to an important part of the Ziff Davis Internet company 's gaming network . His style has been described as a " robust , direct approach " to journalism and is known for his scathing attacks on the industry . Smith , however , felt disheartened by the state of game journalism . " Video game journalism is just weird . You have guys married to women in marketing for the games they cover . Video game journalism is still very young , very early , still trying to find out what it is , " he said . In an interview with Michael Zenke of The Escapist , Smith said he felt game journalists were treated by developers as another part of the PR plan , with developers sending out information and the journalists " regurgitating " it . Worse , Smith felt that gamers had become used to this sort of information ; " We have to be responsible for our actions and held accountable when we manipulate the expectations of gamers , " he told Zenke . While he was becoming more frustrated with the field at 1UP , game developer Bungie contacted Smith about employment . After sending the company his resume , Smith stopped writing about Bungie and Microsoft to avoid a conflict of interest . Smith accepted a job offer a month later . = = Bungie = = In April 2007 , Smith announced on a 1UP podcast he was leaving the site to work for Bungie . Reaction to Smith 's announcement varied ; some were happy or sad to see him leave , while others felt he had " sold out . " Smith joined the ranks of other former game journalists who left to work for game companies , including 1UP expatriate Che Chou , who joined Microsoft Game Studios , and former GameSpot chief Greg Kasavin , who became an associate producer for Electronic Arts . Bungie staff hinted in a weekly update that Smith might play a role in the developer 's podcast . Smith officially began work on May 7 , 2007 , as content editor , providing fans and the Bungie readership with information about Bungie 's game and staff . Smith believed that there was a special opportunity for game developers , " for someone to come in and tell the stories that people want to know [ ... ] Right now you have four bridges between
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developer and reader : Developer to PR , to journalist to reader . [ This position ] could get rid of those middle two bridges . " While Bungie had historically been good at letting fans interact via forums and provided updates and artwork via their site , Bungie.net , the company 's releases had a " corporate and muted tone to it , " and made less effort and been less successful historically at providing access to the inner workings of the game studio . As part of a change to become more transparent , Bungie took steps repeated throughout the industry to allow fans more say and recruiting respected voices from the community — namely , Smith . Robertson credited Smith 's tenure as aiding Bungie 's greater focus on , " building , supporting and learning from the Halo 3 community . " He is credited as a writer on Halo 3 . Smith also hosted Bungie 's podcast show along with co @-@ host Brian Jarrard ; in an interview with his former coworkers at 1UP , Smith said of the Bungie podcast , " we [ Bungie ] are focusing on getting our listeners and fans familiar with a bunch of the different faces at Bungie studios . " Brought back after close to a year @-@ long hiatus , the podcast now features Bungie news and interviews with staff members about their jobs and working at the studio . Smith had the title of " Bungie Community Manager " at Bungie , and has given interviews with the press about the company 's recent products , including Halo 3 : ODST . Smith was among other writers @-@ turned @-@ game developers who held a discussion on the topic at the 2009 Game Developers Conference . Smith worked on player investment for Halo : Reach . He worked as design lead on Bungie 's 2014 video game Destiny .
[ "Ġdeveloper", "Ġand", "Ġreader", "Ġ:", "ĠDeveloper", "Ġto", "ĠPR", "Ġ,", "Ġto", "Ġjournalist", "Ġto", "Ġreader", "Ġ.", "Ġ[", "ĠThis", "Ġposition", "Ġ]", "Ġcould", "Ġget", "Ġrid", "Ġof", "Ġthose", "Ġmiddle", "Ġtwo", "Ġbridges", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠWhile", "ĠBungie", "Ġhad", "Ġhistorically", "Ġbeen", "Ġgood", "Ġat", "Ġletting", "Ġfans", "Ġinteract", "Ġvia", "Ġforums", "Ġand", "Ġprovided", "Ġupdates", "Ġand", "Ġartwork", "Ġvia", "Ġtheir", "Ġsite", "Ġ,", "ĠBungie", ".", "net", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġcompany", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġreleases", "Ġhad", "Ġa", "Ġ\"", "Ġcorporate", "Ġand", "Ġmuted", "Ġtone", "Ġto", "Ġit", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġand", "Ġmade", "Ġless", "Ġeffort", "Ġand", "Ġbeen", "Ġless", "Ġsuccessful", "Ġhistorically", "Ġat", "Ġproviding", "Ġaccess", "Ġto", "Ġthe", "Ġinner", "Ġworkings", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġgame", "Ġstudio", "Ġ.", "ĠAs", "Ġpart", "Ġof", "Ġa", "Ġchange", "Ġto", "Ġbecome", "Ġmore", "Ġtransparent", "Ġ,", "ĠBungie", "Ġtook", "Ġsteps", "Ġrepeated", "Ġthroughout", "Ġthe", "Ġindustry", "Ġto", "Ġallow", "Ġfans", "Ġmore", "Ġsay", "Ġand", "Ġrecruiting", "Ġrespected", "Ġvoices", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "Ġcommunity", "ĠâĢĶ", "Ġnamely", "Ġ,", "ĠSmith", "Ġ.", "ĠRobertson", "Ġcredited", "ĠSmith", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġtenure", "Ġas", "Ġaiding", "ĠBungie", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġgreater", "Ġfocus", "Ġon", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġbuilding", "Ġ,", "Ġsupporting", "Ġand", "Ġlearning", "Ġfrom", "Ġthe", "ĠHalo", "Ġ3", "Ġcommunity", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠHe", "Ġis", "Ġcredited", "Ġas", "Ġa", "Ġwriter", "Ġon", "ĠHalo", "Ġ3", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠSmith", "Ġalso", "Ġhosted", "ĠBungie", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġpodcast", "Ġshow", "Ġalong", "Ġwith", "Ġco", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġhost", "ĠBrian", "ĠJ", "arr", "ard", "Ġ;", "Ġin", "Ġan", "Ġinterview", "Ġwith", "Ġhis", "Ġformer", "Ġcoworkers", "Ġat", "Ġ1", "UP", "Ġ,", "ĠSmith", "Ġsaid", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "ĠBungie", "Ġpodcast", "Ġ,", "Ġ\"", "Ġwe", "Ġ[", "ĠBungie", "Ġ]", "Ġare", "Ġfocusing", "Ġon", "Ġgetting", "Ġour", "Ġlisteners", "Ġand", "Ġfans", "Ġfamiliar", "Ġwith", "Ġa", "Ġbunch", "Ġof", "Ġthe", "Ġdifferent", "Ġfaces", "Ġat", "ĠBungie", "Ġstudios", "Ġ.", "Ġ\"", "ĠB", "rought", "Ġback", "Ġafter", "Ġclose", "Ġto", "Ġa", "Ġyear", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġlong", "Ġhiatus", "Ġ,", "Ġthe", "Ġpodcast", "Ġnow", "Ġfeatures", "ĠBungie", "Ġnews", "Ġand", "Ġinterviews", "Ġwith", "Ġstaff", "Ġmembers", "Ġabout", "Ġtheir", "Ġjobs", "Ġand", "Ġworking", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġstudio", "Ġ.", "ĠSmith", "Ġhad", "Ġthe", "Ġtitle", "Ġof", "Ġ\"", "ĠBungie", "ĠCommunity", "ĠManager", "Ġ\"", "Ġat", "ĠBungie", "Ġ,", "Ġand", "Ġhas", "Ġgiven", "Ġinterviews", "Ġwith", "Ġthe", "Ġpress", "Ġabout", "Ġthe", "Ġcompany", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġrecent", "Ġproducts", "Ġ,", "Ġincluding", "ĠHalo", "Ġ3", "Ġ:", "ĠOD", "ST", "Ġ.", "ĠSmith", "Ġwas", "Ġamong", "Ġother", "Ġwriters", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġturned", "Ġ@", "-", "@", "Ġgame", "Ġdevelopers", "Ġwho", "Ġheld", "Ġa", "Ġdiscussion", "Ġon", "Ġthe", "Ġtopic", "Ġat", "Ġthe", "Ġ2009", "ĠGame", "ĠDevelopers", "ĠConference", "Ġ.", "ĠSmith", "Ġworked", "Ġon", "Ġplayer", "Ġinvestment", "Ġfor", "ĠHalo", "Ġ:", "ĠReach", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ", "ĠHe", "Ġworked", "Ġas", "Ġdesign", "Ġlead", "Ġon", "ĠBungie", "Ġ'", "s", "Ġ2014", "Ġvideo", "Ġgame", "ĠDestiny", "Ġ.", "Ġ", "Ġ" ]
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