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3.58k
| golden_answers
listlengths 1
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listlengths 1
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dict | extra_info
dict | metadata
null |
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train_0
|
A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Ampicillin\nB: Ceftriaxone\nC: Ciprofloxacin\nD: Doxycycline\nE: Nitrofurantoin\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Ampicillin",
"B": "Ceftriaxone",
"C": "Ciprofloxacin",
"D": "Doxycycline",
"E": "Nitrofurantoin"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 0,
"original_question": "A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? A: Ampicillin B: Ceftriaxone C: Ciprofloxacin D: Doxycycline E: Nitrofurantoin",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_1
|
A 3-month-old baby died suddenly at night while asleep. His mother noticed that he had died only after she awoke in the morning. No cause of death was determined based on the autopsy. Which of the following precautions could have prevented the death of the baby?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 3-month-old baby died suddenly at night while asleep. His mother noticed that he had died only after she awoke in the morning. No cause of death was determined based on the autopsy. Which of the following precautions could have prevented the death of the baby?\n\nOptions:\nA: Placing the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress while sleeping\nB: Routine postnatal electrocardiogram (ECG)\nC: Keeping the infant covered and maintaining a high room temperature\nD: Application of a device to maintain the sleeping position\nE: Avoiding pacifier use during sleep\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Placing the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress while sleeping",
"B": "Routine postnatal electrocardiogram (ECG)",
"C": "Keeping the infant covered and maintaining a high room temperature",
"D": "Application of a device to maintain the sleeping position",
"E": "Avoiding pacifier use during sleep"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 1,
"original_question": "A 3-month-old baby died suddenly at night while asleep. His mother noticed that he had died only after she awoke in the morning. No cause of death was determined based on the autopsy. Which of the following precautions could have prevented the death of the baby? A: Placing the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress while sleeping B: Routine postnatal electrocardiogram (ECG) C: Keeping the infant covered and maintaining a high room temperature D: Application of a device to maintain the sleeping position E: Avoiding pacifier use during sleep",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_2
|
A mother brings her 3-week-old infant to the pediatrician's office because she is concerned about his feeding habits. He was born without complications and has not had any medical problems up until this time. However, for the past 4 days, he has been fussy, is regurgitating all of his feeds, and his vomit is yellow in color. On physical exam, the child's abdomen is minimally distended but no other abnormalities are appreciated. Which of the following embryologic errors could account for this presentation?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A mother brings her 3-week-old infant to the pediatrician's office because she is concerned about his feeding habits. He was born without complications and has not had any medical problems up until this time. However, for the past 4 days, he has been fussy, is regurgitating all of his feeds, and his vomit is yellow in color. On physical exam, the child's abdomen is minimally distended but no other abnormalities are appreciated. Which of the following embryologic errors could account for this presentation?\n\nOptions:\nA: Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud\nB: Complete failure of proximal duodenum to recanalize\nC: Error in neural crest cell migration\nD: Abnormal hypertrophy of the pylorus\nE: Failure of lateral body folds to move ventrally and fuse in the midline\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud",
"B": "Complete failure of proximal duodenum to recanalize",
"C": "Error in neural crest cell migration",
"D": "Abnormal hypertrophy of the pylorus",
"E": "Failure of lateral body folds to move ventrally and fuse in the midline"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 2,
"original_question": "A mother brings her 3-week-old infant to the pediatrician's office because she is concerned about his feeding habits. He was born without complications and has not had any medical problems up until this time. However, for the past 4 days, he has been fussy, is regurgitating all of his feeds, and his vomit is yellow in color. On physical exam, the child's abdomen is minimally distended but no other abnormalities are appreciated. Which of the following embryologic errors could account for this presentation? A: Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud B: Complete failure of proximal duodenum to recanalize C: Error in neural crest cell migration D: Abnormal hypertrophy of the pylorus E: Failure of lateral body folds to move ventrally and fuse in the midline",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_3
|
A pulmonary autopsy specimen from a 58-year-old woman who died of acute hypoxic respiratory failure was examined. She had recently undergone surgery for a fractured femur 3 months ago. Initial hospital course was uncomplicated, and she was discharged to a rehab facility in good health. Shortly after discharge home from rehab, she developed sudden shortness of breath and had cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. On histological examination of lung tissue, fibrous connective tissue around the lumen of the pulmonary artery is observed. Which of the following is the most likely pathogenesis for the present findings?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A pulmonary autopsy specimen from a 58-year-old woman who died of acute hypoxic respiratory failure was examined. She had recently undergone surgery for a fractured femur 3 months ago. Initial hospital course was uncomplicated, and she was discharged to a rehab facility in good health. Shortly after discharge home from rehab, she developed sudden shortness of breath and had cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. On histological examination of lung tissue, fibrous connective tissue around the lumen of the pulmonary artery is observed. Which of the following is the most likely pathogenesis for the present findings?\n\nOptions:\nA: Thromboembolism\nB: Pulmonary ischemia\nC: Pulmonary hypertension\nD: Pulmonary passive congestion\nE: Pulmonary hemorrhage\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Thromboembolism",
"B": "Pulmonary ischemia",
"C": "Pulmonary hypertension",
"D": "Pulmonary passive congestion",
"E": "Pulmonary hemorrhage"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 3,
"original_question": "A pulmonary autopsy specimen from a 58-year-old woman who died of acute hypoxic respiratory failure was examined. She had recently undergone surgery for a fractured femur 3 months ago. Initial hospital course was uncomplicated, and she was discharged to a rehab facility in good health. Shortly after discharge home from rehab, she developed sudden shortness of breath and had cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. On histological examination of lung tissue, fibrous connective tissue around the lumen of the pulmonary artery is observed. Which of the following is the most likely pathogenesis for the present findings? A: Thromboembolism B: Pulmonary ischemia C: Pulmonary hypertension D: Pulmonary passive congestion E: Pulmonary hemorrhage",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_4
|
A 20-year-old woman presents with menorrhagia for the past several years. She says that her menses “have always been heavy”, and she has experienced easy bruising for as long as she can remember. Family history is significant for her mother, who had similar problems with bruising easily. The patient's vital signs include: heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 36.1°C (96.9°F), and blood pressure 110/87 mm Hg. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests show the following: platelet count 200,000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, and PTT 43 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 20-year-old woman presents with menorrhagia for the past several years. She says that her menses “have always been heavy”, and she has experienced easy bruising for as long as she can remember. Family history is significant for her mother, who had similar problems with bruising easily. The patient's vital signs include: heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 36.1°C (96.9°F), and blood pressure 110/87 mm Hg. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests show the following: platelet count 200,000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, and PTT 43 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?\n\nOptions:\nA: Factor V Leiden\nB: Hemophilia A\nC: Lupus anticoagulant\nD: Protein C deficiency\nE: Von Willebrand disease\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Factor V Leiden",
"B": "Hemophilia A",
"C": "Lupus anticoagulant",
"D": "Protein C deficiency",
"E": "Von Willebrand disease"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 4,
"original_question": "A 20-year-old woman presents with menorrhagia for the past several years. She says that her menses “have always been heavy”, and she has experienced easy bruising for as long as she can remember. Family history is significant for her mother, who had similar problems with bruising easily. The patient's vital signs include: heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 36.1°C (96.9°F), and blood pressure 110/87 mm Hg. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests show the following: platelet count 200,000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, and PTT 43 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms? A: Factor V Leiden B: Hemophilia A C: Lupus anticoagulant D: Protein C deficiency E: Von Willebrand disease",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_5
|
A 40-year-old zookeeper presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain that radiates to her back, and nausea. The pain started 2 days ago and slowly increased until she could not tolerate it any longer. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hypothyroidism. Additionally, she reports that she was recently stung by one of the zoo’s smaller scorpions, but did not seek medical treatment. She takes aspirin, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and a multivitamin daily. Family history is noncontributory. Today, her blood pressure is 108/58 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory rate is 21/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, she is a well-developed, obese female that looks unwell. Her heart has a regular rate and rhythm. Radial pulses are weak but symmetric. Her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Her lateral left ankle is swollen, erythematous, and painful to palpate. An abdominal CT is consistent with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology for this patient’s disease?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 40-year-old zookeeper presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain that radiates to her back, and nausea. The pain started 2 days ago and slowly increased until she could not tolerate it any longer. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hypothyroidism. Additionally, she reports that she was recently stung by one of the zoo’s smaller scorpions, but did not seek medical treatment. She takes aspirin, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and a multivitamin daily. Family history is noncontributory. Today, her blood pressure is 108/58 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory rate is 21/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, she is a well-developed, obese female that looks unwell. Her heart has a regular rate and rhythm. Radial pulses are weak but symmetric. Her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Her lateral left ankle is swollen, erythematous, and painful to palpate. An abdominal CT is consistent with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology for this patient’s disease?\n\nOptions:\nA: Aspirin\nB: Oral contraceptive pills\nC: Scorpion sting\nD: Hypothyroidism\nE: Obesity\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Aspirin",
"B": "Oral contraceptive pills",
"C": "Scorpion sting",
"D": "Hypothyroidism",
"E": "Obesity"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 5,
"original_question": "A 40-year-old zookeeper presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain that radiates to her back, and nausea. The pain started 2 days ago and slowly increased until she could not tolerate it any longer. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hypothyroidism. Additionally, she reports that she was recently stung by one of the zoo’s smaller scorpions, but did not seek medical treatment. She takes aspirin, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and a multivitamin daily. Family history is noncontributory. Today, her blood pressure is 108/58 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory rate is 21/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, she is a well-developed, obese female that looks unwell. Her heart has a regular rate and rhythm. Radial pulses are weak but symmetric. Her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Her lateral left ankle is swollen, erythematous, and painful to palpate. An abdominal CT is consistent with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology for this patient’s disease? A: Aspirin B: Oral contraceptive pills C: Scorpion sting D: Hypothyroidism E: Obesity",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_6
|
A 25-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for a routine prenatal visit. She is at 34 weeks gestation, as confirmed by an ultrasound examination. She has no complaints, but notes that the new shoes she bought 2 weeks ago do not fit anymore. The course of her pregnancy has been uneventful and she has been compliant with the recommended prenatal care. Her medical history is unremarkable. She has a 15-pound weight gain since the last visit 3 weeks ago. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 148/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 88/min; respiratory rate, 16/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The blood pressure on repeat assessment 4 hours later is 151/90 mm Hg. The fetal heart rate is 151/min. The physical examination is significant for 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremity. Which of the following tests o should confirm the probable condition of this patient?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 25-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for a routine prenatal visit. She is at 34 weeks gestation, as confirmed by an ultrasound examination. She has no complaints, but notes that the new shoes she bought 2 weeks ago do not fit anymore. The course of her pregnancy has been uneventful and she has been compliant with the recommended prenatal care. Her medical history is unremarkable. She has a 15-pound weight gain since the last visit 3 weeks ago. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 148/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 88/min; respiratory rate, 16/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The blood pressure on repeat assessment 4 hours later is 151/90 mm Hg. The fetal heart rate is 151/min. The physical examination is significant for 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremity. Which of the following tests o should confirm the probable condition of this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Bilirubin assessment\nB: Coagulation studies\nC: Hematocrit assessment\nD: Leukocyte count with differential\nE: 24-hour urine protein\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Bilirubin assessment",
"B": "Coagulation studies",
"C": "Hematocrit assessment",
"D": "Leukocyte count with differential",
"E": "24-hour urine protein"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 6,
"original_question": "A 25-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for a routine prenatal visit. She is at 34 weeks gestation, as confirmed by an ultrasound examination. She has no complaints, but notes that the new shoes she bought 2 weeks ago do not fit anymore. The course of her pregnancy has been uneventful and she has been compliant with the recommended prenatal care. Her medical history is unremarkable. She has a 15-pound weight gain since the last visit 3 weeks ago. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 148/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 88/min; respiratory rate, 16/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The blood pressure on repeat assessment 4 hours later is 151/90 mm Hg. The fetal heart rate is 151/min. The physical examination is significant for 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremity. Which of the following tests o should confirm the probable condition of this patient? A: Bilirubin assessment B: Coagulation studies C: Hematocrit assessment D: Leukocyte count with differential E: 24-hour urine protein",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_7
|
A 3900-g (8.6-lb) male infant is delivered at 39 weeks' gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated but a prenatal ultrasound at 20 weeks showed a defect in the pleuroperitoneal membrane. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 3900-g (8.6-lb) male infant is delivered at 39 weeks' gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated but a prenatal ultrasound at 20 weeks showed a defect in the pleuroperitoneal membrane. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?\n\nOptions:\nA: Gastric fundus in the thorax\nB: Pancreatic ring around the duodenum\nC: Small and cystic kidneys\nD: Hypertrophy of the gastric pylorus\nE: Large bowel in the inguinal canal\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Gastric fundus in the thorax",
"B": "Pancreatic ring around the duodenum",
"C": "Small and cystic kidneys",
"D": "Hypertrophy of the gastric pylorus",
"E": "Large bowel in the inguinal canal"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 7,
"original_question": "A 3900-g (8.6-lb) male infant is delivered at 39 weeks' gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated but a prenatal ultrasound at 20 weeks showed a defect in the pleuroperitoneal membrane. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings? A: Gastric fundus in the thorax B: Pancreatic ring around the duodenum C: Small and cystic kidneys D: Hypertrophy of the gastric pylorus E: Large bowel in the inguinal canal",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_8
|
A 62-year-old woman presents for a regular check-up. She complains of lightheadedness and palpitations which occur episodically. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 6 months ago and NYHA class II chronic heart failure. She also was diagnosed with grade I arterial hypertension 4 years ago. Current medications are aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, enalapril 10 mg, and metoprolol 200 mg daily. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg, a heart rate of 125/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, and a temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). Cardiopulmonary examination is significant for irregular heart rhythm and decreased S1 intensity. ECG is obtained and is shown in the picture (see image). Echocardiography shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 39%. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for rate control in this patient?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 62-year-old woman presents for a regular check-up. She complains of lightheadedness and palpitations which occur episodically. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 6 months ago and NYHA class II chronic heart failure. She also was diagnosed with grade I arterial hypertension 4 years ago. Current medications are aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, enalapril 10 mg, and metoprolol 200 mg daily. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg, a heart rate of 125/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, and a temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). Cardiopulmonary examination is significant for irregular heart rhythm and decreased S1 intensity. ECG is obtained and is shown in the picture (see image). Echocardiography shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 39%. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for rate control in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Atenolol\nB: Verapamil\nC: Diltiazem\nD: Propafenone\nE: Digoxin\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Atenolol",
"B": "Verapamil",
"C": "Diltiazem",
"D": "Propafenone",
"E": "Digoxin"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 8,
"original_question": "A 62-year-old woman presents for a regular check-up. She complains of lightheadedness and palpitations which occur episodically. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 6 months ago and NYHA class II chronic heart failure. She also was diagnosed with grade I arterial hypertension 4 years ago. Current medications are aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, enalapril 10 mg, and metoprolol 200 mg daily. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg, a heart rate of 125/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, and a temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). Cardiopulmonary examination is significant for irregular heart rhythm and decreased S1 intensity. ECG is obtained and is shown in the picture (see image). Echocardiography shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 39%. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for rate control in this patient? A: Atenolol B: Verapamil C: Diltiazem D: Propafenone E: Digoxin",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_9
|
A 35-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of seasonal allergies. He has been using intranasal vasoconstrictors several times per day for several weeks. What is a likely sequela of the chronic use of topical nasal decongestants?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 35-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of seasonal allergies. He has been using intranasal vasoconstrictors several times per day for several weeks. What is a likely sequela of the chronic use of topical nasal decongestants?\n\nOptions:\nA: Epistaxis\nB: Hypertension\nC: Permanent loss of smell\nD: Persistent nasal crusting\nE: Persistent congestion\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Epistaxis",
"B": "Hypertension",
"C": "Permanent loss of smell",
"D": "Persistent nasal crusting",
"E": "Persistent congestion"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 9,
"original_question": "A 35-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of seasonal allergies. He has been using intranasal vasoconstrictors several times per day for several weeks. What is a likely sequela of the chronic use of topical nasal decongestants? A: Epistaxis B: Hypertension C: Permanent loss of smell D: Persistent nasal crusting E: Persistent congestion",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_10
|
A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of diplopia and ocular pain when reading the newspaper. She also has a 3-month history of amenorrhea, hot flashes, and increased sweating. She reports that she has been overweight all her adult life and is happy to have lost 6.8-kg (15-lb) of weight in the past 2 months. Her pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 148/98 mm Hg. Physical examination shows moist palms and a nontender thyroid gland that is enlarged to two times its normal size. Ophthalmologic examination shows prominence of the globes of the eyes, bilateral lid retraction, conjunctival injection, and an inability to converge the eyes. There is no pain on movement of the extraocular muscles. Visual acuity is 20/20 bilaterally. Neurologic examination shows a fine resting tremor of the hands. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ with a shortened relaxation phase. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's ocular complaints?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of diplopia and ocular pain when reading the newspaper. She also has a 3-month history of amenorrhea, hot flashes, and increased sweating. She reports that she has been overweight all her adult life and is happy to have lost 6.8-kg (15-lb) of weight in the past 2 months. Her pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 148/98 mm Hg. Physical examination shows moist palms and a nontender thyroid gland that is enlarged to two times its normal size. Ophthalmologic examination shows prominence of the globes of the eyes, bilateral lid retraction, conjunctival injection, and an inability to converge the eyes. There is no pain on movement of the extraocular muscles. Visual acuity is 20/20 bilaterally. Neurologic examination shows a fine resting tremor of the hands. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ with a shortened relaxation phase. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's ocular complaints?\n\nOptions:\nA: Granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus\nB: Abnormal communication between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery\nC: Glycosaminoglycan accumulation in the orbit\nD: Bacterial infection of the orbital contents\nE: Sympathetic hyperactivity of levator palpebrae superioris \"\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus",
"B": "Abnormal communication between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery",
"C": "Glycosaminoglycan accumulation in the orbit",
"D": "Bacterial infection of the orbital contents",
"E": "Sympathetic hyperactivity of levator palpebrae superioris \""
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 10,
"original_question": "A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of diplopia and ocular pain when reading the newspaper. She also has a 3-month history of amenorrhea, hot flashes, and increased sweating. She reports that she has been overweight all her adult life and is happy to have lost 6.8-kg (15-lb) of weight in the past 2 months. Her pulse is 110/min, and blood pressure is 148/98 mm Hg. Physical examination shows moist palms and a nontender thyroid gland that is enlarged to two times its normal size. Ophthalmologic examination shows prominence of the globes of the eyes, bilateral lid retraction, conjunctival injection, and an inability to converge the eyes. There is no pain on movement of the extraocular muscles. Visual acuity is 20/20 bilaterally. Neurologic examination shows a fine resting tremor of the hands. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ with a shortened relaxation phase. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's ocular complaints? A: Granulomatous inflammation of the cavernous sinus B: Abnormal communication between the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery C: Glycosaminoglycan accumulation in the orbit D: Bacterial infection of the orbital contents E: Sympathetic hyperactivity of levator palpebrae superioris\n\"",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_11
|
A 1-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with weakness and a change in his behavior. His parents state that they first noticed the change in his behavior this morning and it has been getting worse. They noticed the patient was initially weak in his upper body and arms, but now he won’t move his legs with as much strength or vigor as he used to. Physical exam is notable for bilateral ptosis with a sluggish pupillary response, a very weak sucking and gag reflex, and shallow respirations. The patient is currently drooling and his diaper is dry. The parents state he has not had a bowel movement in over 1 day. Which of the following is the pathophysiology of this patient’s condition?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 1-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with weakness and a change in his behavior. His parents state that they first noticed the change in his behavior this morning and it has been getting worse. They noticed the patient was initially weak in his upper body and arms, but now he won’t move his legs with as much strength or vigor as he used to. Physical exam is notable for bilateral ptosis with a sluggish pupillary response, a very weak sucking and gag reflex, and shallow respirations. The patient is currently drooling and his diaper is dry. The parents state he has not had a bowel movement in over 1 day. Which of the following is the pathophysiology of this patient’s condition?\n\nOptions:\nA: Antibodies against postsynaptic nicotinic cholinergic ion channels\nB: Autoantibodies against the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels\nC: Autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves\nD: Blockade of presynaptic acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction\nE: Lower motor neuron destruction in the anterior horn\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Antibodies against postsynaptic nicotinic cholinergic ion channels",
"B": "Autoantibodies against the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels",
"C": "Autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves",
"D": "Blockade of presynaptic acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction",
"E": "Lower motor neuron destruction in the anterior horn"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 11,
"original_question": "A 1-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with weakness and a change in his behavior. His parents state that they first noticed the change in his behavior this morning and it has been getting worse. They noticed the patient was initially weak in his upper body and arms, but now he won’t move his legs with as much strength or vigor as he used to. Physical exam is notable for bilateral ptosis with a sluggish pupillary response, a very weak sucking and gag reflex, and shallow respirations. The patient is currently drooling and his diaper is dry. The parents state he has not had a bowel movement in over 1 day. Which of the following is the pathophysiology of this patient’s condition? A: Antibodies against postsynaptic nicotinic cholinergic ion channels B: Autoantibodies against the presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels C: Autoimmune demyelination of peripheral nerves D: Blockade of presynaptic acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction E: Lower motor neuron destruction in the anterior horn",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_12
|
A 9-month-old female is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure. She was born at home and was normal at birth according to her parents. Since then, they have noticed that she does not appear to be achieving developmental milestones as quickly as her siblings, and often appears lethargic. Physical exam reveals microcephaly, very light pigmentation (as compared to her family), and a "musty" body odor. The varied manifestations of this disease can most likely be attributed to which of the following genetic principles?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 9-month-old female is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure. She was born at home and was normal at birth according to her parents. Since then, they have noticed that she does not appear to be achieving developmental milestones as quickly as her siblings, and often appears lethargic. Physical exam reveals microcephaly, very light pigmentation (as compared to her family), and a \"musty\" body odor. The varied manifestations of this disease can most likely be attributed to which of the following genetic principles?\n\nOptions:\nA: Anticipation\nB: Incomplete penetrance\nC: Multiple gene mutations\nD: Pleiotropy\nE: Variable expressivity\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Anticipation",
"B": "Incomplete penetrance",
"C": "Multiple gene mutations",
"D": "Pleiotropy",
"E": "Variable expressivity"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 12,
"original_question": "A 9-month-old female is brought to the emergency department after experiencing a seizure. She was born at home and was normal at birth according to her parents. Since then, they have noticed that she does not appear to be achieving developmental milestones as quickly as her siblings, and often appears lethargic. Physical exam reveals microcephaly, very light pigmentation (as compared to her family), and a \"musty\" body odor. The varied manifestations of this disease can most likely be attributed to which of the following genetic principles? A: Anticipation B: Incomplete penetrance C: Multiple gene mutations D: Pleiotropy E: Variable expressivity",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_13
|
A 23-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of decreased hearing, dizziness, and ringing in his right ear for the past 6 months. Physical examination shows multiple soft, yellow plaques and papules on his arms, chest, and back. There is sensorineural hearing loss and weakness of facial muscles bilaterally. His gait is unsteady. An MRI of the brain shows a 3-cm mass near the right internal auditory meatus and a 2-cm mass at the left cerebellopontine angle. The abnormal cells in these masses are most likely derived from which of the following embryological structures?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 23-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of decreased hearing, dizziness, and ringing in his right ear for the past 6 months. Physical examination shows multiple soft, yellow plaques and papules on his arms, chest, and back. There is sensorineural hearing loss and weakness of facial muscles bilaterally. His gait is unsteady. An MRI of the brain shows a 3-cm mass near the right internal auditory meatus and a 2-cm mass at the left cerebellopontine angle. The abnormal cells in these masses are most likely derived from which of the following embryological structures?\n\nOptions:\nA: Neural tube\nB: Surface ectoderm\nC: Neural crest\nD: Notochord\nE: Mesoderm\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Neural tube",
"B": "Surface ectoderm",
"C": "Neural crest",
"D": "Notochord",
"E": "Mesoderm"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 13,
"original_question": "A 23-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of decreased hearing, dizziness, and ringing in his right ear for the past 6 months. Physical examination shows multiple soft, yellow plaques and papules on his arms, chest, and back. There is sensorineural hearing loss and weakness of facial muscles bilaterally. His gait is unsteady. An MRI of the brain shows a 3-cm mass near the right internal auditory meatus and a 2-cm mass at the left cerebellopontine angle. The abnormal cells in these masses are most likely derived from which of the following embryological structures? A: Neural tube B: Surface ectoderm C: Neural crest D: Notochord E: Mesoderm",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_14
|
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of coughing and fatigue during the past 2 years. In the morning, the cough is productive of white phlegm. She becomes short of breath walking up a flight of stairs. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. She has recently retired from working as a nurse at a homeless shelter. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. Current medications include ramipril and fenofibrate. Her temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), respirations are 24/min, pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Scattered wheezing and rhonchi are heard throughout both lung fields. There are no murmurs, rubs, or gallops but heart sounds are distant. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of coughing and fatigue during the past 2 years. In the morning, the cough is productive of white phlegm. She becomes short of breath walking up a flight of stairs. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. She has recently retired from working as a nurse at a homeless shelter. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. Current medications include ramipril and fenofibrate. Her temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), respirations are 24/min, pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Scattered wheezing and rhonchi are heard throughout both lung fields. There are no murmurs, rubs, or gallops but heart sounds are distant. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?\n\nOptions:\nA: Chronic decrease in pulmonary compliance\nB: Local accumulation of kinins\nC: Mycobacterial invasion of pulmonary parenchyma\nD: Progressive obstruction of expiratory airflow\nE: Incremental loss of functional residual capacity \"\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Chronic decrease in pulmonary compliance",
"B": "Local accumulation of kinins",
"C": "Mycobacterial invasion of pulmonary parenchyma",
"D": "Progressive obstruction of expiratory airflow",
"E": "Incremental loss of functional residual capacity \""
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 14,
"original_question": "A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician because of coughing and fatigue during the past 2 years. In the morning, the cough is productive of white phlegm. She becomes short of breath walking up a flight of stairs. She has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. She has recently retired from working as a nurse at a homeless shelter. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 40 years. Current medications include ramipril and fenofibrate. Her temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), respirations are 24/min, pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Scattered wheezing and rhonchi are heard throughout both lung fields. There are no murmurs, rubs, or gallops but heart sounds are distant. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms? A: Chronic decrease in pulmonary compliance B: Local accumulation of kinins C: Mycobacterial invasion of pulmonary parenchyma D: Progressive obstruction of expiratory airflow E: Incremental loss of functional residual capacity\n\"",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_15
|
A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with leg pain. He states that the pain started suddenly while he was walking outside. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and atrial fibrillation. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 152/98 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a cold and pale left leg. The patient’s sensation is markedly diminished in the left leg when compared to the right, and his muscle strength is 1/5 in his left leg. Which of the following is the best next step in management?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with leg pain. He states that the pain started suddenly while he was walking outside. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and atrial fibrillation. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 152/98 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a cold and pale left leg. The patient’s sensation is markedly diminished in the left leg when compared to the right, and his muscle strength is 1/5 in his left leg. Which of the following is the best next step in management?\n\nOptions:\nA: CT angiogram\nB: Graded exercise and aspirin\nC: Heparin drip\nD: Surgical thrombectomy\nE: Tissue plasminogen activator\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "CT angiogram",
"B": "Graded exercise and aspirin",
"C": "Heparin drip",
"D": "Surgical thrombectomy",
"E": "Tissue plasminogen activator"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 15,
"original_question": "A 68-year-old man presents to the emergency department with leg pain. He states that the pain started suddenly while he was walking outside. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and atrial fibrillation. His temperature is 99.3°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 152/98 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a cold and pale left leg. The patient’s sensation is markedly diminished in the left leg when compared to the right, and his muscle strength is 1/5 in his left leg. Which of the following is the best next step in management? A: CT angiogram B: Graded exercise and aspirin C: Heparin drip D: Surgical thrombectomy E: Tissue plasminogen activator",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_16
|
A 76-year-old African American man presents to his primary care provider complaining of urinary frequency. He wakes up 3-4 times per night to urinate while he previously only had to wake up once per night. He also complains of post-void dribbling and difficulty initiating a stream of urine. He denies any difficulty maintaining an erection. His past medical history is notable for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gout. He takes aspirin, atorvastatin, enalapril, and allopurinol. His family history is notable for prostate cancer in his father and lung cancer in his mother. He has a 15-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. On digital rectal exam, his prostate is enlarged, smooth, and non-tender. Which of the following medications is indicated in this patient?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 76-year-old African American man presents to his primary care provider complaining of urinary frequency. He wakes up 3-4 times per night to urinate while he previously only had to wake up once per night. He also complains of post-void dribbling and difficulty initiating a stream of urine. He denies any difficulty maintaining an erection. His past medical history is notable for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gout. He takes aspirin, atorvastatin, enalapril, and allopurinol. His family history is notable for prostate cancer in his father and lung cancer in his mother. He has a 15-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. On digital rectal exam, his prostate is enlarged, smooth, and non-tender. Which of the following medications is indicated in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Clonidine\nB: Hydrochlorothiazide\nC: Midodrine\nD: Oxybutynin\nE: Tamsulosin\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Clonidine",
"B": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"C": "Midodrine",
"D": "Oxybutynin",
"E": "Tamsulosin"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 16,
"original_question": "A 76-year-old African American man presents to his primary care provider complaining of urinary frequency. He wakes up 3-4 times per night to urinate while he previously only had to wake up once per night. He also complains of post-void dribbling and difficulty initiating a stream of urine. He denies any difficulty maintaining an erection. His past medical history is notable for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gout. He takes aspirin, atorvastatin, enalapril, and allopurinol. His family history is notable for prostate cancer in his father and lung cancer in his mother. He has a 15-pack-year smoking history and drinks alcohol socially. On digital rectal exam, his prostate is enlarged, smooth, and non-tender. Which of the following medications is indicated in this patient? A: Clonidine B: Hydrochlorothiazide C: Midodrine D: Oxybutynin E: Tamsulosin",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_17
|
A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of recurrent episodes of nausea and abdominal discomfort for the past 4 months. The discomfort is located in the upper abdomen and sometimes occurs after eating, especially after a big meal. He has tried to go for a walk after dinner to help with digestion, but his complaints have only increased. For the past 3 weeks he has also had symptoms while climbing the stairs to his apartment. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and stage 2 peripheral arterial disease. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 45 years. He drinks one to two beers daily and occasionally more on weekends. His current medications include metformin, enalapril, and aspirin. He is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 126 kg (278 lb); BMI is 45 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. On physical examination, the abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. Foot pulses are absent bilaterally. An ECG shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of recurrent episodes of nausea and abdominal discomfort for the past 4 months. The discomfort is located in the upper abdomen and sometimes occurs after eating, especially after a big meal. He has tried to go for a walk after dinner to help with digestion, but his complaints have only increased. For the past 3 weeks he has also had symptoms while climbing the stairs to his apartment. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and stage 2 peripheral arterial disease. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 45 years. He drinks one to two beers daily and occasionally more on weekends. His current medications include metformin, enalapril, and aspirin. He is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 126 kg (278 lb); BMI is 45 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. On physical examination, the abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. Foot pulses are absent bilaterally. An ECG shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy\nB: CT scan of the abdomen\nC: Hydrogen breath test\nD: Cardiac stress test\nE: Abdominal ultrasonography of the right upper quadrant\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Esophagogastroduodenoscopy",
"B": "CT scan of the abdomen",
"C": "Hydrogen breath test",
"D": "Cardiac stress test",
"E": "Abdominal ultrasonography of the right upper quadrant"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 17,
"original_question": "A 68-year-old man comes to the physician because of recurrent episodes of nausea and abdominal discomfort for the past 4 months. The discomfort is located in the upper abdomen and sometimes occurs after eating, especially after a big meal. He has tried to go for a walk after dinner to help with digestion, but his complaints have only increased. For the past 3 weeks he has also had symptoms while climbing the stairs to his apartment. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and stage 2 peripheral arterial disease. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 45 years. He drinks one to two beers daily and occasionally more on weekends. His current medications include metformin, enalapril, and aspirin. He is 168 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall and weighs 126 kg (278 lb); BMI is 45 kg/m2. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 78/min, and blood pressure is 148/86 mm Hg. On physical examination, the abdomen is soft and nontender with no organomegaly. Foot pulses are absent bilaterally. An ECG shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in diagnosis? A: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy B: CT scan of the abdomen C: Hydrogen breath test D: Cardiac stress test E: Abdominal ultrasonography of the right upper quadrant",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_18
|
A 27-year-old female presents to general medical clinic for a routine checkup. She has a genetic disease marked by a mutation in a chloride transporter. She has a history of chronic bronchitis. She has a brother with a similar history of infections as well as infertility. Which of the following is most likely true regarding a potential vitamin deficiency complication secondary to this patient's chronic illness?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 27-year-old female presents to general medical clinic for a routine checkup. She has a genetic disease marked by a mutation in a chloride transporter. She has a history of chronic bronchitis. She has a brother with a similar history of infections as well as infertility. Which of the following is most likely true regarding a potential vitamin deficiency complication secondary to this patient's chronic illness?\n\nOptions:\nA: It may result in connective tissue defects\nB: It may result in corneal vascularization\nC: It may result in the triad of confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia\nD: It may be exacerbated by excessive ingestion of raw eggs\nE: It may manifest itself as a prolonged PT\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "It may result in connective tissue defects",
"B": "It may result in corneal vascularization",
"C": "It may result in the triad of confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia",
"D": "It may be exacerbated by excessive ingestion of raw eggs",
"E": "It may manifest itself as a prolonged PT"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 18,
"original_question": "A 27-year-old female presents to general medical clinic for a routine checkup. She has a genetic disease marked by a mutation in a chloride transporter. She has a history of chronic bronchitis. She has a brother with a similar history of infections as well as infertility. Which of the following is most likely true regarding a potential vitamin deficiency complication secondary to this patient's chronic illness? A: It may result in connective tissue defects B: It may result in corneal vascularization C: It may result in the triad of confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia D: It may be exacerbated by excessive ingestion of raw eggs E: It may manifest itself as a prolonged PT",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_19
|
A previously healthy 36-year-old man comes to the physician for a yellow discoloration of his skin and dark-colored urine for 2 weeks. He does not drink any alcohol. Physical examination shows jaundice. Abdominal and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. Serum studies show increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). A liver biopsy is performed and a photomicrograph after periodic acid-Schiff-staining is shown. Which of the following is the most likely additional finding in this patient?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A previously healthy 36-year-old man comes to the physician for a yellow discoloration of his skin and dark-colored urine for 2 weeks. He does not drink any alcohol. Physical examination shows jaundice. Abdominal and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. Serum studies show increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). A liver biopsy is performed and a photomicrograph after periodic acid-Schiff-staining is shown. Which of the following is the most likely additional finding in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Tropheryma whipplei-specific RNA on PCR\nB: Bullous changes of the lung bases on chest CT\nC: Beading of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts on ERCP\nD: Myocardial iron deposition on cardiovascular MRI\nE: Dark corneal ring on slit-lamp examination\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Tropheryma whipplei-specific RNA on PCR",
"B": "Bullous changes of the lung bases on chest CT",
"C": "Beading of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts on ERCP",
"D": "Myocardial iron deposition on cardiovascular MRI",
"E": "Dark corneal ring on slit-lamp examination"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 19,
"original_question": "A previously healthy 36-year-old man comes to the physician for a yellow discoloration of his skin and dark-colored urine for 2 weeks. He does not drink any alcohol. Physical examination shows jaundice. Abdominal and neurologic examinations show no abnormalities. Serum studies show increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). A liver biopsy is performed and a photomicrograph after periodic acid-Schiff-staining is shown. Which of the following is the most likely additional finding in this patient? A: Tropheryma whipplei-specific RNA on PCR B: Bullous changes of the lung bases on chest CT C: Beading of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts on ERCP D: Myocardial iron deposition on cardiovascular MRI E: Dark corneal ring on slit-lamp examination",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_20
|
A 69-year-old male presents to the emergency room with back pain. He has a history of personality disorder and metastatic prostate cancer and was not a candidate for surgical resection. He began chemotherapy but discontinued due to unremitting nausea. He denies any bowel or bladder incontinence. He has never had pain like this before and is demanding morphine. The nurse administers IV morphine and he feels more comfortable. Vital signs are stable. On physical examination you note tenderness to palpation along the lower spine, weakness in the bilateral lower extremities, left greater than right. Neurological examination is also notable for hyporeflexia in the knee and ankle jerks bilaterally. You conduct a rectal examination, which reveals saddle anesthesia. Regarding this patient, what is the most likely diagnosis and the appropriate next step in management?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 69-year-old male presents to the emergency room with back pain. He has a history of personality disorder and metastatic prostate cancer and was not a candidate for surgical resection. He began chemotherapy but discontinued due to unremitting nausea. He denies any bowel or bladder incontinence. He has never had pain like this before and is demanding morphine. The nurse administers IV morphine and he feels more comfortable. Vital signs are stable. On physical examination you note tenderness to palpation along the lower spine, weakness in the bilateral lower extremities, left greater than right. Neurological examination is also notable for hyporeflexia in the knee and ankle jerks bilaterally. You conduct a rectal examination, which reveals saddle anesthesia. Regarding this patient, what is the most likely diagnosis and the appropriate next step in management?\n\nOptions:\nA: The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and steroids should be started prior to MRI\nB: The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and steroids should be started after to MRI\nC: The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and the patient should be rushed to radiation\nD: The most likely diagnosis is conus medullaris syndrome and steroids should be started prior to MRI\nE: The most likely diagnosis is conus medullaris syndrome and steroids should be started after to MRI\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and steroids should be started prior to MRI",
"B": "The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and steroids should be started after to MRI",
"C": "The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and the patient should be rushed to radiation",
"D": "The most likely diagnosis is conus medullaris syndrome and steroids should be started prior to MRI",
"E": "The most likely diagnosis is conus medullaris syndrome and steroids should be started after to MRI"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 20,
"original_question": "A 69-year-old male presents to the emergency room with back pain. He has a history of personality disorder and metastatic prostate cancer and was not a candidate for surgical resection. He began chemotherapy but discontinued due to unremitting nausea. He denies any bowel or bladder incontinence. He has never had pain like this before and is demanding morphine. The nurse administers IV morphine and he feels more comfortable. Vital signs are stable. On physical examination you note tenderness to palpation along the lower spine, weakness in the bilateral lower extremities, left greater than right. Neurological examination is also notable for hyporeflexia in the knee and ankle jerks bilaterally. You conduct a rectal examination, which reveals saddle anesthesia. Regarding this patient, what is the most likely diagnosis and the appropriate next step in management? A: The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and steroids should be started prior to MRI B: The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and steroids should be started after to MRI C: The most likely diagnosis is cauda equina syndrome and the patient should be rushed to radiation D: The most likely diagnosis is conus medullaris syndrome and steroids should be started prior to MRI E: The most likely diagnosis is conus medullaris syndrome and steroids should be started after to MRI",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_21
|
An investigator is studying the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus in an experimental animal. Using a viral vector, the genes encoding chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins are injected into this nucleus. Photostimulation of the channels causes complete inhibition of action potential generation. Persistent photostimulation is most likely to result in which of the following abnormalities in these animals?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: An investigator is studying the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus in an experimental animal. Using a viral vector, the genes encoding chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins are injected into this nucleus. Photostimulation of the channels causes complete inhibition of action potential generation. Persistent photostimulation is most likely to result in which of the following abnormalities in these animals?\n\nOptions:\nA: Hypothermia\nB: Hyperthermia\nC: Polydipsia\nD: Nocturnal hyperactivity\nE: Anorexia\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Hypothermia",
"B": "Hyperthermia",
"C": "Polydipsia",
"D": "Nocturnal hyperactivity",
"E": "Anorexia"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 21,
"original_question": "An investigator is studying the function of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus in an experimental animal. Using a viral vector, the genes encoding chloride-conducting channelrhodopsins are injected into this nucleus. Photostimulation of the channels causes complete inhibition of action potential generation. Persistent photostimulation is most likely to result in which of the following abnormalities in these animals? A: Hypothermia B: Hyperthermia C: Polydipsia D: Nocturnal hyperactivity E: Anorexia",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_22
|
A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of generalized fatigue, low-grade fever, and a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows generalized pallor and splenomegaly. Her hemoglobin concentration is 7.5 g/dL and leukocyte count is 41,800/mm3. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity is low. Peripheral blood smear shows basophilia with myelocytes and metamyelocytes. Bone marrow biopsy shows cellular hyperplasia with proliferation of immature granulocytic cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient's condition?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of generalized fatigue, low-grade fever, and a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows generalized pallor and splenomegaly. Her hemoglobin concentration is 7.5 g/dL and leukocyte count is 41,800/mm3. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity is low. Peripheral blood smear shows basophilia with myelocytes and metamyelocytes. Bone marrow biopsy shows cellular hyperplasia with proliferation of immature granulocytic cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient's condition?\n\nOptions:\nA: Overexpression of the c-KIT gene\nB: Cytokine-independent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway\nC: Loss of function of the APC gene\nD: Altered expression of the retinoic acid receptor gene\nE: Unregulated expression of the ABL1 gene\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Overexpression of the c-KIT gene",
"B": "Cytokine-independent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway",
"C": "Loss of function of the APC gene",
"D": "Altered expression of the retinoic acid receptor gene",
"E": "Unregulated expression of the ABL1 gene"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 22,
"original_question": "A 52-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of generalized fatigue, low-grade fever, and a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss. Physical examination shows generalized pallor and splenomegaly. Her hemoglobin concentration is 7.5 g/dL and leukocyte count is 41,800/mm3. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity is low. Peripheral blood smear shows basophilia with myelocytes and metamyelocytes. Bone marrow biopsy shows cellular hyperplasia with proliferation of immature granulocytic cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient's condition? A: Overexpression of the c-KIT gene B: Cytokine-independent activation of the JAK-STAT pathway C: Loss of function of the APC gene D: Altered expression of the retinoic acid receptor gene E: Unregulated expression of the ABL1 gene",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_23
|
A 42-year-old woman is in the hospital recovering from a cholecystectomy performed 3 days ago that was complicated by cholangitis. She is being treated with IV piperacillin-tazobactam. She calls the nurse to her room because she says that her heart is racing. She also demands that someone come in to clean the pile of garbage off of the floor because it is attracting flies. Her pulse is 112/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient appears sweaty, distressed, and unable to remain still. She is oriented to person, but not place or time. Palpation of the abdomen shows no tenderness, rebound, or guarding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 42-year-old woman is in the hospital recovering from a cholecystectomy performed 3 days ago that was complicated by cholangitis. She is being treated with IV piperacillin-tazobactam. She calls the nurse to her room because she says that her heart is racing. She also demands that someone come in to clean the pile of garbage off of the floor because it is attracting flies. Her pulse is 112/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient appears sweaty, distressed, and unable to remain still. She is oriented to person, but not place or time. Palpation of the abdomen shows no tenderness, rebound, or guarding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Acute cholangitis\nB: Alcoholic hallucinosis\nC: Delirium tremens\nD: Hepatic encephalopathy\nE: Thyroid storm\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Acute cholangitis",
"B": "Alcoholic hallucinosis",
"C": "Delirium tremens",
"D": "Hepatic encephalopathy",
"E": "Thyroid storm"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 23,
"original_question": "A 42-year-old woman is in the hospital recovering from a cholecystectomy performed 3 days ago that was complicated by cholangitis. She is being treated with IV piperacillin-tazobactam. She calls the nurse to her room because she says that her heart is racing. She also demands that someone come in to clean the pile of garbage off of the floor because it is attracting flies. Her pulse is 112/min, respiratory rate is 20/min, temperature is 38.0°C (100.4°F), and blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg. On physical examination, the patient appears sweaty, distressed, and unable to remain still. She is oriented to person, but not place or time. Palpation of the abdomen shows no tenderness, rebound, or guarding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? A: Acute cholangitis B: Alcoholic hallucinosis C: Delirium tremens D: Hepatic encephalopathy E: Thyroid storm",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_24
|
A 48-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a photosensitive blistering rash on her hands, forearms, and face for 3 weeks. The lesions are not itchy. She has also noticed that her urine has been dark brown in color recently. Twenty years ago, she was successfully treated for Coats disease of the retina via retinal sclerotherapy. She is currently on hormonal replacement therapy for perimenopausal symptoms. Her aunt and sister have a history of a similar skin lesions. Examination shows multiple fluid-filled blisters and oozing erosions on the forearms, dorsal side of both hands, and forehead. There is hyperpigmented scarring and patches of bald skin along the sides of the blisters. Laboratory studies show a normal serum ferritin concentration. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management to induce remission in this patient?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 48-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a photosensitive blistering rash on her hands, forearms, and face for 3 weeks. The lesions are not itchy. She has also noticed that her urine has been dark brown in color recently. Twenty years ago, she was successfully treated for Coats disease of the retina via retinal sclerotherapy. She is currently on hormonal replacement therapy for perimenopausal symptoms. Her aunt and sister have a history of a similar skin lesions. Examination shows multiple fluid-filled blisters and oozing erosions on the forearms, dorsal side of both hands, and forehead. There is hyperpigmented scarring and patches of bald skin along the sides of the blisters. Laboratory studies show a normal serum ferritin concentration. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management to induce remission in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Pursue liver transplantation\nB: Begin oral thalidomide therapy\nC: Begin phlebotomy therapy\nD: Begin oral hydroxychloroquine therapy\nE: Begin subcutaneous deferoxamine therapy\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Pursue liver transplantation",
"B": "Begin oral thalidomide therapy",
"C": "Begin phlebotomy therapy",
"D": "Begin oral hydroxychloroquine therapy",
"E": "Begin subcutaneous deferoxamine therapy"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 24,
"original_question": "A 48-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a photosensitive blistering rash on her hands, forearms, and face for 3 weeks. The lesions are not itchy. She has also noticed that her urine has been dark brown in color recently. Twenty years ago, she was successfully treated for Coats disease of the retina via retinal sclerotherapy. She is currently on hormonal replacement therapy for perimenopausal symptoms. Her aunt and sister have a history of a similar skin lesions. Examination shows multiple fluid-filled blisters and oozing erosions on the forearms, dorsal side of both hands, and forehead. There is hyperpigmented scarring and patches of bald skin along the sides of the blisters. Laboratory studies show a normal serum ferritin concentration. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management to induce remission in this patient? A: Pursue liver transplantation B: Begin oral thalidomide therapy C: Begin phlebotomy therapy D: Begin oral hydroxychloroquine therapy E: Begin subcutaneous deferoxamine therapy",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_25
|
A 53-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of severe right-sided flank pain for 3 hours. The pain is colicky, radiates towards his right groin, and he describes it as 8/10 in intensity. He has vomited once. He has no history of similar episodes in the past. Last year, he was treated with naproxen for swelling and pain of his right toe. He has a history of hypertension. He drinks one to two beers on the weekends. Current medications include amlodipine. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37.1°C (99.3°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft, nontender abdomen and right costovertebral angle tenderness. An upright x-ray of the abdomen shows no abnormalities. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis shows a 7-mm stone in the proximal ureter and grade I hydronephrosis on the right. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on urinalysis?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 53-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of severe right-sided flank pain for 3 hours. The pain is colicky, radiates towards his right groin, and he describes it as 8/10 in intensity. He has vomited once. He has no history of similar episodes in the past. Last year, he was treated with naproxen for swelling and pain of his right toe. He has a history of hypertension. He drinks one to two beers on the weekends. Current medications include amlodipine. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37.1°C (99.3°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft, nontender abdomen and right costovertebral angle tenderness. An upright x-ray of the abdomen shows no abnormalities. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis shows a 7-mm stone in the proximal ureter and grade I hydronephrosis on the right. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on urinalysis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Urinary pH: 7.3\nB: Urinary pH: 4.7\nC: Hexagon shaped crystals\nD: Positive nitrites test\nE: Largely positive urinary protein\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Urinary pH: 7.3",
"B": "Urinary pH: 4.7",
"C": "Hexagon shaped crystals",
"D": "Positive nitrites test",
"E": "Largely positive urinary protein"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 25,
"original_question": "A 53-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of severe right-sided flank pain for 3 hours. The pain is colicky, radiates towards his right groin, and he describes it as 8/10 in intensity. He has vomited once. He has no history of similar episodes in the past. Last year, he was treated with naproxen for swelling and pain of his right toe. He has a history of hypertension. He drinks one to two beers on the weekends. Current medications include amlodipine. He appears uncomfortable. His temperature is 37.1°C (99.3°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 130/90 mm Hg. Examination shows a soft, nontender abdomen and right costovertebral angle tenderness. An upright x-ray of the abdomen shows no abnormalities. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis shows a 7-mm stone in the proximal ureter and grade I hydronephrosis on the right. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on urinalysis? A: Urinary pH: 7.3 B: Urinary pH: 4.7 C: Hexagon shaped crystals D: Positive nitrites test E: Largely positive urinary protein",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_26
|
A 5-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her mother for excessive hair growth. Her mother reports that for the past 2 months she has noticed hair at the axillary and pubic areas. She denies any family history of precocious puberty and reports that her daughter has been relatively healthy with an uncomplicated birth history. She denies any recent illnesses, weight change, fever, vaginal bleeding, pain, or medication use. Physical examination demonstrates Tanner stage 4 development. A pelvic ultrasound shows an ovarian mass. Laboratory studies demonstrates an elevated level of estrogen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 5-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her mother for excessive hair growth. Her mother reports that for the past 2 months she has noticed hair at the axillary and pubic areas. She denies any family history of precocious puberty and reports that her daughter has been relatively healthy with an uncomplicated birth history. She denies any recent illnesses, weight change, fever, vaginal bleeding, pain, or medication use. Physical examination demonstrates Tanner stage 4 development. A pelvic ultrasound shows an ovarian mass. Laboratory studies demonstrates an elevated level of estrogen. What is the most likely diagnosis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia\nB: Granulosa cell tumor\nC: Idiopathic precocious puberty\nD: McCune-Albright syndrome\nE: Sertoli-Leydig tumor\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia",
"B": "Granulosa cell tumor",
"C": "Idiopathic precocious puberty",
"D": "McCune-Albright syndrome",
"E": "Sertoli-Leydig tumor"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 26,
"original_question": "A 5-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her mother for excessive hair growth. Her mother reports that for the past 2 months she has noticed hair at the axillary and pubic areas. She denies any family history of precocious puberty and reports that her daughter has been relatively healthy with an uncomplicated birth history. She denies any recent illnesses, weight change, fever, vaginal bleeding, pain, or medication use. Physical examination demonstrates Tanner stage 4 development. A pelvic ultrasound shows an ovarian mass. Laboratory studies demonstrates an elevated level of estrogen. What is the most likely diagnosis? A: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia B: Granulosa cell tumor C: Idiopathic precocious puberty D: McCune-Albright syndrome E: Sertoli-Leydig tumor",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_27
|
A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because she is worried about his behavior. Yesterday, he was expelled from school for repeatedly skipping classes. Over the past 2 months, he was suspended 3 times for bullying and aggressive behavior towards his peers and teachers. Once, his neighbor found him smoking cigarettes in his backyard. In the past, he consistently maintained an A grade average and had been a regular attendee of youth group events at their local church. The mother first noticed this change in behavior 3 months ago, around the time at which his father moved out after discovering his wife was having an affair. Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes the change in this patient's behavior?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because she is worried about his behavior. Yesterday, he was expelled from school for repeatedly skipping classes. Over the past 2 months, he was suspended 3 times for bullying and aggressive behavior towards his peers and teachers. Once, his neighbor found him smoking cigarettes in his backyard. In the past, he consistently maintained an A grade average and had been a regular attendee of youth group events at their local church. The mother first noticed this change in behavior 3 months ago, around the time at which his father moved out after discovering his wife was having an affair. Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes the change in this patient's behavior?\n\nOptions:\nA: Suppression\nB: Acting out\nC: Projection\nD: Passive aggression\nE: Regression\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Suppression",
"B": "Acting out",
"C": "Projection",
"D": "Passive aggression",
"E": "Regression"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 27,
"original_question": "A 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because she is worried about his behavior. Yesterday, he was expelled from school for repeatedly skipping classes. Over the past 2 months, he was suspended 3 times for bullying and aggressive behavior towards his peers and teachers. Once, his neighbor found him smoking cigarettes in his backyard. In the past, he consistently maintained an A grade average and had been a regular attendee of youth group events at their local church. The mother first noticed this change in behavior 3 months ago, around the time at which his father moved out after discovering his wife was having an affair. Which of the following defense mechanisms best describes the change in this patient's behavior? A: Suppression B: Acting out C: Projection D: Passive aggression E: Regression",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_28
|
A 63-year-old woman presents to her primary-care doctor for a 2-month history of vision changes, specifically citing the gradual onset of double vision. Her double vision is present all the time and does not get better or worse throughout the day. She has also noticed that she has a hard time keeping her right eye open, and her right eyelid looks 'droopy' in the mirror. Physical exam findings during primary gaze are shown in the photo. Her right pupil is 6 mm and poorly reactive to light. The rest of her neurologic exam is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show an Hb A1c of 5.0%. Which of the following is the next best test for this patient?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 63-year-old woman presents to her primary-care doctor for a 2-month history of vision changes, specifically citing the gradual onset of double vision. Her double vision is present all the time and does not get better or worse throughout the day. She has also noticed that she has a hard time keeping her right eye open, and her right eyelid looks 'droopy' in the mirror. Physical exam findings during primary gaze are shown in the photo. Her right pupil is 6 mm and poorly reactive to light. The rest of her neurologic exam is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show an Hb A1c of 5.0%. Which of the following is the next best test for this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: CT head (non-contrast)\nB: Direct fundoscopy\nC: Intraocular pressures\nD: MR angiography of the head\nE: Temporal artery biopsy\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "CT head (non-contrast)",
"B": "Direct fundoscopy",
"C": "Intraocular pressures",
"D": "MR angiography of the head",
"E": "Temporal artery biopsy"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 28,
"original_question": "A 63-year-old woman presents to her primary-care doctor for a 2-month history of vision changes, specifically citing the gradual onset of double vision. Her double vision is present all the time and does not get better or worse throughout the day. She has also noticed that she has a hard time keeping her right eye open, and her right eyelid looks 'droopy' in the mirror. Physical exam findings during primary gaze are shown in the photo. Her right pupil is 6 mm and poorly reactive to light. The rest of her neurologic exam is unremarkable. Laboratory studies show an Hb A1c of 5.0%. Which of the following is the next best test for this patient? A: CT head (non-contrast) B: Direct fundoscopy C: Intraocular pressures D: MR angiography of the head E: Temporal artery biopsy",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_29
|
An investigator is studying the modification of newly formed polypeptides in plated eukaryotic cells. After the polypeptides are released from the ribosome, a chemically-tagged protein attaches covalently to lysine residues on the polypeptide chain, forming a modified polypeptide. When a barrel-shaped complex is added to the cytoplasm, the modified polypeptide lyses, resulting in individual amino acids and the chemically-tagged proteins. Which of the following post-translational modifications has most likely occurred?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: An investigator is studying the modification of newly formed polypeptides in plated eukaryotic cells. After the polypeptides are released from the ribosome, a chemically-tagged protein attaches covalently to lysine residues on the polypeptide chain, forming a modified polypeptide. When a barrel-shaped complex is added to the cytoplasm, the modified polypeptide lyses, resulting in individual amino acids and the chemically-tagged proteins. Which of the following post-translational modifications has most likely occurred?\n\nOptions:\nA: Acylation\nB: Glycosylation\nC: Phosphorylation\nD: Carboxylation\nE: Ubiquitination\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Acylation",
"B": "Glycosylation",
"C": "Phosphorylation",
"D": "Carboxylation",
"E": "Ubiquitination"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 29,
"original_question": "An investigator is studying the modification of newly formed polypeptides in plated eukaryotic cells. After the polypeptides are released from the ribosome, a chemically-tagged protein attaches covalently to lysine residues on the polypeptide chain, forming a modified polypeptide. When a barrel-shaped complex is added to the cytoplasm, the modified polypeptide lyses, resulting in individual amino acids and the chemically-tagged proteins. Which of the following post-translational modifications has most likely occurred? A: Acylation B: Glycosylation C: Phosphorylation D: Carboxylation E: Ubiquitination",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_30
|
A 38-year-old man presents to his physician with double vision persisting for a week. When he enters the exam room, the physician notes that the patient has a broad-based gait. The man’s wife informs the doctor that he has been an alcoholic for the last 5 years and his consumption of alcohol has increased significantly over the past few months. She also reports that he has become indifferent to his family members over time and is frequently agitated. She also says that his memory has been affected significantly, and when asked about a particular detail, he often recollects it incorrectly, though he insists that his version is the true one. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable, but when the doctor asks him where he is, he seems to be confused. His neurological examination also shows nystagmus. Which of the following options describes the earliest change in the pathophysiology of the central nervous system in this man?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 38-year-old man presents to his physician with double vision persisting for a week. When he enters the exam room, the physician notes that the patient has a broad-based gait. The man’s wife informs the doctor that he has been an alcoholic for the last 5 years and his consumption of alcohol has increased significantly over the past few months. She also reports that he has become indifferent to his family members over time and is frequently agitated. She also says that his memory has been affected significantly, and when asked about a particular detail, he often recollects it incorrectly, though he insists that his version is the true one. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable, but when the doctor asks him where he is, he seems to be confused. His neurological examination also shows nystagmus. Which of the following options describes the earliest change in the pathophysiology of the central nervous system in this man?\n\nOptions:\nA: Decreased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in astrocytes\nB: Increased extracellular concentration of glutamate\nC: Increased astrocyte lactate\nD: Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier\nE: Increased fragmentation of deoxyribonucleic acid within the neurons\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Decreased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in astrocytes",
"B": "Increased extracellular concentration of glutamate",
"C": "Increased astrocyte lactate",
"D": "Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier",
"E": "Increased fragmentation of deoxyribonucleic acid within the neurons"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 30,
"original_question": "A 38-year-old man presents to his physician with double vision persisting for a week. When he enters the exam room, the physician notes that the patient has a broad-based gait. The man’s wife informs the doctor that he has been an alcoholic for the last 5 years and his consumption of alcohol has increased significantly over the past few months. She also reports that he has become indifferent to his family members over time and is frequently agitated. She also says that his memory has been affected significantly, and when asked about a particular detail, he often recollects it incorrectly, though he insists that his version is the true one. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable, but when the doctor asks him where he is, he seems to be confused. His neurological examination also shows nystagmus. Which of the following options describes the earliest change in the pathophysiology of the central nervous system in this man? A: Decreased α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in astrocytes B: Increased extracellular concentration of glutamate C: Increased astrocyte lactate D: Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier E: Increased fragmentation of deoxyribonucleic acid within the neurons",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_31
|
A 69-year-old man is brought by his son to the emergency department with weakness in his right arm and leg. The man insists that he is fine and blames his son for "creating panic". Four hours ago the patient was having tea with his wife when he suddenly dropped his teacup. He has had difficulty moving his right arm since then and cannot walk because his right leg feels stuck. He has a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, for which he currently takes lisinopril and atorvastatin, respectively. He is allergic to aspirin and peanuts. A computerized tomography (CT) scan shows evidence of an ischemic stroke. Which medication would most likely prevent such attacks in this patient in the future?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 69-year-old man is brought by his son to the emergency department with weakness in his right arm and leg. The man insists that he is fine and blames his son for \"creating panic\". Four hours ago the patient was having tea with his wife when he suddenly dropped his teacup. He has had difficulty moving his right arm since then and cannot walk because his right leg feels stuck. He has a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, for which he currently takes lisinopril and atorvastatin, respectively. He is allergic to aspirin and peanuts. A computerized tomography (CT) scan shows evidence of an ischemic stroke. Which medication would most likely prevent such attacks in this patient in the future?\n\nOptions:\nA: Abciximab\nB: Alteplase\nC: Urokinase\nD: Celecoxib\nE: Clopidogrel\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Abciximab",
"B": "Alteplase",
"C": "Urokinase",
"D": "Celecoxib",
"E": "Clopidogrel"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 31,
"original_question": "A 69-year-old man is brought by his son to the emergency department with weakness in his right arm and leg. The man insists that he is fine and blames his son for \"creating panic\". Four hours ago the patient was having tea with his wife when he suddenly dropped his teacup. He has had difficulty moving his right arm since then and cannot walk because his right leg feels stuck. He has a history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, for which he currently takes lisinopril and atorvastatin, respectively. He is allergic to aspirin and peanuts. A computerized tomography (CT) scan shows evidence of an ischemic stroke. Which medication would most likely prevent such attacks in this patient in the future? A: Abciximab B: Alteplase C: Urokinase D: Celecoxib E: Clopidogrel",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_32
|
A 70-year-old man presents to a medical clinic reporting blood in his urine and lower abdominal pain for the past few days. He is also concerned about urinary frequency and urgency. He states that he recently completed a cycle of chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Which medication in the chemotherapy regimen most likely caused his symptoms?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 70-year-old man presents to a medical clinic reporting blood in his urine and lower abdominal pain for the past few days. He is also concerned about urinary frequency and urgency. He states that he recently completed a cycle of chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Which medication in the chemotherapy regimen most likely caused his symptoms?\n\nOptions:\nA: Cytarabine\nB: Methotrexate\nC: Rituximab\nD: Cyclophosphamide\nE: Prednisone\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Cytarabine",
"B": "Methotrexate",
"C": "Rituximab",
"D": "Cyclophosphamide",
"E": "Prednisone"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 32,
"original_question": "A 70-year-old man presents to a medical clinic reporting blood in his urine and lower abdominal pain for the past few days. He is also concerned about urinary frequency and urgency. He states that he recently completed a cycle of chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Which medication in the chemotherapy regimen most likely caused his symptoms? A: Cytarabine B: Methotrexate C: Rituximab D: Cyclophosphamide E: Prednisone",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_33
|
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a dog bite. The patient was intoxicated and pulled the dog’s tail while it was eating. The dog belongs to his friend and is back at his friend’s house currently. Physical exam is notable for a dog bite on the patient’s right arm. The wound is irrigated and explored with no retained bodies found. A tetanus vaccination is administered. Which of the following is appropriate management of this patient?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a dog bite. The patient was intoxicated and pulled the dog’s tail while it was eating. The dog belongs to his friend and is back at his friend’s house currently. Physical exam is notable for a dog bite on the patient’s right arm. The wound is irrigated and explored with no retained bodies found. A tetanus vaccination is administered. Which of the following is appropriate management of this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Administer amoxicillin-clavulanic acid\nB: Administer the rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin\nC: Administer trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\nD: Close the wound with sutures and discharge the patient\nE: Discharge the patient with outpatient follow up\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Administer amoxicillin-clavulanic acid",
"B": "Administer the rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin",
"C": "Administer trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole",
"D": "Close the wound with sutures and discharge the patient",
"E": "Discharge the patient with outpatient follow up"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 33,
"original_question": "A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a dog bite. The patient was intoxicated and pulled the dog’s tail while it was eating. The dog belongs to his friend and is back at his friend’s house currently. Physical exam is notable for a dog bite on the patient’s right arm. The wound is irrigated and explored with no retained bodies found. A tetanus vaccination is administered. Which of the following is appropriate management of this patient? A: Administer amoxicillin-clavulanic acid B: Administer the rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin C: Administer trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole D: Close the wound with sutures and discharge the patient E: Discharge the patient with outpatient follow up",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_34
|
A 19-year-old woman, accompanied by her parents, presents after a one-week history of abnormal behavior, delusions, and unusual aggression. She denies fever, seizures or illicit drug use. Family history is negative for psychiatric illnesses. She was started on risperidone and sent home with her parents. Three days later, she is brought to the emergency department with fever and confusion. She is not verbally responsive. At the hospital, her temperature is 39.8°C (103.6°F), the blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, the pulse rate is 102/min, and the respiratory rate is 16/min. She is extremely diaphoretic and appears stiff. She has spontaneous eye-opening but she is not verbally responsive and she is not following commands. Laboratory studies show:
Sodium 142 mmol/L
Potassium 5.0 mmol/L
Creatinine 1.8 mg/dl
Calcium 10.4 mg/dl
Creatine kinase 9800 U/L
White blood cells 14,500/mm3
Hemoglobin 12.9 g/dl
Platelets 175,000/mm3
Urinalysis shows protein 1+, hemoglobin 3+ with occasional leukocytes and no red blood casts. What is the best first step in the management of this condition?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 19-year-old woman, accompanied by her parents, presents after a one-week history of abnormal behavior, delusions, and unusual aggression. She denies fever, seizures or illicit drug use. Family history is negative for psychiatric illnesses. She was started on risperidone and sent home with her parents. Three days later, she is brought to the emergency department with fever and confusion. She is not verbally responsive. At the hospital, her temperature is 39.8°C (103.6°F), the blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, the pulse rate is 102/min, and the respiratory rate is 16/min. She is extremely diaphoretic and appears stiff. She has spontaneous eye-opening but she is not verbally responsive and she is not following commands. Laboratory studies show:\nSodium 142 mmol/L\nPotassium 5.0 mmol/L\nCreatinine 1.8 mg/dl\nCalcium 10.4 mg/dl\nCreatine kinase 9800 U/L\nWhite blood cells 14,500/mm3\nHemoglobin 12.9 g/dl\nPlatelets 175,000/mm3\nUrinalysis shows protein 1+, hemoglobin 3+ with occasional leukocytes and no red blood casts. What is the best first step in the management of this condition?\n\nOptions:\nA: Dantrolene\nB: Intravenous hydration\nC: Paracetamol\nD: Stop risperidone\nE: Switch risperidone to clozapine\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Dantrolene",
"B": "Intravenous hydration",
"C": "Paracetamol",
"D": "Stop risperidone",
"E": "Switch risperidone to clozapine"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 34,
"original_question": "A 19-year-old woman, accompanied by her parents, presents after a one-week history of abnormal behavior, delusions, and unusual aggression. She denies fever, seizures or illicit drug use. Family history is negative for psychiatric illnesses. She was started on risperidone and sent home with her parents. Three days later, she is brought to the emergency department with fever and confusion. She is not verbally responsive. At the hospital, her temperature is 39.8°C (103.6°F), the blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, the pulse rate is 102/min, and the respiratory rate is 16/min. She is extremely diaphoretic and appears stiff. She has spontaneous eye-opening but she is not verbally responsive and she is not following commands. Laboratory studies show:\nSodium 142 mmol/L\nPotassium 5.0 mmol/L\nCreatinine 1.8 mg/dl\nCalcium 10.4 mg/dl\nCreatine kinase 9800 U/L\nWhite blood cells 14,500/mm3\nHemoglobin 12.9 g/dl\nPlatelets 175,000/mm3\nUrinalysis shows protein 1+, hemoglobin 3+ with occasional leukocytes and no red blood casts. What is the best first step in the management of this condition? A: Dantrolene B: Intravenous hydration C: Paracetamol D: Stop risperidone E: Switch risperidone to clozapine",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_35
|
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of double vision, difficulty climbing stairs, and weakness when trying to brush her hair. She reports that these symptoms are worse after she exercises and disappear after she rests for a few hours. Physical examination shows drooping of her right upper eyelid that worsens when the patient is asked to gaze at the ceiling for 2 minutes. There is diminished motor strength in the upper extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of double vision, difficulty climbing stairs, and weakness when trying to brush her hair. She reports that these symptoms are worse after she exercises and disappear after she rests for a few hours. Physical examination shows drooping of her right upper eyelid that worsens when the patient is asked to gaze at the ceiling for 2 minutes. There is diminished motor strength in the upper extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Myasthenia gravis\nB: Polymyositis\nC: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\nD: Guillain-Barré syndrome\nE: Multiple sclerosis\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Myasthenia gravis",
"B": "Polymyositis",
"C": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
"D": "Guillain-Barré syndrome",
"E": "Multiple sclerosis"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 35,
"original_question": "A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of double vision, difficulty climbing stairs, and weakness when trying to brush her hair. She reports that these symptoms are worse after she exercises and disappear after she rests for a few hours. Physical examination shows drooping of her right upper eyelid that worsens when the patient is asked to gaze at the ceiling for 2 minutes. There is diminished motor strength in the upper extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A: Myasthenia gravis B: Polymyositis C: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis D: Guillain-Barré syndrome E: Multiple sclerosis",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_36
|
A 6-year-old male who recently immigrated to the United States from Asia is admitted to the hospital with dyspnea. Physical exam reveals a gray pseudomembrane in the patient's oropharynx along with lymphadenopathy. The patient develops myocarditis and expires on hospital day 5. Which of the following would have prevented this patient's presentation and decline?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 6-year-old male who recently immigrated to the United States from Asia is admitted to the hospital with dyspnea. Physical exam reveals a gray pseudomembrane in the patient's oropharynx along with lymphadenopathy. The patient develops myocarditis and expires on hospital day 5. Which of the following would have prevented this patient's presentation and decline?\n\nOptions:\nA: Increased CD4+ T cell count\nB: Secretory IgA against viral proteins\nC: Increased IgM preventing bacterial invasion\nD: Circulating IgG against AB exotoxin\nE: Improved IgE release from mast cells\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Increased CD4+ T cell count",
"B": "Secretory IgA against viral proteins",
"C": "Increased IgM preventing bacterial invasion",
"D": "Circulating IgG against AB exotoxin",
"E": "Improved IgE release from mast cells"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 36,
"original_question": "A 6-year-old male who recently immigrated to the United States from Asia is admitted to the hospital with dyspnea. Physical exam reveals a gray pseudomembrane in the patient's oropharynx along with lymphadenopathy. The patient develops myocarditis and expires on hospital day 5. Which of the following would have prevented this patient's presentation and decline? A: Increased CD4+ T cell count B: Secretory IgA against viral proteins C: Increased IgM preventing bacterial invasion D: Circulating IgG against AB exotoxin E: Improved IgE release from mast cells",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_37
|
A 12-year-old boy who recently emigrated from Pakistan presents with fever, muscle pain, and weakness of the trunk, abdomen, and legs. The patient’s mother says that he has not been vaccinated. Physical examination reveals fasciculation and flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs. A CSF analysis reveals lymphocytosis with normal glucose and protein levels. A throat swab reveals an RNA virus. Which of the following would most likely be destroyed by the virus in this patient?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 12-year-old boy who recently emigrated from Pakistan presents with fever, muscle pain, and weakness of the trunk, abdomen, and legs. The patient’s mother says that he has not been vaccinated. Physical examination reveals fasciculation and flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs. A CSF analysis reveals lymphocytosis with normal glucose and protein levels. A throat swab reveals an RNA virus. Which of the following would most likely be destroyed by the virus in this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Basal ganglia\nB: Posterior horn cells of the spinal cord\nC: Myelin sheath of neurons\nD: Muscle cells\nE: Anterior horn of the spinal cord\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Basal ganglia",
"B": "Posterior horn cells of the spinal cord",
"C": "Myelin sheath of neurons",
"D": "Muscle cells",
"E": "Anterior horn of the spinal cord"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 37,
"original_question": "A 12-year-old boy who recently emigrated from Pakistan presents with fever, muscle pain, and weakness of the trunk, abdomen, and legs. The patient’s mother says that he has not been vaccinated. Physical examination reveals fasciculation and flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs. A CSF analysis reveals lymphocytosis with normal glucose and protein levels. A throat swab reveals an RNA virus. Which of the following would most likely be destroyed by the virus in this patient? A: Basal ganglia B: Posterior horn cells of the spinal cord C: Myelin sheath of neurons D: Muscle cells E: Anterior horn of the spinal cord",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_38
|
A researcher is studying the properties of an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to glucose. She discovers that the enzyme is present in most body tissues and is located in the cytoplasm of the cells expressing the enzyme. She decides to mix this enzyme under subphysiologic conditions with varying levels of glucose in order to determine the kinetic properties of the enzyme. Specifically, she adds increasing levels of glucose at a saturating concentration of phosphate and sees that the rate at which glucose becomes phosphorylated gets faster at higher levels of glucose. She observes that this rate approaches a maximum speed and calls this speed Y. She then determines the concentration of glucose that is needed to make the enzyme function at half the speed Y and calls this concentration X. Which of the following is most likely true about the properties of this enzyme?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A researcher is studying the properties of an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to glucose. She discovers that the enzyme is present in most body tissues and is located in the cytoplasm of the cells expressing the enzyme. She decides to mix this enzyme under subphysiologic conditions with varying levels of glucose in order to determine the kinetic properties of the enzyme. Specifically, she adds increasing levels of glucose at a saturating concentration of phosphate and sees that the rate at which glucose becomes phosphorylated gets faster at higher levels of glucose. She observes that this rate approaches a maximum speed and calls this speed Y. She then determines the concentration of glucose that is needed to make the enzyme function at half the speed Y and calls this concentration X. Which of the following is most likely true about the properties of this enzyme?\n\nOptions:\nA: High X and high Y\nB: High X and low Y\nC: Low X and high Y\nD: Low X and infinite Y\nE: Low X and low Y\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "High X and high Y",
"B": "High X and low Y",
"C": "Low X and high Y",
"D": "Low X and infinite Y",
"E": "Low X and low Y"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 38,
"original_question": "A researcher is studying the properties of an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to glucose. She discovers that the enzyme is present in most body tissues and is located in the cytoplasm of the cells expressing the enzyme. She decides to mix this enzyme under subphysiologic conditions with varying levels of glucose in order to determine the kinetic properties of the enzyme. Specifically, she adds increasing levels of glucose at a saturating concentration of phosphate and sees that the rate at which glucose becomes phosphorylated gets faster at higher levels of glucose. She observes that this rate approaches a maximum speed and calls this speed Y. She then determines the concentration of glucose that is needed to make the enzyme function at half the speed Y and calls this concentration X. Which of the following is most likely true about the properties of this enzyme? A: High X and high Y B: High X and low Y C: Low X and high Y D: Low X and infinite Y E: Low X and low Y",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_39
|
A 31-year-old G2P2 female at 40 weeks gestation presents to the hospital following a rush of water that came from her vagina. She is 4 cm dilated and 80% effaced. Fetal heart tracing shows a pulse of 155/min with variable decelerations. About 12 hours after presentation, she gives birth to a 6 lb 15 oz baby boy with APGAR scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Which of the following structures is responsible for inhibition of female internal genitalia?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 31-year-old G2P2 female at 40 weeks gestation presents to the hospital following a rush of water that came from her vagina. She is 4 cm dilated and 80% effaced. Fetal heart tracing shows a pulse of 155/min with variable decelerations. About 12 hours after presentation, she gives birth to a 6 lb 15 oz baby boy with APGAR scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Which of the following structures is responsible for inhibition of female internal genitalia?\n\nOptions:\nA: Spermatogonia\nB: Allantois\nC: Syncytiotrophoblast\nD: Sertoli cells\nE: Leydig cells\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Spermatogonia",
"B": "Allantois",
"C": "Syncytiotrophoblast",
"D": "Sertoli cells",
"E": "Leydig cells"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 39,
"original_question": "A 31-year-old G2P2 female at 40 weeks gestation presents to the hospital following a rush of water that came from her vagina. She is 4 cm dilated and 80% effaced. Fetal heart tracing shows a pulse of 155/min with variable decelerations. About 12 hours after presentation, she gives birth to a 6 lb 15 oz baby boy with APGAR scores of 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Which of the following structures is responsible for inhibition of female internal genitalia? A: Spermatogonia B: Allantois C: Syncytiotrophoblast D: Sertoli cells E: Leydig cells",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_40
|
A 43-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, dry cough, and shortness of breath for 1 week. She immigrated to the United States from Korea at the age of 20. She says that her heart is racing and she has never felt these symptoms before. Her cough is dry and is associated with shortness of breath that occurs with minimal exertion. Her past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. She has no allergies and is not currently taking any medications. She is a nonsmoker and an occasional drinker. She denies illicit drug use. Her blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, respiratory rate is 23/min, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F). Her physical examination is significant for bibasilar lung crackles and a non-radiating, low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur best heard at the apical region. In addition, she has jugular vein distention and bilateral pitting edema in her lower extremities. Which of the following best describes the infectious agent that led to this patient’s condition?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 43-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, dry cough, and shortness of breath for 1 week. She immigrated to the United States from Korea at the age of 20. She says that her heart is racing and she has never felt these symptoms before. Her cough is dry and is associated with shortness of breath that occurs with minimal exertion. Her past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. She has no allergies and is not currently taking any medications. She is a nonsmoker and an occasional drinker. She denies illicit drug use. Her blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, respiratory rate is 23/min, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F). Her physical examination is significant for bibasilar lung crackles and a non-radiating, low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur best heard at the apical region. In addition, she has jugular vein distention and bilateral pitting edema in her lower extremities. Which of the following best describes the infectious agent that led to this patient’s condition?\n\nOptions:\nA: A bacterium that induces partial lysis of red cells with hydrogen peroxide\nB: A bacterium that induces complete lysis of the red cells of a blood agar plate with an oxygen-sensitive cytotoxin\nC: A bacterium that induces heme degradation of the red cells of a blood agar plate\nD: A bacterium that does not lyse red cells\nE: A bacterium that requires an anaerobic environment to grow properly\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "A bacterium that induces partial lysis of red cells with hydrogen peroxide",
"B": "A bacterium that induces complete lysis of the red cells of a blood agar plate with an oxygen-sensitive cytotoxin",
"C": "A bacterium that induces heme degradation of the red cells of a blood agar plate",
"D": "A bacterium that does not lyse red cells",
"E": "A bacterium that requires an anaerobic environment to grow properly"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 40,
"original_question": "A 43-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, dry cough, and shortness of breath for 1 week. She immigrated to the United States from Korea at the age of 20. She says that her heart is racing and she has never felt these symptoms before. Her cough is dry and is associated with shortness of breath that occurs with minimal exertion. Her past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. She has no allergies and is not currently taking any medications. She is a nonsmoker and an occasional drinker. She denies illicit drug use. Her blood pressure is 100/65 mm Hg, pulse is 76/min, respiratory rate is 23/min, and temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F). Her physical examination is significant for bibasilar lung crackles and a non-radiating, low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur best heard at the apical region. In addition, she has jugular vein distention and bilateral pitting edema in her lower extremities. Which of the following best describes the infectious agent that led to this patient’s condition? A: A bacterium that induces partial lysis of red cells with hydrogen peroxide B: A bacterium that induces complete lysis of the red cells of a blood agar plate with an oxygen-sensitive cytotoxin C: A bacterium that induces heme degradation of the red cells of a blood agar plate D: A bacterium that does not lyse red cells E: A bacterium that requires an anaerobic environment to grow properly",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_41
|
A male neonate is being examined by a pediatrician. His mother informs the doctor that she had a mild fever with rash, muscle pain, and swollen and tender lymph nodes during the second month of gestation. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no prenatal care. On physical examination, the neonate has normal vital signs. Retinal examination reveals the findings shown in the image. Which of the following congenital heart defects is most likely to be present in this neonate?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A male neonate is being examined by a pediatrician. His mother informs the doctor that she had a mild fever with rash, muscle pain, and swollen and tender lymph nodes during the second month of gestation. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no prenatal care. On physical examination, the neonate has normal vital signs. Retinal examination reveals the findings shown in the image. Which of the following congenital heart defects is most likely to be present in this neonate?\n\nOptions:\nA: Atrial septal defect\nB: Ventricular septal defect\nC: Tetralogy of Fallot\nD: Patent ductus arteriosus\nE: Double outlet right ventricle\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Atrial septal defect",
"B": "Ventricular septal defect",
"C": "Tetralogy of Fallot",
"D": "Patent ductus arteriosus",
"E": "Double outlet right ventricle"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 41,
"original_question": "A male neonate is being examined by a pediatrician. His mother informs the doctor that she had a mild fever with rash, muscle pain, and swollen and tender lymph nodes during the second month of gestation. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no prenatal care. On physical examination, the neonate has normal vital signs. Retinal examination reveals the findings shown in the image. Which of the following congenital heart defects is most likely to be present in this neonate? A: Atrial septal defect B: Ventricular septal defect C: Tetralogy of Fallot D: Patent ductus arteriosus E: Double outlet right ventricle",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_42
|
A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents. He is lethargic and confused and has a severe headache, vomiting, and a high-grade fever since earlier that day. His mother reports that the child was doing well until 2 days ago when he developed a fever and green nasal discharge. The patient has a history of neonatal sepsis, meningococcemia at 18 months of age, and pneumococcal pneumonia at 2 and 3 years of age. His scheduled vaccinations are up to date. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, and temperature is 39.3°C (102.4°F). On examination, the child is lethargic and his skin is pale, with several petechiae over his buttocks. There is a purulent nasal discharge from both nostrils. The lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Heart sounds are normal. There is marked neck rigidity. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows the following results:
Opening pressure 100 mm H2O
Appearance cloudy
Protein 500 mg/dL (5 g/L)
White blood cells 2500/μL (polymorphonuclear predominance)
Protein 450 mg/dL (4.5 g/L)
Glucose 31 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)
Culture positive for N. meningitidis
Which of the following immunological processes is most likely to be impaired in this child?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents. He is lethargic and confused and has a severe headache, vomiting, and a high-grade fever since earlier that day. His mother reports that the child was doing well until 2 days ago when he developed a fever and green nasal discharge. The patient has a history of neonatal sepsis, meningococcemia at 18 months of age, and pneumococcal pneumonia at 2 and 3 years of age. His scheduled vaccinations are up to date. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, and temperature is 39.3°C (102.4°F). On examination, the child is lethargic and his skin is pale, with several petechiae over his buttocks. There is a purulent nasal discharge from both nostrils. The lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Heart sounds are normal. There is marked neck rigidity. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows the following results:\nOpening pressure 100 mm H2O\nAppearance cloudy\nProtein 500 mg/dL (5 g/L)\nWhite blood cells 2500/μL (polymorphonuclear predominance)\nProtein 450 mg/dL (4.5 g/L)\nGlucose 31 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)\nCulture positive for N. meningitidis\nWhich of the following immunological processes is most likely to be impaired in this child?\n\nOptions:\nA: Production of IL-2 by Th1 cells\nB: Activation of TCRs by MHC-II\nC: Formation of C5-9 complex\nD: Cleavage of C2 component of complement into C2a and C2b\nE: Oxidative burst in macrophages\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Production of IL-2 by Th1 cells",
"B": "Activation of TCRs by MHC-II",
"C": "Formation of C5-9 complex",
"D": "Cleavage of C2 component of complement into C2a and C2b",
"E": "Oxidative burst in macrophages"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 42,
"original_question": "A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents. He is lethargic and confused and has a severe headache, vomiting, and a high-grade fever since earlier that day. His mother reports that the child was doing well until 2 days ago when he developed a fever and green nasal discharge. The patient has a history of neonatal sepsis, meningococcemia at 18 months of age, and pneumococcal pneumonia at 2 and 3 years of age. His scheduled vaccinations are up to date. His blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg, heart rate is 120/min, respiratory rate is 22/min, and temperature is 39.3°C (102.4°F). On examination, the child is lethargic and his skin is pale, with several petechiae over his buttocks. There is a purulent nasal discharge from both nostrils. The lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Heart sounds are normal. There is marked neck rigidity. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows the following results:\nOpening pressure 100 mm H2O\nAppearance cloudy\nProtein 500 mg/dL (5 g/L)\nWhite blood cells 2500/μL (polymorphonuclear predominance)\nProtein 450 mg/dL (4.5 g/L)\nGlucose 31 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)\nCulture positive for N. meningitidis\nWhich of the following immunological processes is most likely to be impaired in this child? A: Production of IL-2 by Th1 cells B: Activation of TCRs by MHC-II C: Formation of C5-9 complex D: Cleavage of C2 component of complement into C2a and C2b E: Oxidative burst in macrophages",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_43
|
A 66-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is brought to the emergency department because of fever, body aches, malaise, and a dry cough. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years but quit smoking 1 year ago. She lives with her daughter and her granddaughter, who attends daycare. Her temperature is 38.1°C (101°F). Physical examination shows bilateral conjunctivitis, rhinorrhea, and erythematous tonsils without exudates. Further testing confirms infection with an enveloped orthomyxovirus. Administration of a drug with which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 66-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is brought to the emergency department because of fever, body aches, malaise, and a dry cough. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years but quit smoking 1 year ago. She lives with her daughter and her granddaughter, who attends daycare. Her temperature is 38.1°C (101°F). Physical examination shows bilateral conjunctivitis, rhinorrhea, and erythematous tonsils without exudates. Further testing confirms infection with an enveloped orthomyxovirus. Administration of a drug with which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate?\n\nOptions:\nA: Inhibition of nucleoside reverse transcriptase\nB: Inhibition of DNA polymerase\nC: Inhibition of proton translocation\nD: Inhibition of neuraminidase\nE: Inhibition of protease\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Inhibition of nucleoside reverse transcriptase",
"B": "Inhibition of DNA polymerase",
"C": "Inhibition of proton translocation",
"D": "Inhibition of neuraminidase",
"E": "Inhibition of protease"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 43,
"original_question": "A 66-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is brought to the emergency department because of fever, body aches, malaise, and a dry cough. She has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years but quit smoking 1 year ago. She lives with her daughter and her granddaughter, who attends daycare. Her temperature is 38.1°C (101°F). Physical examination shows bilateral conjunctivitis, rhinorrhea, and erythematous tonsils without exudates. Further testing confirms infection with an enveloped orthomyxovirus. Administration of a drug with which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate? A: Inhibition of nucleoside reverse transcriptase B: Inhibition of DNA polymerase C: Inhibition of proton translocation D: Inhibition of neuraminidase E: Inhibition of protease",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_44
|
A 38-year-old woman undergoes hemithyroidectomy for treatment of localized, well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. The lesion is removed with clear margins. However, during the surgery, a structure lying directly adjacent to the superior thyroid artery at the upper pole of the thyroid lobe is damaged. This patient is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?
|
[
"A"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 38-year-old woman undergoes hemithyroidectomy for treatment of localized, well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. The lesion is removed with clear margins. However, during the surgery, a structure lying directly adjacent to the superior thyroid artery at the upper pole of the thyroid lobe is damaged. This patient is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms?\n\nOptions:\nA: Voice pitch limitation\nB: Ineffective cough\nC: Weakness of shoulder shrug\nD: Difficulty swallowing\nE: Shortness of breath\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Voice pitch limitation",
"B": "Ineffective cough",
"C": "Weakness of shoulder shrug",
"D": "Difficulty swallowing",
"E": "Shortness of breath"
},
"target": [
"A"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 44,
"original_question": "A 38-year-old woman undergoes hemithyroidectomy for treatment of localized, well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma. The lesion is removed with clear margins. However, during the surgery, a structure lying directly adjacent to the superior thyroid artery at the upper pole of the thyroid lobe is damaged. This patient is most likely to experience which of the following symptoms? A: Voice pitch limitation B: Ineffective cough C: Weakness of shoulder shrug D: Difficulty swallowing E: Shortness of breath",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_45
|
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency room with persistent fever, nausea, and vomiting for the past 3 days. While waiting to be seen, he quickly becomes disoriented and agitated. Upon examination, he has visible signs of difficulty breathing with copious oral secretions and generalized muscle twitching. The patient’s temperature is 104°F (40°C), blood pressure is 90/64 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 18/min with an oxygen saturation of 90% on room air. When the nurse tries to place a nasal cannula, the patient becomes fearful and combative. The patient is sedated and placed on mechanical ventilation. Which of the following is a risk factor for the patient’s most likely diagnosis?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency room with persistent fever, nausea, and vomiting for the past 3 days. While waiting to be seen, he quickly becomes disoriented and agitated. Upon examination, he has visible signs of difficulty breathing with copious oral secretions and generalized muscle twitching. The patient’s temperature is 104°F (40°C), blood pressure is 90/64 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 18/min with an oxygen saturation of 90% on room air. When the nurse tries to place a nasal cannula, the patient becomes fearful and combative. The patient is sedated and placed on mechanical ventilation. Which of the following is a risk factor for the patient’s most likely diagnosis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Contaminated beef\nB: Epiglottic cyst\nC: Influenza vaccination\nD: Mosquito bite\nE: Spelunking\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Contaminated beef",
"B": "Epiglottic cyst",
"C": "Influenza vaccination",
"D": "Mosquito bite",
"E": "Spelunking"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 45,
"original_question": "A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency room with persistent fever, nausea, and vomiting for the past 3 days. While waiting to be seen, he quickly becomes disoriented and agitated. Upon examination, he has visible signs of difficulty breathing with copious oral secretions and generalized muscle twitching. The patient’s temperature is 104°F (40°C), blood pressure is 90/64 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 18/min with an oxygen saturation of 90% on room air. When the nurse tries to place a nasal cannula, the patient becomes fearful and combative. The patient is sedated and placed on mechanical ventilation. Which of the following is a risk factor for the patient’s most likely diagnosis? A: Contaminated beef B: Epiglottic cyst C: Influenza vaccination D: Mosquito bite E: Spelunking",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_46
|
A 21-year-old man presents to the emergency department after sustaining a stab wound to the neck at a local farmer's market. The patient is otherwise healthy and is complaining of pain. The patient is able to offer the history himself. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 120/84 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam demonstrates a 3 cm laceration 1 cm inferior to the mastoid process on the right side. The patient's breath sounds are clear and he is protecting his airway. No stridor or difficulty breathing is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 21-year-old man presents to the emergency department after sustaining a stab wound to the neck at a local farmer's market. The patient is otherwise healthy and is complaining of pain. The patient is able to offer the history himself. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 120/84 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam demonstrates a 3 cm laceration 1 cm inferior to the mastoid process on the right side. The patient's breath sounds are clear and he is protecting his airway. No stridor or difficulty breathing is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?\n\nOptions:\nA: Arteriography\nB: CT angiogram\nC: Intubation\nD: Observation and blood pressure monitoring\nE: Surgical exploration\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Arteriography",
"B": "CT angiogram",
"C": "Intubation",
"D": "Observation and blood pressure monitoring",
"E": "Surgical exploration"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 46,
"original_question": "A 21-year-old man presents to the emergency department after sustaining a stab wound to the neck at a local farmer's market. The patient is otherwise healthy and is complaining of pain. The patient is able to offer the history himself. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 120/84 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 15/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam demonstrates a 3 cm laceration 1 cm inferior to the mastoid process on the right side. The patient's breath sounds are clear and he is protecting his airway. No stridor or difficulty breathing is noted. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient? A: Arteriography B: CT angiogram C: Intubation D: Observation and blood pressure monitoring E: Surgical exploration",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_47
|
A 13-year-old girl presents to a medical office for the evaluation of a lump on the front of her neck. The patient denies pain, but states that the mass bothers her because “it moves when I swallow”. The physical examination reveals a midline neck mass that is above the hyoid bone but below the level of the mandible. The mass is minimally mobile and feels fluctuant without erythema. The patient is afebrile and all vital signs are stable. A complete blood count and thyroid function tests are performed and are within normal limits. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s presentation?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 13-year-old girl presents to a medical office for the evaluation of a lump on the front of her neck. The patient denies pain, but states that the mass bothers her because “it moves when I swallow”. The physical examination reveals a midline neck mass that is above the hyoid bone but below the level of the mandible. The mass is minimally mobile and feels fluctuant without erythema. The patient is afebrile and all vital signs are stable. A complete blood count and thyroid function tests are performed and are within normal limits. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s presentation?\n\nOptions:\nA: Persistent thyroid tissue at the tongue base\nB: Deletion of the 22q11 gene\nC: Thyroid hyperplasia due to iodine deficiency\nD: Cyst formation in a persistent thyroglossal duct\nE: Lymph node enlargement\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Persistent thyroid tissue at the tongue base",
"B": "Deletion of the 22q11 gene",
"C": "Thyroid hyperplasia due to iodine deficiency",
"D": "Cyst formation in a persistent thyroglossal duct",
"E": "Lymph node enlargement"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 47,
"original_question": "A 13-year-old girl presents to a medical office for the evaluation of a lump on the front of her neck. The patient denies pain, but states that the mass bothers her because “it moves when I swallow”. The physical examination reveals a midline neck mass that is above the hyoid bone but below the level of the mandible. The mass is minimally mobile and feels fluctuant without erythema. The patient is afebrile and all vital signs are stable. A complete blood count and thyroid function tests are performed and are within normal limits. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s presentation? A: Persistent thyroid tissue at the tongue base B: Deletion of the 22q11 gene C: Thyroid hyperplasia due to iodine deficiency D: Cyst formation in a persistent thyroglossal duct E: Lymph node enlargement",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_48
|
A 35-year-old woman with a history of Crohn disease presents for a follow-up appointment. She says that lately, she has started to notice difficulty walking. She says that some of her friends have joked that she appears to be walking as if she was drunk. Past medical history is significant for Crohn disease diagnosed 2 years ago, managed with natalizumab for the past year because her intestinal symptoms have become severe and unresponsive to other therapies. On physical examination, there is gait and limb ataxia present. Strength is 4/5 in the right upper limb. A T1/T2 MRI of the brain is ordered and is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 35-year-old woman with a history of Crohn disease presents for a follow-up appointment. She says that lately, she has started to notice difficulty walking. She says that some of her friends have joked that she appears to be walking as if she was drunk. Past medical history is significant for Crohn disease diagnosed 2 years ago, managed with natalizumab for the past year because her intestinal symptoms have become severe and unresponsive to other therapies. On physical examination, there is gait and limb ataxia present. Strength is 4/5 in the right upper limb. A T1/T2 MRI of the brain is ordered and is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD)\nB: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)\nC: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)\nD: Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML)\nE: West Nile encephalitis\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD)",
"B": "Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)",
"C": "Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)",
"D": "Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML)",
"E": "West Nile encephalitis"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 48,
"original_question": "A 35-year-old woman with a history of Crohn disease presents for a follow-up appointment. She says that lately, she has started to notice difficulty walking. She says that some of her friends have joked that she appears to be walking as if she was drunk. Past medical history is significant for Crohn disease diagnosed 2 years ago, managed with natalizumab for the past year because her intestinal symptoms have become severe and unresponsive to other therapies. On physical examination, there is gait and limb ataxia present. Strength is 4/5 in the right upper limb. A T1/T2 MRI of the brain is ordered and is shown. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) B: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) C: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) D: Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML) E: West Nile encephalitis",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_49
|
A 23-year-old G1 at 10 weeks gestation based on her last menstrual period is brought to the emergency department by her husband due to sudden vaginal bleeding. She says that she has mild lower abdominal cramps and is feeling dizzy and weak. Her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the respiration rate is 15/min. She says that she has had light spotting over the last 3 days, but today the bleeding increased markedly and she also noticed the passage of clots. She says that she has changed three pads since the morning. She has also noticed that the nausea she was experiencing over the past few days has subsided. The physician examines her and notes that the cervical os is open and blood is pooling in the vagina. Products of conception can be visualized in the os. The patient is prepared for a suction curettage. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the pregnancy loss?
|
[
"D"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 23-year-old G1 at 10 weeks gestation based on her last menstrual period is brought to the emergency department by her husband due to sudden vaginal bleeding. She says that she has mild lower abdominal cramps and is feeling dizzy and weak. Her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the respiration rate is 15/min. She says that she has had light spotting over the last 3 days, but today the bleeding increased markedly and she also noticed the passage of clots. She says that she has changed three pads since the morning. She has also noticed that the nausea she was experiencing over the past few days has subsided. The physician examines her and notes that the cervical os is open and blood is pooling in the vagina. Products of conception can be visualized in the os. The patient is prepared for a suction curettage. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the pregnancy loss?\n\nOptions:\nA: Sexually transmitted disease (STD)\nB: Rh immunization\nC: Antiphospholipid syndrome\nD: Chromosomal abnormalities\nE: Trauma\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Sexually transmitted disease (STD)",
"B": "Rh immunization",
"C": "Antiphospholipid syndrome",
"D": "Chromosomal abnormalities",
"E": "Trauma"
},
"target": [
"D"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 49,
"original_question": "A 23-year-old G1 at 10 weeks gestation based on her last menstrual period is brought to the emergency department by her husband due to sudden vaginal bleeding. She says that she has mild lower abdominal cramps and is feeling dizzy and weak. Her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the respiration rate is 15/min. She says that she has had light spotting over the last 3 days, but today the bleeding increased markedly and she also noticed the passage of clots. She says that she has changed three pads since the morning. She has also noticed that the nausea she was experiencing over the past few days has subsided. The physician examines her and notes that the cervical os is open and blood is pooling in the vagina. Products of conception can be visualized in the os. The patient is prepared for a suction curettage. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the pregnancy loss? A: Sexually transmitted disease (STD) B: Rh immunization C: Antiphospholipid syndrome D: Chromosomal abnormalities E: Trauma",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_50
|
An 8-month-old boy is brought to a medical office by his mother. The mother states that the boy has been very fussy and has not been feeding recently. The mother thinks the baby has been gaining weight despite not feeding well. The boy was delivered vaginally at 39 weeks gestation without complications. On physical examination, the boy is noted to be crying in his mother’s arms. There is no evidence of cyanosis, and the cardiac examination is within normal limits. The crying intensifies when the abdomen is palpated. The abdomen is distended with tympany in the left lower quadrant. You suspect a condition caused by the failure of specialized cells to migrate. What is the most likely diagnosis?
|
[
"E"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: An 8-month-old boy is brought to a medical office by his mother. The mother states that the boy has been very fussy and has not been feeding recently. The mother thinks the baby has been gaining weight despite not feeding well. The boy was delivered vaginally at 39 weeks gestation without complications. On physical examination, the boy is noted to be crying in his mother’s arms. There is no evidence of cyanosis, and the cardiac examination is within normal limits. The crying intensifies when the abdomen is palpated. The abdomen is distended with tympany in the left lower quadrant. You suspect a condition caused by the failure of specialized cells to migrate. What is the most likely diagnosis?\n\nOptions:\nA: Meckel diverticulum\nB: DiGeorge syndrome\nC: Pyloric stenosis\nD: Duodenal atresia\nE: Hirschsprung disease\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Meckel diverticulum",
"B": "DiGeorge syndrome",
"C": "Pyloric stenosis",
"D": "Duodenal atresia",
"E": "Hirschsprung disease"
},
"target": [
"E"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 50,
"original_question": "An 8-month-old boy is brought to a medical office by his mother. The mother states that the boy has been very fussy and has not been feeding recently. The mother thinks the baby has been gaining weight despite not feeding well. The boy was delivered vaginally at 39 weeks gestation without complications. On physical examination, the boy is noted to be crying in his mother’s arms. There is no evidence of cyanosis, and the cardiac examination is within normal limits. The crying intensifies when the abdomen is palpated. The abdomen is distended with tympany in the left lower quadrant. You suspect a condition caused by the failure of specialized cells to migrate. What is the most likely diagnosis? A: Meckel diverticulum B: DiGeorge syndrome C: Pyloric stenosis D: Duodenal atresia E: Hirschsprung disease",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_51
|
A 60-year-old man seeks evaluation at a medical office due to leg pain while walking. He says the pain starts in his buttocks and extends to his thighs and down to his calves. Previously, the pain resolved with rest, but the pain now persists in his feet, even during rest. His past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cigarette smoking. The vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows an atrophied leg with bilateral loss of hair. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?
|
[
"B"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 60-year-old man seeks evaluation at a medical office due to leg pain while walking. He says the pain starts in his buttocks and extends to his thighs and down to his calves. Previously, the pain resolved with rest, but the pain now persists in his feet, even during rest. His past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cigarette smoking. The vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows an atrophied leg with bilateral loss of hair. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?\n\nOptions:\nA: Decreased permeability of endothelium\nB: Narrowing and calcification of vessels\nC: Peripheral emboli formation\nD: Thrombus formation\nE: Weakening of vessel wall\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Decreased permeability of endothelium",
"B": "Narrowing and calcification of vessels",
"C": "Peripheral emboli formation",
"D": "Thrombus formation",
"E": "Weakening of vessel wall"
},
"target": [
"B"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 51,
"original_question": "A 60-year-old man seeks evaluation at a medical office due to leg pain while walking. He says the pain starts in his buttocks and extends to his thighs and down to his calves. Previously, the pain resolved with rest, but the pain now persists in his feet, even during rest. His past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cigarette smoking. The vital signs are within normal limits. The physical examination shows an atrophied leg with bilateral loss of hair. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition? A: Decreased permeability of endothelium B: Narrowing and calcification of vessels C: Peripheral emboli formation D: Thrombus formation E: Weakening of vessel wall",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
train_52
|
A 52-year-old man presents to the emergency department with chest pain radiating to his left jaw and arm. He states that he had experienced similar symptoms when playing basketball. The medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and GERD, for which he takes metformin, hydrochlorothiazide, and pantoprazole, respectively. The blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the respirations are 15/min. The ECG reveals ST elevation in leads V3-V6. He is hospitalized for an acute MI and started on treatment. The next day he complains of dizziness and blurred vision. Repeat vital signs were as follows: blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse 72/min, and respirations 12/min. The laboratory results were as follows:
Serum chemistry
Sodium 143 mEq/L
Potassium 4.1 mEq/L
Chloride 98 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 22 mEq/L
Blood urea nitrogen 26 mg/dL
Creatinine 2.3 mg/dL
Glucose 120 mg/dL
Which of the following drugs is responsible for this patient’s lab abnormalities?
|
[
"C"
] |
alphamed19k
|
[
{
"content": "Answer the given medical multiple choice question. You must conduct reasoning inside <think> and </think> first every time you get new information. For this medical question, you MUST search for information about EACH option before making your final decision. You can call a search engine by <search> query </search> and it will return the top searched results between <information> and </information>. You MUST search for each option (A, B, C, D, E if present) one by one to gather relevant medical information. After searching for ALL options, analyze the search results and provide your final answer inside <answer> and </answer> with ONLY the letter (e.g., <answer>A</answer>). Your answer MUST be one of the provided options.\n\nQuestion: A 52-year-old man presents to the emergency department with chest pain radiating to his left jaw and arm. He states that he had experienced similar symptoms when playing basketball. The medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and GERD, for which he takes metformin, hydrochlorothiazide, and pantoprazole, respectively. The blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the respirations are 15/min. The ECG reveals ST elevation in leads V3-V6. He is hospitalized for an acute MI and started on treatment. The next day he complains of dizziness and blurred vision. Repeat vital signs were as follows: blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse 72/min, and respirations 12/min. The laboratory results were as follows:\nSerum chemistry\nSodium 143 mEq/L\nPotassium 4.1 mEq/L\nChloride 98 mEq/L\nBicarbonate 22 mEq/L\nBlood urea nitrogen 26 mg/dL\nCreatinine 2.3 mg/dL\nGlucose 120 mg/dL\nWhich of the following drugs is responsible for this patient’s lab abnormalities?\n\nOptions:\nA: Digoxin\nB: Pantoprazole\nC: Lisinopril\nD: Atorvastatin\nE: Nitroglycerin\n",
"role": "user"
}
] |
medical-reasoning
|
{
"ground_truth": {
"options": {
"A": "Digoxin",
"B": "Pantoprazole",
"C": "Lisinopril",
"D": "Atorvastatin",
"E": "Nitroglycerin"
},
"target": [
"C"
]
},
"style": "rule"
}
|
{
"index": 52,
"original_question": "A 52-year-old man presents to the emergency department with chest pain radiating to his left jaw and arm. He states that he had experienced similar symptoms when playing basketball. The medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and GERD, for which he takes metformin, hydrochlorothiazide, and pantoprazole, respectively. The blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg, the pulse is 100/min, and the respirations are 15/min. The ECG reveals ST elevation in leads V3-V6. He is hospitalized for an acute MI and started on treatment. The next day he complains of dizziness and blurred vision. Repeat vital signs were as follows: blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg, pulse 72/min, and respirations 12/min. The laboratory results were as follows:\nSerum chemistry\nSodium 143 mEq/L\nPotassium 4.1 mEq/L\nChloride 98 mEq/L\nBicarbonate 22 mEq/L\nBlood urea nitrogen 26 mg/dL\nCreatinine 2.3 mg/dL\nGlucose 120 mg/dL\nWhich of the following drugs is responsible for this patient’s lab abnormalities? A: Digoxin B: Pantoprazole C: Lisinopril D: Atorvastatin E: Nitroglycerin",
"split": "train",
"subset_name": "MedQA-Train"
}
| null |
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