{"question_id": 481, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Some researchers state that forests do not only provide benefits, but can in certain cases also incur costs to humans. Forests may impose an economic burden, diminish the enjoyment of natural areas, reduce the food producing capacity of grazing land and cultivated land, reduce biodiversity reduce available water for humans and wildlife, harbour dangerous or destructive wildlife, and act as reservoirs of human and livestock disease. The management of forests is often referred to as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice now referred to\nForestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including the provision of timber, fuel wood, wildlife habitat, natural water quality management, recreation, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes, biodiversity management, watershed management, erosion control, and preserving forests as \"sinks\" for atmospheric\nForest A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used Food and Agriculture Organization definition, forests covered (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world's land area in 2006. Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed around the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net\nincluding harvesting forest resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems. Although \"forest\" is a term of common parlance, there is no universally recognised precise definition, with more than 800 definitions of forest used around the world. Although a forest is usually defined by the presence of trees, under many definitions an area completely lacking trees may still be considered a forest if it grew trees in the past, will grow trees in the future, or was legally designated as a forest regardless of vegetation type. There are three broad categories of forest definitions in use: administrative, land use, and land cover.\nForest Peoples Programme Forest Peoples Programme (FPP) advocates an alternative vision of how forests should be managed and controlled, based on respect for the rights of the peoples who know them best. FPP works with forest peoples in South America, Africa, and Asia, to help them secure their rights, build up their own organisations and negotiate with governments and companies as to how economic development and conservation are best achieved on their lands. Forests cover 31% of total land area of the planet. Of that, 12% are designated for the conservation of biological diversity and nearly all are inhabited. Many\nDescribe the various uses of forests to human beings?"], "reference": [["a source of lumber", "aiding in regulating climate ,", "recreational areas", "purifying water", "serving as a genetic reserve", "acting as a carbon sink"]]}
{"question_id": 482, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Got My Mind Set on You \"Got My Mind Set on You\" (also written as \"(Got My Mind) Set on You\") is a song written and composed by Rudy Clark and originally recorded by James Ray in 1962, under the title \"I've Got My Mind Set on You\". An edited version of the song was released later in the year as a single on the Dynamic Sound label. In 1987, George Harrison released a cover version of the song as a single, and released it on his album \"Cloud Nine,\" which he had recorded on his own Dark Horse Records\nlabel. Of Harrison's three number-one singles in the US, it was both the only song not written or composed by Harrison himself and the only one without religious overtones. It also was not only the last US No. 1 hit by Harrison, but also from any of the ex-Beatles (as of 2018) in the US. When the song hit No. 1, it broke a three-way tie among Harrison, John Lennon, and Ringo Starr, all of whom had two No. 1 hit singles as solo artists (discounting Paul McCartney's work with Wings). It also happened to be the No. 1 single\nsignificant airplay, and was nominated for three MTV VMAs. Harrison's version of the song was parodied by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic on his 1988 album \"Even Worse,\" as \"(This Song's Just) Six Words Long\" poking fun at the repetitive nature of the lyrics. Shakin' Stevens recorded the song for his 2006 album \"Now Listen\". Irish singer Lee Matthews covered it in his 2015 album \"It's a Great Day to Be Alive\". Got My Mind Set on You \"Got My Mind Set on You\" (also written as \"(Got My Mind) Set on You\") is a song written and composed by Rudy Clark\nthe Cupcakes 1963, Jerry Lee Lewis 1965, Carl Hall 1966, Sleepy LaBeef 1970, Price Mitchell & Jerri Kelly 1974, Carol Channing & Webb Pierce 1977, and by Dale Sellers. The song was also the title track on albums of the same title by Jean Shephard 1961 and William Galison and Madeleine Peyroux 2004. Got You on My Mind (song) \"Got You on My Mind\" is a song written by Howard Biggs and Joe Thomas. The lyrics commence: \"Got you on my mind feeling kinda sad and low / Wonderin' where you are / wonderin' why you had to go /\nYou Got My Mind Messed Up You Got My Mind Messed Up is a 1967 album by James Carr. Although Carr is not as well known as his contemporaries such as Otis Redding or Aretha Franklin, \"You Got My Mind Messed Up\" has been cited as one of the top soul music albums of all time. Allmusic gave it 5 stars from two different reviewers. On the 2002 re-release Mojo magazine stated \"This is undoubtedly one of the greatest soul albums of all time.\" . After Carr's death in 2001, Kent Records re-released the album with another dozen bonus tracks.\nWho sings got my mind set on you?"], "reference": [["James Ray", "George Harrison"]]}
{"question_id": 483, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF is a fund-raising program for children sponsored by the U.S. Fund for UNICEF. Started on Halloween 1950 as a local event in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, the program historically involves the distribution of small orange boxes by schools to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small change donations from the houses they visit. Millions of children in the United States, Canada, Ireland, Mexico, and Hong Kong participate in Halloween-related fund-raising events for Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF, and the program has raised over worldwide. Trick-or-Treat in UNICEF was invented by Mary Emma Allison. In 1949, the\n1969, 3.5 million American children were trick-or-treating for donations. Children (and adults) in the U.S. have collected more than $175 million for Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF. Donations to Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF support UNICEF's global programing, but in 2005, half of the proceeds were targeted to a domestic cause, aiding victims of Hurricane Katrina. In 2008, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF introduced mobile phone text message donations as well as a MySpace and Facebook page. In 2014, the U.S. Fund for UNICEF partnered with Crowdrise to expand the campaign's online presence, allowing participants to create personal fundraising web pages in addition to\nawards points. The points then unlock funding from partners, which is then used by UNICEF to deliver lifesaving packets of therapeutic food to severely malnourished children around the world. Since 1950, when a group of children in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, donated $17 which they received on Halloween to help post-World War II victims, the Trick-or-Treat UNICEF box has become a tradition in North America during the fall. These small orange boxes are handed to children at schools and other locations before 31 October. , the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign has collected approximately CAD 91 million in Canada and over US$167 million\nAllisons were living in Bridesburg, a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. When Mrs. Allison saw a UNICEF booth collecting funds to send powdered milk to undernourished children around the world, she thought of getting children to collect donations for UNICEF instead of candy. Reverend Clyde Allison introduced the concept to local Presbyterian churches. On Halloween 1950, the Allisons recruited their own children and their community's to go door-to-door collecting nickels and dimes in decorated milk cartons to aid children in post-World War II Europe. They collected a total of $17 and donated all of it to UNICEF. In 1953,\nCommittees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEF's annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations around six million individual donors worldwide. In the United States, Nepal and some other countries, UNICEF is known for its \"Trick-Or-Treat for UNICEF\" program in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick-or-treat on Halloween night, sometimes instead of candy. UNICEF is present in 191 countries and territories around the world, but not involved in nine others (Bahamas, Brunei, Cyprus, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Mauritius, Monaco, and Singapore). Many people in developed countries first hear about UNICEF's work through the\nWhere does trick or treat for unicef money go?"], "reference": [["UNICEF 's global programing"]]}
{"question_id": 484, "category": "rag", "turns": ["forces were stopped at El Alamein. On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid, demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta. A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. This attack was followed\nUnited States abandon the Germany-first strategy and take the offensive in the Pacific. Roosevelt \"disapproved\" the proposal, saying it would do nothing to help the Soviet Union. Instead, with Roosevelt's support and Marshall unable to persuade the British to change their minds, the decision was made at the Second Claridge Conference in late July 1942 to carry out Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. Most of the troops and supplies accumulated for Roundup were used to implement Torch with preparations for Roundup given lower priority because of the uncertainties of Allied strategy. The British were as reluctant\n1941. Following this success, British forces adopted a defensive position in North Africa and redeployed most troops to Greece in Operation Lustre, leaving a weak force garrisoning the gains made from Operation Compass. In March, the Battle of Kufra ended with the Italians losing the desert oasis of Kufra\u2014a vital link between Italian east and north Africa\u2014which was located in south-eastern Libya. In North Africa, the Italians responded to the defeat of their Tenth Army by dispatching armour and motorised divisions. Germany dispatched the \"Afrika Korps\" in Operation Sonnenblume, to bolster the Italians with a mission to block further Allied\nTorch) in North-West Africa in November 1942, and subsequent battles against Vichy France forces (who then changed sides), the Allies encircled several hundred thousand German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia and finally forced their surrender in May 1943. Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing American armed forces the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale. In addition, as Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had long been pleading for a second front to be opened\nby Admiral Mascherpa, who resisted the German air offensive before the landing of British support troops, which was invaded by the Germans who landed by sea and air on 12 November and surrendered four days later. The remaining British garrisons were then evacuated to the Middle East. On 15 August 1944, in an effort to aid their operations in Normandy, the Allies launched Operation Dragoon \u2014 the invasion of Southern France between Toulon and Cannes. The Allies rapidly broke out of their beachheads and fanned out north and east to join up with the American 12th Army Group which was\nWhere did the allies go after north africa?"], "reference": [["Italy", "the Italian Campaign"]]}
{"question_id": 485, "category": "rag", "turns": ["storm's pressure bottomed out at \u2013 this was the lowest in the Atlantic since Dean in 2007. While maintaining its intensity, Irma made successive landfalls on September 6, at 11:15 UTC on Sint Maarten, and at 16:30 UTC on Virgin Gorda, in the British Virgin Islands, all while it was at peak intensity. As the hurricane moved away from the Virgin Islands late on September 6, observations from reconnaissance flights as well as Doppler radar in San Juan, Puerto Rico, indicated an elliptical eye and double eyewalls. Late on September 6, the cyclone passed about north of Puerto Rico. Moving\n03:00 UTC on September 9, at Category 5 intensity, with winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and a central pressure identical to its previous landfall. This made Irma only the second Category 5 hurricane to strike Cuba in recorded history, after the 1924 Cuba hurricane \u2013 both had identical wind speeds at landfall. As the eye of Irma moved along the northern coast of Cuba, gradual weakening ensued due to land interaction, with the eye becoming cloud-filled and the intensity falling to a high-end Category 2 later on September 9 \u2013 operationally, it had been assessed as never falling below\nby about 1-in-30 Atlantic tropical cyclones. On September 2, a ship passed to the west of the center of Irma, recording maximum winds of , while hurricane force winds were estimated to have extended up to from the center, both of which indicated that the inner core of Irma remained compact. After being a major hurricane for about 30 hours, the system weakened slightly to a strong Category 2 hurricane at 12:00 UTC on September 2, likely as a result of drier air and eyewall replacement cycles, with the eye sometimes becoming obscured and the deep convection lining the eyewall\nin Cuba. Although land interaction weakened Irma to a Category 2 storm, the system re-intensified to Category 4 status as it crossed the warm waters of the Straits of Florida, before making landfall on Cudjoe Key with winds at 130 mph, (215 km/h) on September 10. Irma weakened to Category 3 status, prior to another landfall in Florida on Marco Island later that day. The system degraded into a remnant low over Alabama and ultimately dissipated on September 13 over Missouri. The storm caused catastrophic damage in Barbuda, Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, Saint Martin, Anguilla, and the Virgin Islands as a Category\nhad moved inland, it began to accelerate to the north-northwest, while rapid weakening began to occur due to the increasing wind shear, land interaction, and dry air, with the storm falling below Category 3 intensity hours after landfall. Passing east of Tampa as a weakening Category 1 hurricane around 06:00 UTC on September 11, Irma continued to weaken as most of the deep convection became more spread out towards the northern semi-circle of the circulation \u2013 though it retained a large wind field, with most of Florida experiencing gale-force winds. The system finally weakened to a tropical storm around 12:00\nWhat was the lowest barometric pressure for hurricane irma?"], "reference": [["914 mbar ( hPa )"]]}
{"question_id": 486, "category": "rag", "turns": ["and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous\nglobal textile market, but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material. Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight. New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets. In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or\naccording to United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database stood at $772 billion. The largest exporters of textiles in 2013 were China ($274 billion), India ($40 billion), Italy ($36 billion), Germany ($35 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion) and Pakistan ($27 Billion). In 2016, the largest apparel exporting nations were China ($161 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion), Vietnam ($25 billion), India ($18 billion), Hong Kong ($16 billion), Turkey ($15 billion) and Indonesia ($7 billion). The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) governed the world trade in textiles and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing quotas on the amount developing countries could export to developed countries. It\nImlidhi Khurd and Gorakhpur (1300-800 BC); as fibres in Late Ochre-Coloured Pottery at Sringaverapura (1200-700 BC); and in Hallur as seeds and fragments of the Early Iron Age (950-900 BC). Cotton is purely a cellulose fibre crop, one of the four major crops in the country, and is known by popular epithets as \"King cotton\" and \"white gold\". It forms the primary input for the textile industry of Pakistan. Cotton is integral to Pakistan's economy. According to an analysis in the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service report of 2015, it is grown as an industrial crop in 15% of the nation's\nTextile industry in Pakistan The Textile industry in Pakistan is the largest manufacturing industry in Pakistan. Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of textile commodities in Asia. Textile sector contributes 8.5% to the GDP of Pakistan. In addition, the sector employs about 45% of the total labor force in the country (and 38% of the manufacturing workers). Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India and contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442 spinning units, 124 large spinning units and\nWho is the leading african producer of wool?"], "reference": [["Sudan", "South Africa"]]}
{"question_id": 487, "category": "rag", "turns": ["behalf. Since the office evolved rather than being instantly created, it may not be totally clear-cut who was the first Prime Minister. However, this appellation is traditionally given to Sir Robert Walpole, who became First Lord of the Treasury in 1721. In 1720, the South Sea Company, created to trade in cotton, agricultural goods and slaves, collapsed, causing the financial ruin of thousands of investors and heavy losses for many others, including members of the royal family. King George I called on Robert Walpole, well known for his political and financial acumen, to handle the emergency. With considerable skill and\nofficial recognition given to the office had only been in the Treaty of Berlin in 1878, when Disraeli signed as \"First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister of her Britannic Majesty\". It wasn't until 7 years later, in 1885, did the official records entrench the institution of Prime Minister, using \"Prime Minister\" at the list of Government ministers printed in Hansard. Incumbents had no statutory authority in their own right. As late as 1904, Arthur Balfour explained the status of his office in a speech at Haddington: \"The Prime Minister has no salary as Prime Minister. He has no\nthat we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. During the whole of the 18th Century, Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France, periodically bursting into all-out war, and Britons took outspoken pride in their \"Liberty\" as contrasted to the \"Tyranny\" of French Absolute Monarchy; therefore, being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century. The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers\nof necessity: he had to have a government. From this time, there was a growing acceptance of the position of Prime Minister and the title was more commonly used, if only unofficially. Associated initially with the Whigs, the Tories started to accept it. Lord North, for example, who had said the office was \"unknown to the constitution\", reversed himself in 1783 when he said, \"In this country some one man or some body of men like a Cabinet should govern the whole and direct every measure.\" In 1803, William Pitt the Younger, also a Tory, suggested to a friend that\nmany speculators. Investigations showed bribes had reached into high places\u2014even to the king. Robert Walpole managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage, although some losers fled to exile or committed suicide. Robert Walpole is now generally regarded as the first Prime Minister, from, 1719\u201342, and indeed he invented the role. The term was applied to him by friends and foes alike by 1727. Historian Clayton Roberts summarizes his new functions: Walpole was a master of the effective use of patronage, as were his two disciples who succeeded him as prime minister, Henry Pelham (1743\u20131754) and Pelham's\nWhen was the term prime minister first used?"], "reference": [["1624", "18th century"]]}
{"question_id": 488, "category": "rag", "turns": ["area in the world. 19 EU countries share the euro as a common currency. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). This includes (ranks according to the CIA): Germany (5), the UK (6), Russia (7), France (8), and Italy (10). There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income. The richest in terms of GDP per capita is Monaco with its US$172,676 per capita (2009) and the poorest is Moldova with its GDP per capita of US$1,631 (2010). Monaco is the richest country in terms of\noverall vote to leave the EU, by 51.9%. The British government have triggered Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to start the process to leave the EU, which is expected to take several years. The G4 now consists of the UK and the new EU big three (Germany, France and Italy), the large founding members of the European Community that have retaken a leading role in Europe following the decision of the UK to leave the EU. Big Four (Western Europe) The Big Four, also known as G4 or EU4, refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United\nRussian gas in the European Union are Germany and Italy, accounting together for almost half of the EU gas imports from Russia. Other larger Russian gas importers (over 5 billion cubic meter per year) in the European Union are France, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Slovakia. The largest non-EU importers of Russian natural gas are Ukraine, Turkey and Belarus. The shares of Russian natural gas in the domestic gas consumption in EU countries were in 2013: According to Eurostat, 30% of EU's petroleum oil import came from Russia in 2017. For Estonia, Poland, Slovakia and Finland, more than 75\ncountry with the third-largest population and \"the financial capital of the world\", as the German newspaper [[M\u00fcnchner Merkur]] put it. Furthermore, the EU would lose its second-largest net contributor to the EU budget (2015: Germany \u20ac14.3 billion, United Kingdom \u20ac11.5 billion, France \u20ac5.5 billion). Thus, the departure of Britain would result in an additional financial burden for the remaining net contributors, unless the budget is reduced accordingly: Germany, for example, would have to pay an additional \u20ac4.5 billion for 2019 and again for 2020; in addition, the UK would no longer be a shareholder in the [[European Investment Bank]], in\nMultilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognized political goals in Western Europe today. The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. Western Europe is one of the richest regions of the world. Germany has the highest GDP in Europe and the largest financial surplus of any country, Luxembourg has the world's highest GDP per capita, and the United Kingdom has the highest Net National Wealth of any European state. Switzerland\nWhat 's the biggest country in western europe?"], "reference": [["Russia", "Russia *", "France"]]}
{"question_id": 489, "category": "rag", "turns": ["began reexamining the techniques of quality control invented over the past 50 years and how those techniques had been so successfully employed by the Japanese. It was in the midst of this economic turmoil that TQM took root. The exact origin of the term \"total quality management\" is uncertain. It is almost certainly inspired by Armand V. Feigenbaum's multi-edition book \"Total Quality Control\" () and Kaoru Ishikawa's \"What Is Total Quality Control? The Japanese Way\" (). It may have been first coined in the United Kingdom by the Department of Trade and Industry during its 1983 \"National Quality Campaign\". Or\nit may have been first coined in the United States by the Naval Air Systems Command to describe its quality-improvement efforts in 1985. In the spring of 1984, an arm of the United States Navy asked some of its civilian researchers to assess statistical process control and the work of several prominent quality consultants and to make recommendations as to how to apply their approaches to improve the Navy's operational effectiveness. The recommendation was to adopt the teachings of W. Edwards Deming. The Navy branded the effort \"Total Quality Management\" in 1985. From the Navy, TQM spread throughout the US\nas President of the American Society for Quality (1961\u20131963). On November 13, 2014, he died at the age of 94. His contributions to the quality body of knowledge include: Armand V. Feigenbaum Armand Vallin Feigenbaum (April 6, 1920 \u2013 November 13, 2014) was an American quality control expert and businessman. He devised the concept of Total Quality Control which inspired Total Quality Management (TQM). Feigenbaum received a bachelor's degree from Union College, his master's degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and his Ph.D. in Economics from MIT. He was Director of Manufacturing Operations at General Electric (1958\u20131968), and\nW. Edwards Deming, Armand V. Feigenbaum, Kaoru Ishikawa and Joseph M. Juran.\" \"TQM is a philosophy for managing an organisation in a way which enables it to meet stakeholder needs and expectations efficiently and effectively, without compromising ethical values.\" In the United States, the Baldrige Award, created by Public Law 100-107, annually recognizes American businesses, education institutions, health care organizations, and government or nonprofit organizations that are role models for organizational performance excellence. Organizations are judged on criteria from seven categories: Example criteria are: Joseph M. Juran believed the Baldrige Award judging criteria to be the most widely accepted description\nArmand V. Feigenbaum Armand Vallin Feigenbaum (April 6, 1920 \u2013 November 13, 2014) was an American quality control expert and businessman. He devised the concept of Total Quality Control which inspired Total Quality Management (TQM). Feigenbaum received a bachelor's degree from Union College, his master's degree from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and his Ph.D. in Economics from MIT. He was Director of Manufacturing Operations at General Electric (1958\u20131968), and was later the President and CEO of General Systems Company of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, an engineering firm that helps companies define business operating systems. Feigenbaum wrote several books and served\nWho developed the concept of total quality management?"], "reference": [["W. Edwards Deming"]]}
{"question_id": 490, "category": "rag", "turns": ["and deepening the novel series' mythology. Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars. A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events, is an American black comedy-drama web television series from Netflix, developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld, based on Lemony Snicket\u2019s children's novel series of the same name. It stars Neil Patrick Harris, Patrick Warburton, Malina Weissman, Louis Hynes, K. Todd Freeman, and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch, Avi Lake, and\nA Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series) Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events, is an American black comedy-drama web television series from Netflix, developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld, based on Lemony Snicket\u2019s children's novel series of the same name. It stars Neil Patrick Harris, Patrick Warburton, Malina Weissman, Louis Hynes, K. Todd Freeman, and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch, Avi Lake, and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season. The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books\ncasting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket, and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty. In September 2016, it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings, Duncan and Isadora, respectively. In November 2016, Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara, Don Johnson, and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell, Sir, and Aunt Josephine, respectively; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\". It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire, whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong, and Rhys Darby would play\nLemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (also simply known as A Series of Unfortunate Events) is a 2004 American gothic dark comedy film directed by Brad Silberling. It is a film adaptation of \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\" by Lemony Snicket, covering the first three novels \"The Bad Beginning\", \"The Reptile Room\", and \"The Wide Window\". The film stars Jim Carrey, Liam Aiken, Emily Browning, Timothy Spall, Catherine O'Hara, Billy Connolly, Cedric the Entertainer, Luis Guzm\u00e1n, Jennifer Coolidge and Meryl Streep, as well as Jude Law as Lemony Snicket (the pen name\nHe described the show as a \"gothic treat [that] also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour, and the most gorgeously toybox-like set designs you\u2019ll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film.\" \"Radio Times\" reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels. While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations, he criticized the addition of supporting \"good\" characters such as Nathan Fillion's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning's Jacquelyn for \"undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels.\" Rohan Naahar of the \"Hindustan Times\" described \"A\nWho played sonny in lemony snicket 's a series of unfortunate events?"], "reference": [["Presley Smith"]]}
{"question_id": 491, "category": "rag", "turns": ["the face of Revlon's Autumn/Winter 2010 trend collection launching in the UK in November. The winner of the competition was 18-year-old Tiffany Pisani, from the island country of Malta. Pisani beat fellow contestants Alisha White and Joy Mclaren in a public vote during a live finale, a first for \"Britain's Next Top Model\". \"(Ages stated are at start of contest)\" \"Original Airdate: 2 August 2010\" The girls shot a TV ad for Beyonc\u00e9's new fragrance for the challenge. Kirsty won the challenge and a night out and chose Nicola and Amelia to join her. Charlotte seemed disappointed by this, but\nboth brand's products, as well as additional campaigns for Colgate, Dorothy Perkins, and boohoo. The winner of the competition was 18-year-old Olivia Wardell from Romsey, Hampshire. \"(Ages stated are at start of contest)\" Britain's Next Top Model (series 11) The eleventh cycle of Britain's Next Top Model premiered on 16 March 2017 on Lifetime. The judging panel from the show's previous cycle remained unchanged. This cycle introduced challenges in which contestants could be granted immunity during their weekly eliminations. 22 year-old Talulah-Eve Brown made history in the series after being the first openly transgender contestant to compete on the show.\nrecently done presenting work for the RBS Six Nations TV coverage. She currently lives in London. Previously she attended Prior's Field School and Godalming College where she studied Theatre Studies, English Literature and Psychology A-level. Alex Evans (model) Alexandra Evans (born 18 August 1989) is a British actress and model. In 2008 Evans was crowned winner of Britain's Next Top Model (cycle 4) beating 13 other hopefuls. This led to modeling work, including a TV advert for Superdrug Barry M makeup in May 2010, a TV advert for Nintendo Wii game \"Another Code R\" and a Yeo Valley advertising campaign\nto a massive end, as the final three took to the final show. There were live performances from McFly, The Saturdays and Tinchy Stryder. After the first round of votes were counted, it was decided that Joy would finish in third. With Joy now eliminated, the final two, Tiffany and Alisha, took to a final, live runway, with alumni of previous cycles Britain's Next Top Model, including Cycle 1, 3, 4 and 5 winners, Lucy Ratcliffe, Lauren McAvoy, Alex Evans and Mecia Simson, as well as Cycle 5 runners-up, Sophie Sumner and Jade McSorley. After this, the final votes were\nthan the usual 12 or 13. The international destination during this cycle was South Africa. The winner's prize was a contract with Models 1, a Max Factor Comestics campaign and a 6-page spread and cover of Company Magazine. The winner was 18-year-old Alex Evans from Cranleigh, Surrey. Episode Viewing figures from BARB Britain's Next Top Model (series 4) Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 4 is the fourth cycle of Britain's Next Top Model. The cycle, like the previous cycles, was aired on SkyLiving. The cycle was said to be \"Bigger, better and bustier than ever before.\" There were major changes\nWho won britain 's next top model 2016?"], "reference": [["Chloe Keenan"]]}
{"question_id": 492, "category": "rag", "turns": ["like/Baby, baby, baby, ooooh/I thought you'd always be mine\" to fifties ballads like \"Tears on My Pillow\", \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\" and \"Earth Angel\". Lyrically, Bieber's lines explain his distress over his lost love, and promise to get it back, featured in lines like, \"And I wanna play it cool/But I'm losin' you\u2026/I'm in pieces/So come and fix me\u2026\". The chorus features the distinct and repetitive \"baby, baby, baby, ohhhh (nooooo)\" hook. After the second verse, Ludacris comes in with the verse-rap, an anecdote of young love when he was thirteen, as it runs \"When I was 13/I\ndance-pop and hip-hop elements, while using influences of doo-wop music. The song has received positive reviews from critics who complimented the song's effective lyrics and chorus, and commended Ludacris' part and the song's ability to have an urban twist. The song was a commercial success, peaking at number one in France and Scotland, and charting in the top ten of the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Australia, Norway, Japan, Ireland, Hungary, Belgium (Flanders), Slovakia and New Zealand. The accompanying music video takes place in a mall/bowling-alley setting. The video features several cameos such as Drake, Lil Twist and Tinashe,\nalso performed an acoustic rendition of the remix version with Drake at the 2010 Juno Awards. The official remix in the United Kingdom features British hip-hop artist Chipmunk. \"Baby\" was written by Bieber with Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart and Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash, both of whom worked with Bieber on \"One Time\", R&B singer and The-Dream's then wife Christina Milian and labelmate, Ludacris. When asked how the collaboration initially came about, Bieber said, \"[Ludacris and I] both live in Atlanta. I met him a year prior to this and we figured it was a perfect collaboration for him, so we invited him\nand of \"Breakadawn\" by De La Soul. (Replayed by J remy of Orange Factory Music) The chorus also samples \"Big Poppa\" by The Notorious B.I.G.. Rev Run makes a cameo appearance at the end of the music video. Baby (Fabolous song) \"Baby\" is a song by American rapper Fabolous featuring Mike Shorey. It is the second single from Fabolous' third studio album \"Real Talk\". The song reached #17 in the \"Hot Rap Tracks\" chart and #22 in the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, although only managed #71 in the Billboard 100. The song failed to make a big\nthink the vocals here will convince some that Justin Bieber really does have the vocal chops.\" The song is predominantly upbeat, featuring Bieber's R&B vocals over a backdrop containing a dance infused beat, full of keyboard and \"disco string\" synths. The song is composed in the key of E\u266d major with Bieber's vocal range spanning from the low-note of G to the high-note of C. According to Jody Rosen of \"Rolling Stone\", the song \"blends winks at Fifties doo-wop with hip-hop chants\", comparing the style and the lyrics \"My first love broke my heart for the first time/And I was\nWho sings the rap in baby by justin bieber?"], "reference": [["Ludacris"]]}
{"question_id": 493, "category": "rag", "turns": ["stars as Gordon, alongside Donal Logue, David Mazouz, Morena Baccarin, Sean Pertwee, Robin Lord Taylor, Erin Richards, Camren Bicondova, Cory Michael Smith, Jessica Lucas, Chris Chalk, Drew Powell, Crystal Reed and Alexander Siddig. The fourth season premiered on September 21, 2017, on Fox, while the second half premiered on March 1, 2018. The season concluded on May 17, 2018. The season received positive reviews from critics and audiences, who cited the character development, writing and action sequences as highlights of the season, with some calling it the best season yet. The premiere was watched by 3.21 million viewers with a\nto Get Away with Murder\", \"Superstore\", \"Scandal\", \"Will & Grace\", an NCAA game, and \"Grey's Anatomy\". With DVR factored in, the episode was viewed by 4.00 million viewers with a 1.2 in the 18-49 demo. Reunion (Gotham) \"Reunion\" is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season and 80th episode overall from the Fox series \"Gotham\". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by Peter Blake and directed by co-executive producer Annabelle K. Frost. It was first broadcast on March 15, 2018. In the episode, Ivy decides\nhave masterfully honored the mythology of \"Gotham\" and brought it to life with depth, emotion and memorable high drama.\" In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2017. On May 13, 2018, Fox renewed the series for a fifth and final season originally consisting of 10 episodes then later increased to 12. The season began production in July that year, and is set to premiere on January 3, 2019. In January 2014, rumors arose that Donal Logue would portray Gordon in the series. Logue denied these rumors via Twitter. Logue was eventually\n1.0 in the 18\u201349 demo, which was a 17% decline from the previous season premiere but on par with last season's average. Despite remaining with consistent ratings throughout the first half of the season, the second half experienced new series lows in the spring and being in danger of cancellation. Despite the ratings drop, Fox renewed the show for a fifth and final season on May 13, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The show was officially renewed by Fox for a fourth season on May 10, 2017. Just like the second and third seasons, the fourth season also carried a new subtitle for\nReunion (Gotham) \"Reunion\" is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season and 80th episode overall from the Fox series \"Gotham\". The show is itself based on the characters created by DC Comics set in the Batman mythology. The episode was written by Peter Blake and directed by co-executive producer Annabelle K. Frost. It was first broadcast on March 15, 2018. In the episode, Ivy decides to go against everyone who harmed her, targeting the Wayne Enterprises foundation charity event. Meanwhile, Nygma continues suffering a mental breakdown regarding his split personality, causing him to consider suicide. Bruce also continues pursuing Alfred\nWhen does the new gotham season come out?"], "reference": [["September 21 , 2017"]]}
{"question_id": 494, "category": "rag", "turns": ["10. Entertainent Weekly gave the episode an \"A\". In \"A Simple Story\", Aethelred is portrayed rejecting the throne in favour of his younger brother Alfred. In history, after the death of Aethelwulf three of Alfred's elder brothers ruled, for two, five and six years respectively, all dying before Alfred took the throne in 871. Writing in Forbes Magazine, Erik Kain described the storyline as \"just a huge unforced error\". Vikings (season 5) The fifth season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary\nVikings (season 5) The fifth season of the historical drama television series \"Vikings\" premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada. The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793. The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half premiered on November 28, 2018. The premise of the fifth season differs from the\nby Y\u016bichir\u014d Yano, reprising his role from 2015's \"\". It was written by Ichir\u014d \u014ckouchi alongside G\u014d Zappa, Daisuke Sak\u014d, Kazushige Nojima, Takahiro Okura, Yuniko Ayana, Keiichi Sigsawa and Shatner Nishida, and featured character designs by Hisao Yokobori. The series was announced at Japan Expo in Paris in 2017, and aired for 24 episodes from April 4, 2018 to September 18, 2018 on NTV, NTV+, KNB, STV, CTV, FBS, SDT, YTV, TSB, and NKT. It is also streamed by Hulu in Japan, and is simulcast by Crunchyroll in Japanese with English subtitles. It will be released on home video in\none of Oleg's successors, Vladimir the Great, Prince of Novgorod. Katheryn Winnick, who portrays Lagertha in the show, will direct one of the Season 6 episodes. \"Vikings\" premiered on March 3, 2013, in Canada and the United States. \"Vikings\" was renewed for a fourth season in March 2015 with an extended order of 20 episodes, which premiered on February 18, 2016. On March 17, 2016, History renewed \"Vikings\" for a fifth season of 20 episodes, which premiered on November 29, 2017. On September 12, 2017, ahead of its fifth-season premiere, the series was renewed for a sixth season of 20\nmillion viewers. \"Redux I\" also marked a drastic increase from the fourth season debut, \"Herrenvolk\", which garnered 21.11 million viewers. As the season continued, however, ratings began to drop slightly, stabilizing around approximately 20 million viewers-per-episode. The season hit a low with the seventeenth episode, \"All Souls\", which was viewed by 13.44 million viewers. The season finale, \"The End\", earned a Nielsen rating of 11.9, with an 18 share, and was viewed by 18.76 viewers, marking a 31.4 percent drop in viewers when compared to the season premiere, and a 5.5 percent drop in viewers when compared to the previous\nWhen does the second half of vikings season 5 air?"], "reference": [["2018", "in 2018"]]}
{"question_id": 495, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Dr. Topher Zia. Head of the night shift, Dr. Jordan Alexander (Jill Flint), works out a deal with new hospital owner, renowned neurosurgeon Dr. Julian Cummings, to rehire most of the staff. Meanwhile, Dr. Drew Alister (Brendan Fehr), struggles to find a balance between work and his new role as a father, while Dr. TC Callahan (Eoin Macken) spends time overseas at the Turkey-Syria border dealing with the humanitarian crisis. Also, Dr. Shannon Rivera (Tanaya Beatty) and Dr. Paul Cummings (Robert Bailey Jr.) deal with their feelings for each other. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Production and filming for the fourth season began in\ngirlfriend, Dr. Jordan Alexander (Jill Flint) and the hospital administrator, Dr. Topher Zia (Ken Leung), also an ex-army medic. Meanwhile, Dr. Alexander hires a new intern, Dr. Shannon Rivera (Tanaya Beatty), while Dr. Drew Alister (Brendan Fehr) has returned stateside after an incident overseas. Other doctors that are on the shift include surgeons Dr. Paul Cummings (Robert Bailey Jr.), who struggles to come out of his father's shadow while developing possible romantic feelings for Dr. Rivera, and Dr. Scott Clemmens, a recovering alcoholic and head of the surgery department. Gabe Sachs revealed on Twitter that the first day of the\nSan Antonio Memorial Hospital, where three of the doctors have a connection to the U.S. military. Dr. TC Callahan is a former Army medic who initially exhibits PTSD-type symptoms, having watched his brother die right in front of him on the battlefield. He frequently breaks rules and butts heads with his ex-girlfriend and newly-appointed head of the night shift, Dr. Jordan Alexander, and the hospital's administrator, Michael Ragosa. Dr. Topher Zia is a former army medic, while Dr. Drew Alister is a gay Army medic still active in the reserves who initially tries to hide his sexual orientation for fear\nfriend of the latter, and Jordan suffers a stroke from pregnancy complications. In the season 2 finale, Ragosa passes his boards to become a doctor, TC and Jordan break up when she miscarries, Drew and his boyfriend make up, and get married, and Ragosa moves to Dallas to follow his ex-wife and kids. After some time away, Jordan hires Dr. Shannon Rivera as a replacement for Ragosa. She and Paul quickly strike up a rivalry turned romance. After an incident overseas, Drew and his husband adopt an foster daughter despite numerous setbacks. After a bomb that goes off outside the\nSyd Jennings. She will be introduced in the season 3 premiere as a Major in the Army who \"has worked with the Culture Support Teams (CST) in conjunction with Ranger and Special Forces.\" On February 2, 2016, actress Tanaya Beatty was cast as a new series regular named Dr. Shannon Rivera, a recent med school graduate who impresses Dr. Alexander enough to recruit her as her intern. Melissa Gilbert and Sarah Jane Morris will both be returning for the third season. Freddy Rodriguez, who portrays hospital administrator Michael Ragosa, revealed on Twitter that he would not be returning for the\nWho plays drew 's boyfriend on the night shift?"], "reference": [["Rick"]]}
{"question_id": 496, "category": "rag", "turns": ["River Thames The River Thames, ( ) known alternatively in parts as the Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It flows through Oxford (where it is called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary. The Thames drains\nmillion years ago, in the Thanetian stage of the late Palaeocene epoch. Until around 500,000 years ago, the Thames flowed on its existing course through what is now Oxfordshire, before turning to the north east through Hertfordshire and East Anglia and reaching the North Sea near Ipswich. At this time the river system headwaters lay in the English West Midlands and may, at times, have received drainage from the Berwyn Mountains in North Wales. Brooks and rivers like the River Brent, Colne Brook and Bollo Brook either flowed into the then River Thames or went out to sea on the\nthis time, the Thames' course did not continue to Doggerland but flowed southwards from the eastern Essex coast where it met the Rhine, the Meuse and the Scheldt flowing from what are now the Netherlands and Belgium. These rivers formed a single river \u2013 the Channel River (\"Fleuve Manche\") \u2013 that passed through the Dover Strait and drained into the Atlantic Ocean in the western English Channel. The ice sheet, which stopped around present day Finchley, deposited boulder clay to form Dollis Hill and Hanger Hill. Its torrent of meltwater gushed through the Finchley Gap and south towards the new\nprotected by modern sea defences comprising of concrete seawall. Many of the victims were in the holiday bungalows of the eastern Newlands estate and perished as the water reached ceiling level. The small village area of the island is approximately above sea level and consequently escaped the effects of the flood. River Thames The River Thames, ( ) known alternatively in parts as the Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It flows through\ncourse of the present-day River Thames. About 450,000 years ago, in the most extreme Ice Age of the Pleistocene, the Anglian, the furthest southern extent of the ice sheet was at Hornchurch in east London. It dammed the river in Hertfordshire, resulting in the formation of large ice lakes, which eventually burst their banks and caused the river to be diverted onto its present course through what is now London. Progressively, the channel was pushed south to form the St Albans depression by the repeated advances of the ice sheet. This created a new river course through Berkshire and on\nWhere did the river thames start and end?"], "reference": [["Thames Estuary , North Sea"]]}
{"question_id": 497, "category": "rag", "turns": ["events probably redirected sediments in similar ways before that. Two oceanic plates meet at the Kermadec Trench which is located far from any larger landmass. Because of this, the Pacific Plate as well as the trench itself is only covered by of sediments. The trench is almost perfectly straight and its simple geometry is the result of the uniformity of the subducting sea-floor. This sea-floor formed at the extinct Osbourn Trough, an abandoned spreading centre located just north of the Louisville Seamount Chain. Abyssal hills on the subducting sea-floor are oriented perpendicular to the old spreading centre and the sea-floor\nthe eastern side is a transform boundary with the North American Plate along the San Andreas Fault, and a boundary with the Cocos Plate. The south-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Nazca Plate forming the East Pacific Rise. The southern side is a divergent boundary with the Antarctic Plate forming the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge. The western side, the plate is bounded by the Okhotsk Plate at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench and the Japan Trench, forms a convergent boundary by subducting under the Philippine Sea Plate creating the Mariana Trench, has a transform boundary with the Caroline Plate, and has a\nto have formed from the Pacific Plate sliding over a long-lived center of upwelling magma called the Louisville hotspot. Pacific-Antarctic Ridge The Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) is a divergent tectonic plate boundary located on the seafloor of the South Pacific Ocean, separating the Pacific Plate from the Antarctic Plate. It is regarded as the southern section of the East Pacific Rise in some usages, generally south of the Challenger Fracture Zone and stretching to the Macquarie Triple Junction south of New Zealand. Stretching for 4,300 km north-west from the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge to the Osbourn Seamount at Tonga and Kermadec Junction is\nEast Pacific Rise The East Pacific Rise is a mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. It runs south from the Gulf of California in the Salton Sea basin in southern California to a point near 55\u00b0 S, 130\u00b0 W where it joins the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge trending west-southwest towards Antarctica near New Zealand (though in some uses the PAR is regarded as the\nas lava, creating new crust upon cooling. A mid-ocean ridge demarcates the boundary between two tectonic plates, and consequently is termed a divergent plate boundary. Mid-ocean ridges are geologically active, with continuing volcanism and seismicity. New magma steadily emerges onto the ocean floor and intrudes into the ocean crust at and near rifts along the ridge axes. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt (known as MORB for mid-ocean ridge basalt) and below it (in the lower oceanic crust), gabbro. MORs are formed by two oceanic plates moving away from each other. Hydrothermal vents are a common feature at\nWhere does the coral sea meet the pacific ocean?"], "reference": [["South Pacific", "in the east"]]}
{"question_id": 498, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Twelve-tone technique The twelve-tone technique\u2014also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition\u2014is a method of musical composition devised by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874\u20131951) and associated with the \"Second Viennese School\" composers, who were the primary users of the technique in the first decades of its existence. The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of tone rows, orderings of the 12 pitch classes. All 12\nmusic need not be\u2014several pieces by Berg, for instance, have tonal elements. One of the best known twelve-note compositions is \"Variations for Orchestra\" by Arnold Schoenberg. \"Quiet\", in Leonard Bernstein's \"Candide\", satirizes the method by using it for a song about boredom, and Benjamin Britten used a twelve-tone row\u2014a \"tema seriale con fuga\"\u2014in his \"Cantata Academica: Carmen Basiliense\" (1959) as an emblem of academicism. Ten features of Schoenberg's mature twelve-tone practice are characteristic, interdependent, and interactive: Twelve-tone technique The twelve-tone technique\u2014also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition\u2014is a method of musical composition devised by Austrian\nnotes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a key. Over time, the technique increased greatly in popularity and eventually became widely influential on 20th-century composers. Many important composers who had originally not subscribed to or even actively opposed the technique, such as Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinsky, eventually adopted it in their music. Schoenberg himself described the system as a \"Method of composing with twelve tones which are related only with one another\". It is commonly considered a form of serialism. Schoenberg's countryman and contemporary Josef Matthias Hauer also developed a similar\nsystem using unordered hexachords or \"tropes\"\u2014but with no connection to Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique. Other composers have created systematic use of the chromatic scale, but Schoenberg's method is considered to be historically and aesthetically most significant. Invented by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg in 1921 and first described privately to his associates in 1923, the method was used during the next twenty years almost exclusively by the composers of the Second Viennese School\u2014Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Hanns Eisler and Schoenberg himself. The twelve tone technique was preceded by \"freely\" atonal pieces of 1908\u20131923 which, though \"free\", often have as an \"integrative element\nnotes making twelve five-note phrases. Schoenberg's idea in developing the technique was for it to \"replace those structural differentiations provided formerly by tonal harmonies\". As such, twelve-tone music is usually atonal, and treats each of the 12 semitones of the chromatic scale with equal importance, as opposed to earlier classical music which had treated some notes as more important than others (particularly the tonic and the dominant note). The technique became widely used by the fifties, taken up by composers such as Milton Babbitt, Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Luigi Dallapiccola, Ernst Krenek, Riccardo Malipiero, and, after Schoenberg's death, Igor Stravinsky.\nWho abandoned traditional harmony and created the twelve-tone system for composition?"], "reference": [["Arnold Schoenberg"]]}
{"question_id": 499, "category": "rag", "turns": ["He was hoping to surpass the record jointly held by his fellow county-man DJ Carey and former Kerry footballer Pat Spillane, whom he joined on nine awards in 2009. At the awards ceremony on 15 October 2010, Tipperary won six All Star awards, Brendan Cummins, Paul Curran, Brendan Maher, Noel McGrath, Lar Corbett and Eoin Kelly won awards, while Kilkenny won five awards, Jackie Tyrrell, Tommy Walsh, JJ Delaney, Michael Fennelly and Richie Power. Lar Corbett was named All Stars Hurler of the year while Brendan Maher collected the All Stars Young hurler of the year award. Tipperary's Lar Corbett\nall-time record-holders are Kilkenny, who have won the championship on 36 occasions. Limerick are the current champions. The All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final was listed in second place by CNN in its \"10 sporting events you have to see live\", after the Olympic Games. After covering the 1959 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final between Kilkenny and Waterford for BBC Television, English commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme was moved to describe hurling as his second favourite sport in the world after his first love, soccer. Following the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1884, new rules for Gaelic football and hurling were\nHe was only twenty years-old when he guided Cork to the All-Ireland title in 1966. He was followed by Mick Murphy, Tipperary's victorious captain of 1964 and S\u00e9amus Cleere, Kilkenny's captain of 1963. Jimmy Doyle, regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time and the All-Ireland winning captain of 1962 and 1965, was followed by Matt Hassett who guided Tipperary to the title in 1961. Frankie Walsh of Waterford, the last man to captain his county to a championship, followed before Tipperary's 1958 All-Ireland-winning captain Tony Wall took to the field. Kilkenny's 1957 captain, Mickey Kelly,\nWaterford in the Munster semi-final of the 1952 championship. The 16 game unbeaten streak, which included 15 wins and one draw, ended with a 1-11 to 2-6 loss to Cork in the subsequent Munster final. Just five players have ever been sent off in an All-Ireland final: Tom Ryan of Tipperary and Lar Foley of Dublin in the 1961 final, \u00c9amonn Scallan of Wexford in the 1996 final against Limerick (sent off in the 34th minute); Benny Dunne of Tipperary in the 2009 final and Cyril Donnellan of Galway in the 2012 final replay . This section represents in colour-coded\nare eliminated from the championship. The qualification procedures for the championship have changed several times throughout its history. Currently, qualification is limited to teams competing in the Leinster Championship, the Munster Championship and the two finalists in the Joe McDonagh Cup. Twelve teams currently participate in the All-Ireland Championship, with the most successful teams coming from the provinces of Leinster and Munster. Kilkenny, Cork and Tipperary are considered \"the big three\" of hurling. They have won 93 championships between them. The title has been won by 13 different teams, 10 of whom have won the title more than once. The\nWho has the most all ireland hurling medals?"], "reference": [["Henry Shefflin"]]}
{"question_id": 500, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Michael Clarke Duncan Michael Clarke Duncan (December 10, 1957September 3, 2012) was an American actor, best known for his breakout role as John Coffey in \"The Green Mile\" (1999), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and various similar honors. He also appeared in motion pictures such as \"Armageddon\" (1998), \"The Whole Nine Yards\" (2000), \"The Scorpion King\" (2002), \"Daredevil\" (2003) and \"\" (2006). His voice can be heard in films such as \"Brother Bear\" (2003), \"Kung Fu Panda\" (2008) and \"Green Lantern\" (2011). Duncan was born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in a\nAwards 2000 Motion Picture Sound Editors (Golden Reel Awards) 2000 People's Choice Awards 2001 Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (Nebula Award) 2000 Screen Actors Guild Awards 4th Golden Satellite Awards The Green Mile (film) The Green Mile is a 1999 American fantasy crime drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and adapted from Stephen King\u2019s 1996 novel of the same name. The film stars Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey, with supporting roles by David Morse, Bonnie Hunt, and James Cromwell. The film also features Dabbs Greer in his final film,\nThe Green Mile (film) The Green Mile is a 1999 American fantasy crime drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and adapted from Stephen King\u2019s 1996 novel of the same name. The film stars Tom Hanks as Paul Edgecomb and Michael Clarke Duncan as John Coffey, with supporting roles by David Morse, Bonnie Hunt, and James Cromwell. The film also features Dabbs Greer in his final film, as the older Paul Edgecomb. The film, told in a flashback format, tells the story of Paul's life as a death row corrections officer during the U.S. Great Depression, and the supernatural\non 132 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The critical consensus states \"Though \"The Green Mile\" is long, critics say it's an absorbing, emotionally powerful experience.\" The film also has a score of 61 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 36 critics indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Roger Ebert gave the film 3 and a half stars out of 4, writing \"The film is a shade over three hours long. I appreciated the extra time, which allows us to feel the passage of prison months and years.\" \"Forbes\" commentator Dawn Mendez referred to the character of John Coffey as\nand will also outlive Elaine. Paul later attends her funeral and muses that if John's power could make a normally short-lived mouse live for six decades as Mr. Jingles has, how much longer does he himself have left. The Detterick family, which John Coffey was wrongly convicted of victimizing, is played by William Sadler and Paula Malcomson as the parents, with young sisters Evanne and Bailey Drucker playing their murdered daughters. Darabont adapted the novel into a screenplay in under eight weeks. The film was shot at Warner Hollywood Studios, West Hollywood, California, and on location in Shelbyville, Tennessee and\nWho played john coffey in the movie the green mile?"], "reference": [["Michael Clarke Duncan"]]}
{"question_id": 501, "category": "rag", "turns": ["pit worked from No.4 shaft were unharmed. It was in 1891 that the band signed its first professional conductor, Mr William Rimmer from Southport. Mr Rimmer was one of the all-time 'giants' of the British band movement. By the turn of the century he had transformed Wingates into an outfit amongst the finest in the land. In 1906 the band achieved the 'double' of British Open and British national Champions. This was repeated in 1907, a feat known as the 'double double' which has only once been emulated since then in the 1970s by the world famous Black Dyke Mills\ntimpani and trumpets or bugles were, from the middle of the 15th century, employed to motivate mounted troops in battle as well as on parade. In the early 19th century, the natural horn came into being as a signalling instrument for the light infantry in France, Germany and the Netherlands. The modern fanfare band first appeared during the 19th century, especially in Germany and France, but it is in Belgium where the first modern band was formed. Founded in 1806 at Izegem and currently known as the Koninklijke Stadsfanfaren Izegem (www.ksfi.be), it is the oldest and still performing Fanfare Band\nmusical instruments being played at the same time date from the 13th century, and were the pipe and tabor. The pipe was a simple three-holed flute that could be played with one hand; the tabor is more commonly known today as a snare drum. This type of playing can still be heard in parts of rural France, in England and Spain. An Elizabethan-era woodcut shows a clown playing the pipe and tabor. An 1820s watercolour painting shows a one-man band with a rhythm-making stick, panpipes around his neck and a bass drum and tambourine beside him. Henry Mayhew's history of\nstyle popular during the early 18th century. Score notations are rare because only a few professional \"Stadtpfeiffer\" or alta cappella musicians were available. Handel, for instance, had to import trombones to England from a Royal court in Hanover, Germany, to perform one of his larger compositions. Therefore, trombone parts were rather seldom given \"solo\" roles that were not interchangeable with other instruments. Christoph Willibald Gluck was the first major composer to use the trombone in an opera overture, \"Alceste \"(1767), but he also used it in operas such as \"Orfeo ed Euridice\", \"Iphig\u00e9nie en Tauride \"(1779) and \"Echo et Narcisse\".\n2\" | f c' | bes aes4 g | f ees c2 | bes } \u00bb } </score> The finale of the march features both melodies layered on top of one another in a musical technique called \"simultaneous recapitulation\": nearly all the brass playing the second melody in a majestic march style, with the woodwinds playing the first melody and variations of it. The last few bars are very powerful (marked ) and have one of the most famous trombone solis in the band repertoire. The original manuscript, completed in 1909, is housed at the British Library in London. The\nWho performed the first c section in 1794?"], "reference": [["Dr. Jesse Bennett"]]}
{"question_id": 502, "category": "rag", "turns": ["adapted into comic book form as part of the \"Classics Illustrated\" series. All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front () is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front. The novel was first published in November and December 1928 in the German newspaper \"Vossische Zeitung\" and in book form in late January 1929. The book and its sequel,\nAll Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front () is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental stress during the war, and the detachment from civilian life felt by many of these soldiers upon returning home from the front. The novel was first published in November and December 1928 in the German newspaper \"Vossische Zeitung\" and in book form in late January 1929. The book and its sequel, \"The Road Back\" (1930), were among the books banned and burned in\nengage in frequent battles and endure the treacherous and filthy conditions of trench warfare. At the beginning of the book, Remarque writes, \"This book is to be neither an accusation nor a confession, and least of all an adventure, for death is not an adventure to those who stand face to face with it. It will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped (its) shells, were destroyed by the war.\" The book does not focus on heroic stories of bravery, but rather gives a view of the conditions in which the\nstates a simple phrase: \"All quiet on the Western Front.\" Paul's corpse displays a calm expression on its face, \"as though almost glad the end had come.\" One of the major themes of the novel is the difficulty of soldiers to revert to civilian life after having experienced extreme combat situations. Remarque comments in the preface that \"[This book] will try simply to tell of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war.\" This internal destruction can be found as early as the first chapter as Paul comments that, although\nwhile home on furlough. Most of the filming took place in Czechoslovakia. Paul Baumer, during World War I, enlists in the German army with many of his high school friends, after being indoctrinated by their teacher (Donald Pleasence) as to the glory and superiority of German culture. After surviving training camp under the brutal Corporal Himmelstoss (Ian Holm), the young men board a troop train bound for the front lines. Ominously, at the same moment, they notice another train arriving in town loaded with returning wounded soldiers, who are carried off on stretchers. Once at the front lines, they are\nFrom whose perspective is the story of all quiet on the western front told?"], "reference": [["Paul Baumer"]]}
{"question_id": 503, "category": "rag", "turns": ["EU Member states: Currencies of the European Union There are eleven currencies of the European Union used officially by member states. The euro accounts for the majority of the member states with the remainder operating independent monetary policies. Those European Union states that have adopted it are known as the eurozone and share the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB and the national central banks of all EU countries, including those who operate an independent currency, are part of the European System of Central Banks. The euro is the result of the European Union's project for economic and monetary union\nCurrencies of the European Union There are eleven currencies of the European Union used officially by member states. The euro accounts for the majority of the member states with the remainder operating independent monetary policies. Those European Union states that have adopted it are known as the eurozone and share the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB and the national central banks of all EU countries, including those who operate an independent currency, are part of the European System of Central Banks. The euro is the result of the European Union's project for economic and monetary union which came fully\nopportunity for foreign diversification without reliance on the currency of a single country. The ECU was conceived on 13 March 1979 as an internal accounting unit. It had the ISO 4217 currency code XEU. On 1 January 1999, the euro (with the code EUR and symbol \u20ac) replaced the ECU, at the value \u20ac1 = 1 ECU. Unlike the ECU, the euro is a real currency, although not all member states participate (for details on euro membership see Eurozone). Two of the countries in the ECU basket of currencies, UK and Denmark, did not join the eurozone, and a third,\ninto being on 1 January 2002 and it is now the currency used by the majority of European Union's member states, with all but two bound to adopt it. It is the currency used by the institutions of the European Union and in the failed European Constitution it was to be included with the symbols of Europe as the formal currency of the European Union. The euro is also widely used by other states outside the EU. Except for the two states with opt outs, all current and future members of the EU are obliged to adopt the Euro as\nEuro The euro (sign: \u20ac; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of member states of the European Union, as well as some of the territories of the EU. This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area. It is the second largest and second most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar. The euro is subdivided into 100 cents. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and its territories, four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used\nWhat is the name given to the common currency to the european union?"], "reference": [["euro", "The euro"]]}
{"question_id": 504, "category": "rag", "turns": ["in Mission, British Columbia. Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn, New York during the first week of August 2009. Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009. Christophe Beck composed the score. Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind. \"I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles, sort of the perfect cast for these roles, because hopefully, God willing, we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their\nto the book. In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver. Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville, Tennessee, that has a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens. The Lotus Casino sequence was filmed at The Westin Bayshore Hotel in Vancouver in June 2009, and additional scenes of Percy, Grover and Annabeth driving to and from the casino were shot on the Las Vegas Strip and in front of the Fremont Street Experience. Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25, 2009,\n\"the reality of the tale\", claiming that \"monsters in the St. Louis Arch\" and \"the entrance to Olympus in New York\" were unimaginable, despite Riordan's explanations of why he chose these certain locations. However, studies show that overall, readers appreciated the mundane language, witty tone and aesthetic plot of the novels, as well as how it introduced Greek mythology to them. These films have been made from the books: Chris Columbus directed and produced \"Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief\" for 20th Century Fox through 1492 Pictures. The film was released in 2010 in the United States, Canada\nFebruary 12, 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox. The film cost $95 million to make. In its opening weekend in North America, it ranked number two at the box office, making $38.8 million. Though it received mixed reviews from critics, the film grossed $226.4 million worldwide. The film was released on June 29, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray. A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11, 2010. A sequel, \"\", was released on August 7, 2013. In New York City, Zeus and Poseidon meet at the top\nthe movie will film between April 26, 2012 - July 11, 2012 with scenes being filmed in Vancouver, B.C. and New Orleans, Louisiana. Filming wrapped up in July 2012, but then started again in January 2013 for reshoots. Filming was officially wrapped up on January 20, 2013. In June 2004, 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book. In April 2007, director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project. Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver. The film was released on February 12, 2010 and was met with mixed reviews upon release and was a commercial success\nWhere was percy jackson and the olympians filmed?"], "reference": [["Vancouver", "Mission , British Columbia"]]}
{"question_id": 505, "category": "rag", "turns": ["period of time between two players hitting for the cycle was 5 years, 1 month, and 10 days, a drought lasting from Bill Joyce cycle in 1896 to Harry Davis in 1901. One player has hit for the cycle twice against the same team in one season, Christian Yelich against the Cincinnati Reds in 2018. The natural cycle, in which the hits come in order from fewest to most total bases (single, double, triple, home run), has been accomplished 14 times in MLB history: The natural cycle has been accomplished in reverse (home run, triple, double, single)\u2014also known as an\nthe only player to accomplish this until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa matched his feat in 1999 and 2001, respectively, thus becoming the only players to achieve four consecutive 50 home run seasons. Barry Bonds hit the most home runs to join the club, collecting 73 in 2001. The most recent players to reach the milestone are Giancarlo Stanton and Aaron Judge, achieving the feat during the 2017 season. In total, 29 players have reached the 50 home run club in MLB history and nine have done so more than once. Of these, seventeen were right-handed batters, eleven were left-handed,\n(MVP) Award in the same year as their 50 home run season. Mantle is the only player to have earned the Major League Triple Crown alongside achieving 50 home runs, leading both leagues in batting average, home runs and runs batted in (RBI). Mantle and Maris\u2014collectively known as the M&M Boys\u2014are the only teammates to reach the 50 home run club in the same season, hitting a combined 115 home runs in 1961 and breaking the single-season record for home runs by a pair of teammates. Albert Belle is the only player to amass 50 or more doubles in addition\nseason to tie Mike Schmidt for the Phillies single-season record. On August 31, Howard hit a home run into the upper deck of RFK Stadium to surpass Schmidt as the Phillies' single-season home run record holder. On September 3, Howard went 4-for-4 with three home runs and a double in an 8\u20137 win over the Atlanta Braves, to become the first Philadelphia Phillies batter and the 24th player in Major League history to hit 50 home runs in a season. Howard became the first player to reach 50 home runs in a season since Andruw Jones, who hit 51 home\nleader, who did it in his 831st game. On September 16, Braun hit his 200th career home run in his 867th game, against the New York Mets, faster than all but four active players in the Majors (Ryan Howard, Albert Pujols, Adam Dunn, and Alex Rodriguez). In his following at bat, Braun hit another home run, his 40th of the year, the first time he had reached the 40-home-run mark. In 2012, Braun led the National League in home runs (41), runs scored (108), total bases (356), and power-speed number (34.6), and led the league in OPS (.987) and extra-base\nMost home runs by 2 teammates in a season?"], "reference": [["115", "Roger Maris", "Mickey Mantle", "a combined 115 home runs"]]}
{"question_id": 506, "category": "rag", "turns": ["I Ain't Mad at Cha \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\" is a song by rapper 2Pac released shortly after his death as the sixth single from his album \"All Eyez on Me\". It was also his last single using the stage name 2Pac. The song features contemporary soul singer Danny Boy who provided the vocals for the song's hook. The song did well in the United Kingdom, reaching the number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on the UK R&B Charts peaking at number 3. It was not released as a single in the United States, thus making it\nEric Holder referenced the song in December 2014, when protestors interrupted him while he was giving a speech in Atlanta, Georgia at Ebenezer Baptist Church. In response, Holder stated to the protestors, \"I\u2019m not mad at cha\". I Ain't Mad at Cha \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\" is a song by rapper 2Pac released shortly after his death as the sixth single from his album \"All Eyez on Me\". It was also his last single using the stage name 2Pac. The song features contemporary soul singer Danny Boy who provided the vocals for the song's hook. The song did well\nineligible to chart on the \"Billboard\" singles charts (due to chart rules at the time), but reached numbers 18 and 58 in the R&B and Pop Airplay charts, respectively. It also reached number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart. The track was produced by Dat Nigga Daz (who now goes by Daz Dillinger) and samples the song \"A Dream\" by DeBarge. The song was recorded the same day 2Pac was released from prison, and was the second song he recorded when he came out (\"Ambitionz Az a Ridah\" being the first). The single was released two days after 2Pac's\ndeath. As so, by the time this single was released, 2Pac had already finished recording his next album, \"\". It has been labeled by many one of the best songs on \"All Eyez on Me\" and one of the greatest in 2Pac's career. The song also appeared on 2Pac's \"Greatest Hits\" album. Another song on the CD single proved to be popular among fans. \"Heartz of Men\" appeared on 4 of 2Pac's albums, compared to 3 for \"I Ain't Mad at Cha\". These include: \"All Eyez on Me\", \"2Pac Live\", \"2Pac's Greatest Hits\", remixed version on \"Nu-Mixx Klazzics\", as well\nSedaka and Howard Greenfield). In fact, the whole song is fairly reminiscent of that previous Sedaka hit, though 'I Can't Stay Mad at You' is, to its credit, a little brighter and more exuberant.\" The song features a string section featuring violins being played in a high register. In August of 1963, \"I Can't Stay Mad at You\" was officially released as a single by RCA Victor, with the b-side being \"It Was Only a Heart\". As a country music artist, the song became Davis' twelfth top-twenty hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles, peaking at number fourteen. The record\nWhen did i ai n 't mad at cha come out?"], "reference": [["September 15 , 1996"]]}
{"question_id": 507, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". He is Ebenezer Scrooge\u2019s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was \"...a chance and hope of my procuring.\" In \"A Christmas\nwasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby. Jacob Marley Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella \"A Christmas Carol\". He is Ebenezer Scrooge\u2019s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him\nChristmas Carol\" opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing miser, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation from his nephew Fred\u2014the son of Fan, Scrooge's dead sister. He turns away two men who seek a donation from him to provide food and heating for the poor, and only grudgingly allows his overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day off with pay to conform to the social custom. That night Scrooge is visited at home by Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined by\nis stronger than his affection for her. In a final tragic moment, Marley himself suddenly falls ill in their counting house on Christmas Eve, dying in Scrooge's arms. At the stroke of Two, the Ghost of Christmas Present--who resembles the barker selling tickets--haunts Scrooge and shows him how others keep the spirit of the season (\"Abundance and Charity\"). He first transports him to a joyous Christmas pageant, where dancers and singers describe the pleasures found in the Yuletide; the lessons seem to be affecting Scrooge, as he joins in the pageant and gives young Grace Smythe (who is in the\nScrooge receives a ghostly visit from his long deceased partner Jacob Marley, who had died exactly seven years before on that same day. In his life, Jacob Marley had been just as selfish and uncaring as Scrooge was now. He tells Ebenezer about how his soul has not had a moment's rest since his death and how his spirit has been doomed to wander the earth looking down at what might have been, had he been a different man. He tells Scrooge that he wants to spare him that same fate, and that on that night, he will receive the\nWhen did marley die in a christmas carol?"], "reference": [["December 24 , 1836"]]}
{"question_id": 508, "category": "rag", "turns": ["team won five championships in a nine-year span, and contained Hall of Famers Johnson, Abdul-Jabbar, and James Worthy, and was led by Hall of Fame coach Pat Riley. After Abdul-Jabbar and Johnson retired, the team struggled in the early 1990s, before acquiring Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant in 1996. With the duo, who were led by another Hall of Fame coach in Phil Jackson, the team won three consecutive titles between 2000 to 2002, securing the franchise its second \"three-peat\". The Lakers won two more championships in 2009 and 2010, but failed to regain their former glory in the following\nthe NHL's Los Angeles Kings, the Forum, and some real estate to Jerry Buss for $67 million. Cooke was forced to sell the team as he was undergoing a costly divorce. Buss was a local chemical engineer and former University of Southern California professor who had become wealthy in real estate. Philip Anschutz bought a stake in the team in 1998, and until October 2010 Magic Johnson was a minority owner as well. Buss started the trend of allowing sponsors to add their name to team's stadiums when he renamed the Forum the Great Western Forum in 1988. In 2009\nII national championship in 2002 and their second in 2003. The team added a third national championship in 2005, finishing the season 13\u20130 and tying the NCAA record for most wins over a four-year period with 51. They earned their fourth title in 2006, defeating Northwest Missouri State University. In the 2007 season, GVSU broke the Division II record for most consecutive wins with 40. The previous record of 34 was set by Hillsdale College and had stood since 1957. On December 8, 2007, the streak was broken by their post season rival Northwest Missouri State University with a 34\u201316\nLos Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member of the league's Western Conference in the Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships, the second-most behind\ncoached and wins. Two of those championships during that span were against their arch-rivals, the Boston Celtics. With the team of Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant and Hall of Fame coach Phil Jackson, the Lakers played in four of the first five NBA Finals of the 21st century; winning three consecutively from 2000 to 2002, and losing the fourth in 2004. The Lakers would then conclude the decade with three straight Finals appearances; losing to the Boston Celtics in 2008 but then prevailing with back-to-back championships against the Orlando Magic in 2009 and the Boston Celtics in 2010. The 2010 championship\nWhen was the last time the los angeles lakers won a championship?"], "reference": [["in 2010", "2010"]]}
{"question_id": 509, "category": "rag", "turns": ["after winning the WGC Matchplay in March 2016. On February 19, 2017, Dustin Johnson became the 20th player to reach number one in the rankings following his victory at the Genesis Open. He would remain number one for over a year before being overtaken in May 2018 by Justin Thomas, who had won the PGA championship and four other events in 2017. Johnson regained top spot but was overtaken again in September 2018 by Justin Rose, who had finished second at the Open and again in two FedEx Cup playoff events. Rose became the 22nd player to reach number one,\nperiod (but never on average points per event); in 1997 Els was top of a similar \"total points\" list. Those were the last occasions on which a player led on \"total\" points but not average points until 2016, when Dustin Johnson similarly had more points in total than the world number one Jason Day. Woods then finished 1998 narrowly ahead of Mark O'Meara even though the latter won two major titles that year while Woods won just once on the PGA Tour. In March 1999, David Duval became world No. 1 after winning The Players Championship, his sixth victory in\nwill be guaranteed at least one player and the host nation will be guaranteed one player. These are the top 10 ranked golfers and their average ranking points as of December 16, 2018, which is the end of week 50. Since the major revision of the rating method in September 2001, the highest points average as well as the largest lead in points average were set by Tiger Woods on September 16, 2007. After winning the BMW Championship and The Tour Championship in consecutive weeks, he had an average of 24.36 and a lead of 14.73 points over Phil Mickelson.\nTiger Woods holds the record for most weeks in the World Top 10, with 860. He is followed by Ernie Els (788 weeks) and Phil Mickelson (774 weeks). Woods had a record run of 736 consecutive weeks in the top-10 from April 13, 1997 to May 15, 2011 and then had a further run of 124 consecutive weeks in the top-10 from March 25, 2012 to August 3, 2014. The first official ranking list was published prior to the Masters in April 1986, with Bernhard Langer the first world No. 1 ranked player, ahead of Seve Ballesteros, who had topped\nnear misses including three runner-up finishes. He has represented Europe in ten Ryder Cups. In October 2010, Westwood became the World number one golfer, ending the reign of Tiger Woods, and becoming the first British golfer since Nick Faldo in 1994 to hold that position. He held the number one position for a total of 22 weeks. Born in Worksop, Nottinghamshire, Westwood began to play golf aged 13 with a half set bought by grandparents. His father John, a mathematics teacher, took up the game at the same time to encourage his son. A talented sportsman at school, Lee played\nWho is the number one ranked golfer in the world right now?"], "reference": [["Dustin Johnson"]]}
{"question_id": 510, "category": "rag", "turns": ["David McCallum David Keith McCallum, Jr. (born 19 September 1933) is a Scottish-American actor and musician. He first gained recognition in the 1960s for playing secret agent Illya Kuryakin in the television series \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\". In recent years, McCallum has gained renewed international recognition and popularity for his role as NCIS medical examiner Dr. Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard in the American television series \"NCIS\". McCallum was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, the second of two sons of Dorothy Dorman, a cellist, and orchestral violinist David McCallum Sr. When he was three, his family moved to London for his father to\neras for mankind. Since 2003 McCallum has starred in the CBS television series \"NCIS\" as Dr. Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, the team's chief medical examiner and one of the show's most popular characters. In Season 2 Episode 13 \"The Meat Puzzle\", NCIS Special Agent Caitlin Todd (Sasha Alexander) asked Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon), \"What did Ducky look like when he was younger?\" Gibbs replies, \"Illya Kuryakin\". According to the behind-the-scenes feature on the 2006 DVD of NCIS season 1, McCallum became an expert in forensics to play Mallard, including appearing at medical examiner conventions. In the feature, Donald\nDavid Duchovny David William Duchovny (born August 7, 1960) is an American actor, writer, producer, director, novelist, and singer-songwriter. He is known for playing FBI agent Fox Mulder on the television series \"The X-Files\" and writer Hank Moody on the television series \"Californication\", both of which have earned him Golden Globe awards. Duchovny appeared in both \"X-Files\" films, the 1998 science fiction-thriller of the same name and the supernatural-thriller \"\" (2008). He executive-produced and starred in the historically based cop drama \"Aquarius\" (2015\u201316). Duchovny earned a A.B. in English literature from Princeton University, and an M.A. in English literature from\nBlair Redford David Blair Redford (born July 27, 1983) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles such as Scotty Grainger on \"The Young and the Restless\", Miguel Lopez-Fitzgerald on \"Passions\", Ethan Whitehorse on \"The Lying Game\", Tyler \"Ty\" Mendoza on \"Switched at Birth\" and Simon Waverly on \"Satisfaction\" and Thunderbird on \"The Gifted.\" Redford grew up in the suburb of Canton, Georgia and attended Sequoyah High School. He is of Irish, French, German, and Native American descent. He worked for several summers in Georgia's Renaissance Festival performing and doing stunts, creating a pirate character named \"Rusty\nPino has been married to his wife, Lilly, since 2002. They have two sons, Luca Daniel, born on February 15, 2006, and Julian Franco, born on June 5, 2007. Pino has won two awards so far and has been nominated for five, all from his work on \"Cold Case\" and \"\". Danny Pino Daniel Gonzalo Pino (born April 15, 1974) is an American actor who starred as Detective Scotty Valens on the CBS series \"Cold Case\" from 2003 to 2010, and as NYPD Detective Nick Amaro in the long-running NBC legal drama \"\" from 2011 to 2015. In 2002, he\nWho is the actor that plays ducky on ncis?"], "reference": [["David McCallum"]]}
{"question_id": 511, "category": "rag", "turns": ["1984 United States presidential election The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1984. Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale, the Democratic candidate. Reagan faced only token opposition in his bid for re-nomination by the Republicans, and he and Vice President George H.W. Bush were easily re-nominated. Mondale defeated Senator Gary Hart and several other candidates in the 1984 Democratic primaries. Mondale chose Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro of New York as his running mate, making Ferraro the first woman to serve on either major party's\nvotes): Margin of victory less than 5% (17 electoral votes): Margin of victory more than 5%, but less than 10% (90 electoral votes): Source: CBS News and \"The New York Times\" exit poll from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research () 1984 United States presidential election The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1984. Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan defeated former Vice President Walter Mondale, the Democratic candidate. Reagan faced only token opposition in his bid for re-nomination by the Republicans, and he and Vice President George\nWalter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign The 1984 presidential campaign of Walter Mondale, a former Minnesota senator and Vice President of the United States, began on February 21, 1983, when Mondale announced that he was running for president in a speech at the Minnesota State Capitol. Mondale won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination after convincing Frank Lautenberg, a previously unpledged party delegate, to support him. Lautenberg's vote gave Mondale the 1,967 delegate votes needed to become the Democratic Party's nominee. Mondale lost the general election, held on November 6, 1984, to incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan in a landslide. A former\n1984 United States presidential election in Virginia The 1984 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 6, 1984. All fifty states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1984 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose twelve electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States. Virginia was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota. Reagan ran for a second time with incumbent Vice President and former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of\n1984 United States presidential election in Missouri The 1984 United States presidential election in Missouri took place on November 6, 1984. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1984 United States presidential election. Missouri voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president of the United States. Missouri was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California, who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota. Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas, and Mondale ran\nWho was running as vice president in 1984?"], "reference": [["Vice President George H.W. Bush", "Congresswoman Ferraro", "George H.W. Bush", "Ferraro"]]}
{"question_id": 512, "category": "rag", "turns": ["arranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen, and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which lies closest to the calvaria (skullcap), and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain. It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a\nMeninges The meninges (, \"singular:\" meninx ( or ), from , \"adjectival:\" meningeal ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system. The dura mater () (also rarely called \"meninx fibrosa\" or \"pachymeninx\") is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull and vertebrae. The dura mater, the outermost part, is a loosely\nthe same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale. Mammals (as higher vertebrates) retain the dura mater, and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater. Meninges The meninges (, \"singular:\" meninx ( or ), from , \"adjectival:\" meningeal ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia\nsac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart. The dura has four areas of infolding: The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater, so named because of its spider web-like appearance. It cushions the central nervous system. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia mater, is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid. The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a\nloosely fitting sac. In particular, in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater. The arachnoid is composed of an outermost portion (arachnoid barrier cell layer) with tightly packed cells and no extracellular collagen; that is why it is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura. The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its\nWhich layer of the meninges is connected to the brain?"], "reference": [["The pia mater", "pia mater"]]}
{"question_id": 513, "category": "rag", "turns": ["the series is shot in Belgium, several local actors are featured: Veerle Baetens, Jurgen Delnaet, Joren Seldeslachts, Elsa Houben, Ben Forceville and Ben Van den Heuvel all appear in the series. Rebecca Ferguson who portrays Elizabeth Woodville, the White Queen, is from Sweden (her mother is originally from England). The budget was \u00a325 million and took 120 days to shoot, consisting of 250 sets including: dungeons, palaces, castles, 12 state banquets and at least two coronations. Two versions were made, one for the BBC and a more sexually explicit version for the U.S. A companion two-part documentary series, \"The Real\nof ITV's period police drama series, \"Heartbeat\", featuring characters from \"Heartbeat\" during the first three series, before becoming its own entity. The show itself was shot within Whitby, Scarborough, City of Bradford and the North Riding of Yorkshire, and stars of \"The Royal\" included Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws, and Amy Robbins. The show itself generated its own spin-off, entitled \"The Royal Today\", which used the same settings but in the present day. The setting of \"The Royal\" was first introduced as part of the story for the 14th episode of the 12th series of \"Heartbeat\" entitled 'Out of\n1. Ratings for these episodes fell below the Top 30 most-viewed programmes; BARB does not publicly release these figures. The Palace The Palace is a British drama television series that aired on ITV in 2008. Produced by Company Pictures for the ITV network, it was created by Tom Grieves and follows a fictional British Royal Family in the aftermath of the death of King James III and the succession of his 24-year-old son, King Richard IV, played by Rupert Evans. It also stars Jane Asher and Zoe Telford. The series was filmed on location in Lithuania in 2007 and broadcast\nThe Palace The Palace is a British drama television series that aired on ITV in 2008. Produced by Company Pictures for the ITV network, it was created by Tom Grieves and follows a fictional British Royal Family in the aftermath of the death of King James III and the succession of his 24-year-old son, King Richard IV, played by Rupert Evans. It also stars Jane Asher and Zoe Telford. The series was filmed on location in Lithuania in 2007 and broadcast from 14 January to 3 March 2008. It was cancelled after one series due to low viewing figures. On\nHelena Bonham Carter and Ben Daniels taking up the main roles. An estimated 25% of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with the remainder filmed on location, altogether taking 152 days. Sets for private quarters, the interior of a private jet, the cabinet room, and the exterior of 10 Downing Street, were built at Elstree Studios, while Lancaster House, Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace. Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya. Additional locations in the UK included Eltham Palace, the\nWhere did they film the royal tv series?"], "reference": [["the North Riding of Yorkshire", "City of Bradford", "Scarborough", "Whitby"]]}
{"question_id": 514, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Traveling Wilburys The Traveling Wilburys (sometimes shortened to the Wilburys) were a British\u2013American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty. Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison's 1987 album \"Cloud Nine\", the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison's next European single. When this collaboration, \"Handle with Care\", was deemed too good for such a limited release, the group agreed to record a full album, titled \"Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1\". Following Orbison's death in December 1988,\nOver Again\" contained a greeting that read \"Merry Christmas from Nelson and Pee Wee Wilbury.\" Traveling Wilburys The Traveling Wilburys (sometimes shortened to the Wilburys) were a British\u2013American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty. Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison's 1987 album \"Cloud Nine\", the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison's next European single. When this collaboration, \"Handle with Care\", was deemed too good for such a limited release, the group agreed to\na limited edition fine-bound book titled \"The Traveling Wilburys\". Compiled by Olivia Harrison, the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches, and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne. Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010. In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: \"The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of. They were the best\nTraveling Wilburys Vol. 1 The Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 is the debut studio album by the British-American supergroup Traveling Wilburys, comprising George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty. It was released in October 1988 to commercial success and critical acclaim. Although Harrison had long planned to start such a band, the project came about through happenstance. Harrison was in Los Angeles and in need of a B-side for a single from his \"Cloud Nine\" album, which resulted in the participants collaborating informally on the song \"Handle with Care\" at Dylan's home. Adopting alter egos as the\nCharlotte Dean Charlotte Dean is a writer, illustrator, and visual artist known for writing and co-directing the show \"Charlotte's Shorts\", along with Emmy award writer, director, and producer Tracy Newman. Dean was born on September 29, 1982, in Los Angeles, California. to Tracy Newman and James F. Dean, an actor, photographer, and graphic designer. She is also niece of Laraine Newman American comedian, actress, voice artist, writer, and original \"SNL\" cast member. She grew up surrounded by the performing arts, spending much of her time as a child at the improvisational and sketch comedy troupe and school The Groundlings seeing\nWho are the artists in the traveling wilburys?"], "reference": [["Jeff Lynne", "Tom Petty", "Roy Orbison", "Bob Dylan", "George Harrison"]]}
{"question_id": 515, "category": "rag", "turns": ["player actions and enemy movements); combat music included waterphones and spring drums. In August 2013 an artist mentioned that Monolith Productions was working on a AAA title separate from \"Guardians of Middle-earth\", and on November 12 its title was announced. Although the game was originally scheduled for release on October 7, 2014, according to Warner Bros. its release was moved up to September 30 in North America and October 3 in the United Kingdom due to \"fans' excitement\". The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released on November 18 in North America and November 21 in Europe. On December\ncore gameplay mechanics, story and narrative are unchanged in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports, some features (such as the Nemesis system) are less complex than the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions. According to the game's developer, the Nemesis system was too large for older consoles. The music for \"Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor\" was composed by Garry Schyman and Nathan Grigg, and a soundtrack album was released digitally by WaterTower Music on September 30, 2014. In designing the game's music, the team used a number of sonic tools which synchronize with other aspects of the game (such as\nof that year, Warner Bros. Interactive announced that the release would be put off for two months, until October 10, 2017, to make sure the game meets \"the highest quality experience\" for players. Despite this delay, the mobile companion versions of \"Shadow of War\" were released on September 28, 2017, ahead of the console/PC versions. \"Middle-earth: Shadow of War\" received \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic. \"IGN\" gave a positive review stating that the game was \"bigger and more ambitious in scope than \"Shadow of Mordor\", with great results\" especially praising the nemesis system, the battles\nMiddle-earth: Shadow of Mordor Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor is an open world action role-playing video game developed by Monolith Productions and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in September 2014 and PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November 2014. An original non-canon story set in the legendarium created by J. R. R. Tolkien, the game takes place between the events of \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\". The player controls Talion, a Ranger who bonds with the wraith of the Elf Lord Celebrimbor, as the two\nedition with DLC was announced on April 29, 2015 and released on May 5 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A special edition, with in-game items and a steelbook, was introduced on August 1. The review aggregator website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version a score of 84 out of 100 (based on 17 reviews), the PlayStation 4 version scored 84 out of 100 (based on 85 reviews), and the Xbox One version scored 87 out of 100 (based on 12 reviews). The game's core feature, its Nemesis system, was praised. According to Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar, the\nWhen does middle-earth shadow of mordor come out?"], "reference": [["September 2014"]]}
{"question_id": 516, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Economic history of New Zealand The economic history of New Zealand dates to before European colonisation of the country. By the 20th century, it had become one of the most globalized economies in the world, relying heavily on international trade with developed countries including Australia, Canada, China, European Union, the United States, Japan, and South Korea. It is a mixed economy that functions on free-market principles and has a sizable manufacturing and service sector and an efficient agricultural sector. New Zealand has the 54th largest export economy in the world measured by nominal gross domestic product. In 2016, New Zealand\nthe main cities, particularly Auckland where recent immigration groups have settled. A relatively small proportion of New Zealand's land is arable (1.76%), and permanent crops cover 0.27% of the land. of the land is irrigated. As the world's largest exporter of sheep, New Zealand's agricultural industry focuses primarily on pastoral farming, particularly dairy and beef, as well as lambs. Dairy, specifically, is their top export. In addition to pastoral farming, fisherman harvest mussels, oysters and salmon, and horticulture farmers grow kiwifruit, as well as peaches, nectarines, etc. New Zealand's distance from world markets and spatial variation in rainfall, elevation and\nEconomy of New Zealand The economy of New Zealand is the 53rd-largest national economy in the world when measured by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and the 68th-largest in the world when measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). New Zealand has one of the most globalised economies and depends greatly on international trade \u2013 mainly with Australia, the European Union, the United States, China, South Korea, Japan and Canada. New Zealand's Closer Economic Relations agreement with Australia means that the economy aligns closely with that of Australia. New Zealand's diverse market economy has a sizable service sector, accounting for 63%\nAgriculture in New Zealand In New Zealand, agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy, contributing about two-thirds of exported goods in 2006\u20137. For the year ended March 2002, agricultural exports were valued at over $14.8 billion. New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies, tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s. However, as of 2017, the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture. Pastoral farming is the major land use but there are increases\nlargest proportion from any developed nation. In recent decades, however, a \"brain gain\" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries. Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of innovation. New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade, particularly in agricultural products. Exports account for 24% of its output, making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%). Its major export partners are Australia, United States, Japan, China, and the\nMost of new zealands land supports which economic activity?"], "reference": [["agriculture", "Pastoral farming"]]}
{"question_id": 517, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Union (American Civil War) During the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), the Union, also known as the North, referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government of President Abraham Lincoln and the 20 free states, as well as 4 border and slave states (some with split governments and troops sent both north and south) that supported it. The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states (or 13, according to the Southern view and one western territory) that formed the Confederate States of America, also known as \"the Confederacy\" or \"the South\". All of the Union's\nAmerican Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate\nand failed, to remain neutral. Each side had its relative strengths and weaknesses. The North had a larger population and a far larger industrial base and transportation system. It would be a defensive war for the South and an offensive one for the North, and the South could count on its huge geography, and an unhealthy climate, to prevent an invasion. In order for the North to emerge victorious, it would have to conquer and occupy the Confederate States of America. The South, on the other hand, only had to keep the North at bay until the Northern public lost\nHe also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator, and could continue to fight the war only as long as the American public supported a\nbattle began the American Civil War, as an overwhelming demand for war swept both the North and South, with only Kentucky attempting to remain neutral. According to Adam Goodheart (2011), the modern meaning of the American flag was also forged in the defense of Fort Sumter. Thereafter, the flag was used throughout the North to symbolize American nationalism and rejection of secessionism. Abraham Lincoln's rejection of the Crittenden Compromise, the failure to secure the ratification of the Corwin amendment in 1861, and the inability of the Washington Peace Conference of 1861 to provide an effective alternative to Crittenden and Corwin\nCivil war what did the north fight for?"], "reference": [["loyalty to the U.S. Constitution", "maintaining the republic"]]}
{"question_id": 518, "category": "rag", "turns": ["1980, it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries. The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981, which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. New areas of co-operation were added in the following years. In 1983, the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and formally launched the Integrated Programme\n2006. SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities, including the European Union. <hr color=\"blue\"> The idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences: the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954. In the ending years of the 1970s, the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation\nof Action (IPA) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely, Agriculture; Rural Development; Telecommunications; Meteorology; and Health and Population Activities. Officially, the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union's secretariat-general. The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7\u20138 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad. The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk, President of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, King of Nepal Birendra Shah, President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene, and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom. Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund,\nSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation <br> The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia. Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2015. SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration. It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in\nthe world. It is a major partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), developing cooperation model with the organisation for the peace, stability, development and sustainability of the Asian continent. It also serves as an international role model in seeking harmony and strength among diversity and differences, as well as a leading figure in global economy, trade, diplomacy and politics. ASEAN was preceded by an organization formed in 31 July 1961 called the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), a group consisting of the Philippines, Federation of Malaya, and Thailand. ASEAN itself was created on 8 August 1967, when the foreign\nWhen was the south asian association for regional co-operation ( saarc ) formed?"], "reference": [["December 1985", "8 December 1985"]]}
{"question_id": 519, "category": "rag", "turns": ["time of 2:11:32. On the women's side, the winner was Shalane Flanagan, a native of Marblehead, Massachusetts. She was the first American to win since 1977. Her time was 2:26:53. Mary Keitany placed 2nd with 2:27:54, and Mamitu Daska finished 3rd with a time of 2:28:08. The 2018 TCS New York City Marathon was run on Sunday, November 4. Lelisa Desisa of Ethiopia won his first New York City Marathon after finishing third in 2017, third in 2015 and second in 2014, followed by Shura Kitata and defending champion Geoffrey Kamworor. Their times of 2:05:59, 2:06:01 and 2:06:26 were the\na time of 2:05:05, breaking the 10-year-old course record. Second-place runner Emmanuel Mutai, also of Kenya, and third-place runner Tsegaye Kebede of Ethiopia also beat the previous record for the event, with times of 2:06:28 and 2:07:14, respectively. Geoffrey Mutai, who won the Boston Marathon earlier in the year, became the first man to win both races in course-record time in the same year. Firehiwot Dado of Ethiopia won the women's race in a time of 2:23:15, her first major marathon victory. Coming second, 4 seconds behind the leader originally from Ethiopia, but now living in the Bronx, was Bizunesh\nNew York area on WNBC, and on Universal Sports for the entire country, However, in 2013, WABC-TV and ESPN announced they would begin broadcasting the New York City Marathon. The Marathon can also be watched online. On September 29, 1974, Norbert Sander and Kathrine Switzer became the only New York City residents to win the New York City Marathon. Grete Waitz, the Norwegian long distance runner, sets a new course record for women at 2:32:30 and wins her first New York Marathon. Waitz goes on to win 9 New York Marathons, the most course wins in any category to date.\na time of 2:08:14. The race featured 37-year-old world record holder Haile Gebrselassie, who ran with a bad knee and dropped out of the race at the 16th mile. Afterwards, he announced his retirement, but later reversed this decision. Edna Kiplagat won the women's title with a time of 2 hours, 28 minutes, 20 seconds, ahead of American Shalane Flanagan. The total number of official finishers, 44,829 (28,757 men and 16,072 women) was a new world record for a marathon race. The 2011 Marathon was held on November 6. The men's event was won by Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya in\nNew York City Marathon The New York City Marathon (currently branded TCS New York City Marathon for sponsorship reasons) is an annual marathon () that courses through the five boroughs of New York City. It is the largest marathon in the world, with 52,812 finishers in 2018 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race. Along with the Boston Marathon and Chicago Marathon, it is among the pre-eminent long-distance annual running events in the United States and is one of the World Marathon Majors. The race is organized by New York Road Runners and has been run every year since 1970,\nWho won the marathon in new york city?"], "reference": [["Geoffrey Kamworor"]]}
{"question_id": 520, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863. Since 1854, the city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area, with over 6 million residents . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley, located along the lower Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, within the Northeast megalopolis. The Delaware Valley's population of 7.2 million ranks it as the eighth-largest\nfor Peace\" project with Mosul, Iraq, as well as accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries. See additional . Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863. Since 1854, the city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the eighth-largest U.S. metropolitan statistical area, with over 6 million residents . Philadelphia is also the economic and cultural anchor of the greater Delaware Valley, located along the lower\nby bicycle. 35.74% of households did not have an automobile. The proportion of Philadelphians who do not commute by auto is high compared to most other American cities, although lower than the proportions in New York City and Washington, D.C. From its founding through the early 19th century, the City of Philadelphia was considered the area between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers and between Vine and South Streets. Although the city proper was second to New York City in population at the time of the first U.S. Census in 1790, Philadelphia County was the most populous urban (or metropolitan) area\ncombined statistical area in the United States. William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city in 1682 to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 at the Second Continental Congress, and the Constitution at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Several other key events occurred in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War including the First Continental Congress, the preservation of the Liberty Bell, the Battle of Germantown, and the Siege of Fort Mifflin.\nNortheast Philadelphia Northeast Philadelphia, nicknamed Northeast Philly, the Northeast and the Great Northeast, is a section of the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. According to the 2000 Census, the Northeast has a sizable percentage of the city's 1.547 million people\u2014a population of between 300,000 and 450,000, depending on how the area is defined. Beginning in the 1980s, many of the Northeast's middle class children graduated from college and settled in suburbs, especially nearby Bucks County. The Northeast is home to a large working class Irish American population, but is also home to Polish, German, Jewish, Italian, and Russian neighborhoods. Due to\nPhiladelphia is known as the city of what?"], "reference": [["City of Brotherly Love", "Brotherly Love"]]}
{"question_id": 521, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Gods and Generals (film) Gods and Generals is a 2003 American period war drama film written and directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. It is an adaptation of the 1996 novel of the same name by Jeffrey Shaara and prequel to Maxwell's 1993 film \"Gettysburg\". The film stars Stephen Lang as Stonewall Jackson, Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee. Colonel Robert E. Lee resigns from the Union Army as the south secedes from the Union and both sides prepare for war. Major Jackson, who is a professor at Virginia Military Institute in\nI can, and the overwhelming percentage of those that wrote me said, 'How could you let them butcher your book like that?' I have no answer to that because I had no control or power to change what came up on the screen.\" Gods and Generals (film) Gods and Generals is a 2003 American period war drama film written and directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. It is an adaptation of the 1996 novel of the same name by Jeffrey Shaara and prequel to Maxwell's 1993 film \"Gettysburg\". The film stars Stephen Lang as Stonewall Jackson, Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel\nand worked without pay. Among them, 2nd South Carolina String Band portrays the players of \"The Bonnie Blue Flag\" during a troops entertainment music show. In exchange, Ted Turner agreed to donate $500,000 to Civil War battlefield preservation. The movie was filmed in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley, western Maryland and in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Actual historic locations in the film include Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University, known as Washington College during the Civil War. Russell Crowe was the original choice to play Stonewall Jackson, but scheduling conflicts prevented his availability in the summer and fall\nof 2001 when the movie was filmed. Stephen Lang had begun to reprise his role as George Pickett, but instead was asked to fill in the role of Jackson. Billy Campbell, who had played a 44th New York lieutenant in \"Gettysburg\" was called in to hastily replace Lang in the role of Pickett. Although Tom Berenger desired to reprise his \"Gettysburg\" role as James Longstreet (which he called his favorite role) he was unavailable because of scheduling difficulties. Bruce Boxleitner was instead cast in the role. Darius N. Couch was portrayed by actor Carsten Norgaard. Martin Sheen was prevented from\nthe role of Colonel Nathan Jessup in \"A Few Good Men,\" a role made famous on film (1992) by Jack Nicholson. He is the winner of over half a dozen theatre awards including the Drama Desk and Helen Hayes awards. In films, he played Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett in \"Gettysburg\" (1993) and the lead role of Thomas \"Stonewall\" Jackson in the Gettysburg prequel \"Gods and Generals\" (2003), both from director Ronald F. Maxwell. He considers \"Gods and Generals\" to be his finest performance. Arguably, his most famous film role, before \"Avatar\", was his portrayal of the villainous Ike Clanton\nWho played stonewall jackson in gods and generals?"], "reference": [["Stephen Lang"]]}
{"question_id": 522, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Watson, Chris Sullivan, Ron Cephas Jones, Jon Huertas, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, Faithe Herman, and Lonnie Chavis. The second season, consisting of 18 episodes, aired from September 26, 2017, to March 13, 2018, on NBC. \"This Is Us\" served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII in February 2018 with the second season's fourteenth episode. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On January 18, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 36 additional episodes. Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger served\n1.86 million, an audience share of 8.5%. Episode Two received 1.53 million viewers (7.4%) \u2013 and by Episode Four, viewing numbers were down to 1.09 million (5.3%). Episode Five saw a slight rise in viewers to 1.33 million (6.6%), but numbers once again fell for Episode Six to 1.12 million (5.5%) and the season ended with the lowest number of viewers, 1.06 million (5.1%), tuning in for the final episode. The second series in the UK began with 1.34 million, audience share of 6.8%, but by episode seven had steadily declined to 0.68 million viewers and an audience share of\nthinks that she can communicate with Wilfred, but cannot tell Ryan what Wilfred says to him. Amanda is taken to a mental hospital, and Wilfred finds a picture that Ryan drew as child that appears to have Wilfred in the background. Wilfred claims he drew the picture, and Ryan believes him until he sees a photo of himself as a child with the drawing, which has Wilfred in the background. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On August 6, 2011, \"Wilfred\" was renewed for a second season of 13 episodes. Season two commenced on June 21, 2012 with the season premiere labeled a special preview.\nFuturama (season 2) The second season of \"Futurama\" began airing on November 21, 1999 and concluded after 19 episodes on December 3, 2000. The full nineteen episodes of the season have been released on a box set called \"Futurama: Volume Two\", on DVD and VHS. It was first released in the United Kingdom on November 11, 2002, with releases in other regions in 2003. The season was re-released as \"Futurama: Volume 2\", with entirely different packaging to match the newer season released on July 17, 2012. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> IGN gave the season a positive review of 9.0/10, \"Amazing\". The season tied\nfind their own ways to survive with diminishing resources and rising tensions. A small group of people inside the dome must also unravel complicated mysteries in order to figure out what the dome is, where it came from, and when (and if) it will go away. The second season has a score of 52/100, based on nine reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\", on review aggregator website Metacritic. The season has a score of 57/100, based on 14 reviews, on film and TV review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes; the site's critical consensus for the season reads: \"Though it reins in some\nSeason 2 this is us number of episodes?"], "reference": [["18", "13", "15"]]}
{"question_id": 523, "category": "rag", "turns": ["viewers watched this episode. One of Them \"One of Them\" is the 39th episode of \"Lost\" and the 14th episode of the second season. The episode was directed by Stephen Williams, and written by Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse. It first aired on February 15, 2006, on ABC. The character of Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) is featured in the episode's flashbacks. In the episode, the survivors meet and interrogate Henry Gale (Michael Emerson), a man who they believe to be an \"Other\". In a flashback, the 1991 Allied invasion of Iraq is under way. Sayid, an Iraqi soldier, is seen\nthroats. Margaret is convinced that Charles touched his nose in surgery and Charles states that he didn't. B.J. starts to get annoyed at Hawkeye's sarcastic humor in the mess tent. Klinger and Radar are in an argument over Radar's teddy bear. With all this arguing happening, Colonel Potter suggests that Sidney should take some time to speak with the members of the 4077. Klinger stops by his office concerned that he is going insane. Sidney jokes thinking that this is nothing but an attempt to get a section 8, but Klinger states that he is serious (\"I wake up in\nOne of Them \"One of Them\" is the 39th episode of \"Lost\" and the 14th episode of the second season. The episode was directed by Stephen Williams, and written by Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse. It first aired on February 15, 2006, on ABC. The character of Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) is featured in the episode's flashbacks. In the episode, the survivors meet and interrogate Henry Gale (Michael Emerson), a man who they believe to be an \"Other\". In a flashback, the 1991 Allied invasion of Iraq is under way. Sayid, an Iraqi soldier, is seen burning documents with fellow\nwarship \"Pagh\". Seeing that the raw emotions work best, Pulaski intensifies the dreams to come at a more rapid pace. This finally kills the virus and Riker recovers. The episode was intended to save money at the end of the season by being a bottle episode which featured few additional characters. The only guest star was Colm Meaney as recurring character Chief Miles O'Brien. The reason was that the show had overspent on the episodes \"Elementary, Dear Data\" and \"Q Who\", and Paramount Pictures was holding the series to their overall season budget. It was the last episode on which\ntells him that until he finds his \"calm center\", he will never win. In modern day, Emmett Milbarge (Tony Hale) lectures Casey about sales at the Buy More. At Castle, General Beckman (Bonita Friedericy) explains that Chuck Bartowski will use the Intersect to check the Global Launch Agency for possible misfeasance. Chuck agrees, regretting not having any \"me time\" after the departure of Jill Roberts in the previous episode. As Chuck sits in the van, Casey and Sarah Walker infiltrate the GLA disguised as lab technicians. Suddenly, a masked villain rappels from the ceiling, knocks Casey over, and steals an\nMalcom in the middle season 1 episode 3?"], "reference": [["Home Alone 4"]]}
{"question_id": 524, "category": "rag", "turns": ["to help Watson with her singing lessons. According to \"The Hollywood Reporter\", Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront, together with an agreement that her final take-home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to \"Maleficent\"'s $759 million worldwide gross. Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, on May 18, 2015. Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21. Six days later, co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production. The Beast was portrayed with a \"more traditional motion capture\nMcKellen, and Emma Thompson in supporting roles. Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England on May 18, 2015, and ended on August 21. With an estimated budget of around $255 million, it is one of the most expensive films ever made. \"Beauty and the Beast\" premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23, 2017, and was released in the United States in standard, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D formats, along with Dolby Cinema on March 17, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews, with many praising the performances and its faithfulness to the\ninto the water then resurfaces, transforming back into the Prince and the Tadums back into dogs. The story is being told by Belle to her two young children. They are living in the same countryside house, surrounded by rose bushes, with Belle's father, who is now a flower merchant. Belle goes outside to greet her husband, the Prince, and the two kiss and embrace. Principal photography took place in Germany, at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, from November 2012 to February 2013, on a production budget of \u20ac35 million. The film earned a total of internationally. In Japan, the film\nTucci, and Gugu Mbatha-Raw joined the cast, as Cogsworth, Lumi\u00e8re, Cadenza, and Plumette, respectively. Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film's music, with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice. In June 2015, Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical. Filming began on May 18, 2015 in London, and production officially wrapped in August 2015. The film was released on March 17, 2017. \"Beauty and the Beast\" merchandise cover a wide variety of products, among them storybook versions of the film's story, a comic book based on the film\nin 3D on March 17, 2017. The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney's three-day D23 Expo in August 2015. The world premiere of \"Beauty and the Beast\" took place at Spencer House in London, England on February 23, 2017; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on March 2, 2017. The stream was broadcast onto YouTube. A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7, 2017. The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21, 2017. The film was re-released in\nWhere was 2017 beauty and the beast filmed?"], "reference": [["Surrey , United Kingdom"]]}
{"question_id": 525, "category": "rag", "turns": ["near the base\u201d. About its late Whaingaroan (about 27 million years ago) creation, it says, \u201cThe change from estuarine, shallow brackish water conditions (Mangakotuku Formation), to fully marine, open sea, aerobic conditions (Glen Massey Formation) is evidenced by near shore accumulation of the bioclastic Elgood Limestone, onlap of the succeeding Dunphail Siltstone, and subsequent deposition of Ahirau Sandstone in an inner to mid shelf environment.\u201d Pakihi is a M\u0101ori term now commonly used to describe poorly drained, infertile land. Much of the watershed of Lake Disappear was podocarp forest but is now mostly sheep and beef farms, with Te Uku\nthe next valley with Bridal Veil fall] drains underground through limestone (Elgood Limestone). During times of prolonged heavy rain, water backs up behind the outlet to form a sizable lake over what are normally dry alluvial flats.\u201d Elgood Limestone (an outcrop is in the photo - see Gallery - to the left) is part of the Glen Massey Formation. The geology guide describes it as, \u201cforming prominent bluffs or surface outcrops displaying solution channels, lapiez, and sinkholes, and is everywhere a light grey, flaggy limestone containing up to 95% CaCO. Glauconite is common throughout, together with Mesozoic pebbles and greensand\nElmidae 6 occasional (5) stony-cased caddisfly Pycnocentrodes common (5) Crustacea \"Paratya curvirostris\" occasional (4) mud snail \"Potamopyrgus antipodarum\" common (3) sand fly Austrosimulium occasional (3) New Zealand freshwater mussel Hyridella rare Lake Disappear Lake Disappear is an intermittent lake (see also Turlough (lake) and Polje) situated in the North Island of New Zealand, just over 20 km from Raglan, 4 km beyond Bridal Veil waterfall. It has also been described as a solution lake. The south end can be seen from Kawhia Rd and, when the north end is full, it can be seen from the point which is at\nthe island is composed of limestone pavements with crisscrossing cracks known as \"grikes\", leaving isolated rocks called \"clints\". The limestones date from the Visean period (Lower Carboniferous), formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins and ammonites. Glaciation following the Namurian phase facilitated greater denudation. The result is that Inishmaan is one of the finest examples of a Glacio-Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the island overrun by ice during this glaciation.\nLake Disappear Lake Disappear is an intermittent lake (see also Turlough (lake) and Polje) situated in the North Island of New Zealand, just over 20 km from Raglan, 4 km beyond Bridal Veil waterfall. It has also been described as a solution lake. The south end can be seen from Kawhia Rd and, when the north end is full, it can be seen from the point which is at the end of Plateau Rd on the Pipiwharauroa Way. It is the largest known polje in the country. Lake Disappear lies in a valley dammed by a lava flow (similar to\nType of disappearing lake found in limestone areas in the west of ireland?"], "reference": [["A turlough , or turlach", "turlough , or turlach", "turlough"]]}
{"question_id": 526, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Hancock, Henry, Morris, Marshall, Rush, and Paine). Founding Fathers of the United States The Founding Fathers of the United States were a group of philosophers, politicians, and writers who led the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain. Most were descendants of colonists settled in the Thirteen Colonies in North America. Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington. Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.\nFounding Fathers of the United States The Founding Fathers of the United States were a group of philosophers, politicians, and writers who led the American Revolution against the Kingdom of Great Britain. Most were descendants of colonists settled in the Thirteen Colonies in North America. Historian Richard B. Morris in 1973 identified the following seven figures as the key Founding Fathers: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington. Adams, Jefferson, and Franklin were members of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay were authors of\nof Founding Fathers include: 1) those who signed the Continental Association, a trade ban and one of the colonists' first collective volleys protesting British control and the Intolerable Acts in 1774 or 2) those who signed the Articles of Confederation, the first U.S. constitutional document. The phrase \"Founding Fathers\" is a 20th-century appellation, coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916. Prior to, and during the 19th century, they were referred to as simply the \"Fathers\". The term has been used to describe the founders and first settlers of the original royal colonies. The First Continental Congress met briefly in Philadelphia,\nof the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and concluded: Several of the Founding Fathers had extensive national, state, local and foreign political experience prior to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. Some had been diplomats. Several had been members of the Continental Congress or elected President of that body. Nearly all of the 55 Constitutional Convention delegates had some experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices. Those who lacked national congressional experience were Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, and\nYork. Seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) suffered serious financial reversals that left them in or near bankruptcy. Robert Morris spent three of the last years of his life imprisoned following bad land deals. Two, Blount and Dayton, were involved in possibly treasonous activities. Yet, as they had done before the convention, most of the group continued to render public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create. Many of the Founding Fathers were under 40 years old at the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776: Alexander\nWho are considered to be the founding fathers?"], "reference": [["Benjamin Franklin", "Thomas Jefferson", "Alexander Hamilton", "James Madison", "John Jay", "George Washington", "John Adams"]]}
{"question_id": 527, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 by childhood friends Brendon Urie, Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith and Brent Wilson. Since 2015, vocalist Urie has been the only official member of the band, with drummer Dan Pawlovich, bassist Nicole Row, and guitarist Mike Naran accompanying him on tour. Panic! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school. Shortly after, the band recorded and released its debut studio album, \"A Fever You Can't Sweat Out\" (2005). Popularized by the second single, \"I Write\nPanic! at the Disco discography Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band that originated in Las Vegas, Nevada. Their 2005 debut album, \"A Fever You Can't Sweat Out\", reached number 13 on the US \"Billboard\" 200, and has sold more than 2.2 million copies since its September 2005 release, spearheaded by the quadruple platinum top 10 hit single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\". The band's second album, \"Pretty. Odd.\", was released on March 21, 2008, entering the US chart at, and peaking at, number 2. Their third effort, \"Vices & Virtues\", was released on March 18, 2011, and\nNo. 40, the band's second highest ever after \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies.\" The band performed at the KROQ Weenie Roast on May 16, 2015. On September 1, 2015, another song from the fifth studio album, \"Death of a Bachelor\", premiered on an Apple Music broadcast hosted by Pete Wentz. The second single, \"Victorious\" was released at the end of the month. On October 22, 2015, through the band's official Facebook page, Urie announced the new album as \"Death of a Bachelor\" with a scheduled release date of January 15, 2016. It is the first album written and composed by\nlineup. In April 2015, \"Hallelujah\" was released as the first single from Panic! at the Disco's fifth studio album, \"Death of a Bachelor\" (2016). In December 2017, Weekes officially announced his departure from the band. He was replaced in March 2018 by Nicole Row. Later that same month, the band released \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\", the lead single from their sixth studio album, \"Pray for the Wicked\" (2018), which was released in June. In September 2018, Harris was dismissed following multiple allegations of sexual misconduct, and was replaced by Mike Naran. Panic! at the Disco was formed in 2004 in\nhalves: the first half is mostly electronic dance punk, while the second half features Vaudevillian piano, strings, and accordion. The band grew tired of writing only with drum machines and keyboards and, inspired by film scores (specifically the works of Danny Elfman and Jon Brion) decided to write a completely different half. \"By the end of that, we were completely exhausted,\" said Ross of the studio sessions. After its completion, \"we had two weeks to come home and learn how to be a band,\" Ross said. The group played its first live show during the summer of 2005 at local\nPanic at the disco song about a wedding?"], "reference": [["I Write Sins Not Tragedies"]]}
{"question_id": 528, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Thomas (surname) Thomas is a common surname of English, Welsh, Scottish, French, German, Dutch, and Danish origin. It derives from the medieval personal name, of Biblical origin, from Aramaic \u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d0 \"t'om'a\", a byname meaning 'twin'. It was borne by one of the disciples of Christ, best known for his skepticism about Christ's resurrection (). The th- spelling in English results from the initial letter of the name in the Greek New Testament being a theta. The English pronunciation as t rather than a dental fricative is the result of French influence from an early date. In Britain, the surname is\nThomas (name) Thomas is recorded in the Greek New Testament as the name of Thomas the Apostle (one of the twelve apostles of Jesus). It is ultimately derived from the Aramaic personal name \u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d0 , meaning \"twin,\" and the English spelling Thomas is a transliteration of the Greek \u0398\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c2. The masculine noun \u05ea\u05d0\u05dd (to'am) occurs throughout Semitic languages, always meaning twin. It appears to be also related to the Greek noun \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 (tome), meaning a cutting or cleaving in half. Thomas was a popular name throughout medieval Europe. In Britain the name was rare prior to the Norman Conquest (11th\nwidely distributed throughout the country, but especially common in Scotland, Cornwall, and Wales. Thomas is the ninth most common surname in the United Kingdom. It is found as a personal name among Christians in India, and in the United States; it is also used as a family name among the Saint Thomas Christian families from Kerala, South India. In the 1990 United States Census, Thomas was the twelfth most common surname, accounting for 0.3% of the population. In France, Thomas (pronounced ) is the third most widespread surname after Martin and Bernard, with over 100,000 people with this name. Thomas\ncentury CE), but by the 13th and 14th centuries it had become common. In 2017 it ranked 13th in popularity in the United Kingdom with 3,246 babies given the name. The Social Security Administration lists the name Thomas as the ninth most popular name in the United States over the past 100 years. In 2017 it ranked 48th in popularity with 7,131 babies given the name. Thomas (name) Thomas is recorded in the Greek New Testament as the name of Thomas the Apostle (one of the twelve apostles of Jesus). It is ultimately derived from the Aramaic personal name \u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d0\nTom, Dick and Harry The phrase \"Tom, Dick and Harry\" is a placeholder for multiple unspecified people; \"Tom, Dick or Harry\" plays the same role for \"one\" unspecified person. The phrase most commonly occurs as \"every Tom, Dick and Harry\", meaning \"everyone\", and \"any Tom, Dick or Harry\", meaning \"anyone\", although \"Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable\" defines the term to specify \"a set of nobodies; persons of no note\". Similar expressions exist in other languages of the world, using commonly used first or last names. The phrase is used in numerous works of fiction. The origin of the phrase\nWhat is the definition of the name thomas?"], "reference": [["twin", "`` twin ''"]]}
{"question_id": 529, "category": "rag", "turns": ["The Birds and the Bees (Jewel Akens song) \"The Birds and the Bees\" was a 1964 single release by Jewel Akens with a lyric based on the \"birds and the bees\" idiom commonly referenced with regard to affording young people their introductory sex education. An international hit in 1965, \"The Birds and the Bees\" was reminiscent of such 1950s' honky tonk-style hits as \"Blueberry Hill\" by Fats Domino and \"Kansas City\" by Wilbert Harrison. \"The Birds and the Bees\" is said to have been written by the twelve-year-old son of Era Records' owner Herb Newman: the songwriting credit on the\nalso performed in Finnish by Laila Kinnunen as \"Kuinka kuu katoaa\". The Birds and the Bees (Jewel Akens song) \"The Birds and the Bees\" was a 1964 single release by Jewel Akens with a lyric based on the \"birds and the bees\" idiom commonly referenced with regard to affording young people their introductory sex education. An international hit in 1965, \"The Birds and the Bees\" was reminiscent of such 1950s' honky tonk-style hits as \"Blueberry Hill\" by Fats Domino and \"Kansas City\" by Wilbert Harrison. \"The Birds and the Bees\" is said to have been written by the twelve-year-old son\nRegion), #3 in the Netherlands and #4 in Norway. musicians on the recording included Billy Strange and Ervan Coleman on guitar, Bob West and Arthur Wright on bass, Hal Blaine on drums and Leon Russell on piano. In the UK \"The Birds and the Bees\" afforded Akens a more moderate hit reaching #29. with Akens besting a cover version by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates which failed to chart. Alma Cogan is often credited with a UK cover of \"The Birds and the Bees\": in fact her UK single of that name - #25 in 1956 - was a recording\nThe birds and the bees \"The Birds and the Bees\" is an English-language idiomatic expression and euphemism that refers to courtship and sexual intercourse. The \"Birds and the Bees talk\" (sometimes known simply as \"The Talk\") is generally the event in most children's lives in which the parents explain what sexual relationships are. According to tradition, the birds and the bees is a metaphorical story sometimes told to children in an attempt to explain the mechanics and good consequences of sexual intercourse through reference to easily observed natural events. For instance, bees carry and deposit pollen into flowers, a visible\nto the euphemism, \"the birds and the bees.\" Several sources give credit to Cole Porter for coining the phrase. One of the musician's more famous songs was \"Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love.\" In Porter's publication from 1928, the opening line for the chorus carried derogatory racial references like \"Chinks\" and \"Japs\", later changed following CBS recommendation and NBC adaptation: The birds and the bees \"The Birds and the Bees\" is an English-language idiomatic expression and euphemism that refers to courtship and sexual intercourse. The \"Birds and the Bees talk\" (sometimes known simply as \"The Talk\") is generally the\nWho sang let me tell you about the birds and the bees?"], "reference": [["Jewel Akens"]]}
{"question_id": 530, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Area code 602 North American area code 602 is a state of Arizona telephone area code that covers most of the city of Phoenix. It was one of the original area codes established in October 1947 and originally covered the entire state of Arizona until 1995, when area code 520 was established as the state's second area code. Arizona's explosive population growth during the second half of the 20th century would have made a split necessary in any event. However, the increased demand for telephone lines created by the proliferation of fax machines, cell phones and dial-up Internet connections brought\nareas of the metro area. And it is the only million-plus populated area where 7-digit dialling would still be possible. Area code 602 North American area code 602 is a state of Arizona telephone area code that covers most of the city of Phoenix. It was one of the original area codes established in October 1947 and originally covered the entire state of Arizona until 1995, when area code 520 was established as the state's second area code. Arizona's explosive population growth during the second half of the 20th century would have made a split necessary in any event. However,\nArea code 480 North American area code 480 is a telephone area code in Arizona serving the eastern and northern portions of the Phoenix metropolitan area. It was created on April 1, 1999, in a three-way split of area code 602, when it was apparent that the Valley of the Sun was growing too fast for it to remain entirely in one area code. Generally, 480 is coextensive with the East Valley, while most of the West Valley is area code 623 and most of Phoenix itself remained in 602. By the turn of the millennium, 602 was running out\nArea code 623 North American area code 623 is a state of Arizona telephone area code serving most of the western portion of the Phoenix metropolitan area. It was created in a split from area code 602 on April 1, 1999, when it was evident that the Valley of the Sun was expanding too rapidly to remain in one area code. Generally, the West Valley and the outer northwestern suburbs became 623, the eastern suburbs and the Phoenix neighborhood of Ahwatukee became area code 480, and inner Phoenix remained in 602. 623 covers areas including Glendale (except the section north\nArea code 928 North American area code 928 is a telephone area code in the state of Arizona that was created in a split from area code 520 on June 23, 2001, due mainly to population gains in Tucson, Yuma and Flagstaff. 928 covers northern, eastern, and western portions of Arizona. The area code encompasses areas such as Beaver Dam, the Grand Canyon, Flagstaff, Holbrook, Lake Havasu City, Littlefield, Kingman, Prescott, Wickenburg, Winslow and Yuma, also serving the majority of Greenlee County. The Arizona portion of the Navajo Nation is served by the 928 area code. Some areas on the\nWhat is the area code for phoenix arizona?"], "reference": [["623", "480", "602"]]}
{"question_id": 531, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with a third of the members up for election every two years. The Rajya Sabha\nA person must satisfy all following conditions to be qualified to become a member of parliament of the Rajya Sabha; A person would be ineligible for being a Member of the Rajya Sabha if the person; Member of parliament, Rajya Sabha A member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian states to the upper house of the Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha). Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by the electoral college of the elected members of the State Assembly with a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. Parliament of India\nfrom telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments. Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to\nin various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution. The Constitution of India places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas. The definition of a money bill is given in article 110 of constitution of India. A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and only on recommendation of President of India. When the Lok Sabha passes a money bill then the Lok Sabha sends money bill to the Rajya\nMember of parliament, Rajya Sabha A member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha (abbreviated: MP) is the representative of the Indian states to the upper house of the Parliament of India (Rajya Sabha). Rajya Sabha MPs are elected by the electoral college of the elected members of the State Assembly with a system of proportional representation by a single transferable vote. Parliament of India is bicameral with two houses; Rajya Sabha (Upper house i.e. Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (Lower house i.e. House of the People). Total number of members of Rajya Sabha are lesser than member of\nWho votes to elect a rajya sabha memmber?"], "reference": [["state legislatures"]]}
{"question_id": 532, "category": "rag", "turns": ["of four seasons and 67 episodes. The first three seasons were produced by Hanna-Barbera Cartoons, while the fourth season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios. \"Johnny Bravo\" was nominated for 4 Annie Awards, 1 YoungStar Award, and 2 Golden Reel Awards. The series is notable for helping launch the careers of several animators, including Seth MacFarlane and Butch Hartman. Spin-off media include comic books, DVD and VHS releases, collectible toys, and video games. The series centers on Johnny Bravo (voiced by Jeff Bennett, except for UK-exclusive voice work, which was provided by Marc Silk), a muscular, narcissistic, and dimwitted self-proclaimed\nan interview that they are \"...in conversations with Cartoon Network\" for DVD collections of various cartoons, among which is \"Johnny Bravo\" in 2006. \"Johnny Bravo: Season 1\", a two-disc set featuring the complete first season which contains all 13 episodes, was released by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand (Region 4) on October 10, 2007. On November 4, 2009, the complete second season was released. MVD Company Limited also released Season 1-5 in 2009. A Region 1 release of the first season, with different cover art and new special features, was released by Warner Home Video on June 15,\nafter the second season began. Many Hanna-Barbera characters had cameo appearances in the series, including the cast of \"Scooby-Doo\", Speed Buggy, Jabberjaw, Fred Flintstone, Yogi Bear, The Blue Falcon, Black Widow, and Huckleberry Hound. Adult humor is found in many episodes of the show. In one episode, when Suzy calls Johnny to ask if he wants to come over, Johnny nonchalantly tells her to \"[call] back in 15 years when [she is] a co-ed.\", and in another, when Johnny is hit by a tranquilizer dart and is informed he has only \"30 seconds of consciousness left\" and to \"use it\non his senior thesis project he produced while attending Loyola Marymount University. A pilot short aired on Cartoon Network in 1995, and was followed by two more shorts; the popularity of the shorts led to the network commissioning a half-hour series, which premiered on July 14, 1997. The series was renewed for a second season in 1999, during which Partible left and the show was retooled under the direction of Kirk Tingblad. In 2003, Partible returned to the series for a fourth season, restoring it to its original format and style. It ended on August 27, 2004, with a total\nalso served as a creative consultant and mentor for the first season. Partible stated in a 1997 interview the goal of the series was to have \"animation reminiscent of the old Hanna-Barbera cartoons\". \"Johnny Bravo\" premiered on July 14, 1997, and the first season completed production in December of that year. After the first season, \"Johnny Bravo\" was put on hiatus, until it was picked up for an unexpected second season in 1999. Van Partible left production and Kirk Tingblad took over as director, leading to a major retooling in the show's visual style, tone, humor, and characters. The show\nHow many seasons of johnny bravo are there?"], "reference": [["four"]]}
{"question_id": 533, "category": "rag", "turns": ["research has proved that the use of the expression \"social justice\" is older (even before the 19th century). In the late industrial revolution, progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more, particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound. From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that \"universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice.\" In the later 20th century, social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract, primarily by John Rawls in\nElizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities should apply globally. The United Nations\u2019 2006 document \"Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations\", states that \"Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth...\" The term \"social justice\" was seen by the U.N. \"as a substitute for the protection of human rights [and] first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s. At the initiative of the Soviet Union, and with the support of developing countries, the term was used in the\nand early 20th century, social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy, particularly in the work of John Dewey, Roscoe Pound and Louis Brandeis. One of the prime concerns was the \"Lochner era\" decisions of the US Supreme Court to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement, such as the eight-hour day or the right to join a trade union. After the First World War, the founding document of the International Labour Organization took up the same terminology in its preamble, stating that \"peace can be established\nreinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas, in philosophical debates about differences among human beings, in efforts for gender, racial and social equality, for advocating justice for migrants, prisoners, the environment, and the physically and developmentally disabled. While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine, the term \"social justice\" became used explicitly from the 1840s. A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term, and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. However, recent\nonly if it is based on social justice\". From this point, the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse. Thus, in 1931, the Pope Pius XI stated the expression for the first time in the Catholic Social Teaching in the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno. Then again in Divini Redepmtoris, the Church pointed out that the realisation of social justice relied on the promotion of the dignity of human person. The same year, and because of the documented influence of Divini Redemptoris in its drafters, the Constitution of Ireland was the first one to establish the term as\nWhen was the term social justice first used?"], "reference": [["1840s", "the 1840s"]]}
{"question_id": 534, "category": "rag", "turns": ["White House Executive Chef The White House Executive Chef is the individual responsible for managing the kitchens, and for planning and preparing of all menus and meals for the President of the United States and the First Family, which includes their private meals, their private entertaining, and official state functions at the White House in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Beginning with George Washington, slaves prepared food for American presidents, First Families, and for social gatherings. Although slavery ended in the United States after the American Civil War, African Americans continued to provide nearly all the cooking in the\nThe Executive Pastry Chef works in the Pastry Kitchen on the mezzanine of the sub-basement. The main kitchen was last renovated in 1971. As of 2011, the White House Executive Chef used a natural gas oven and range manufactured by Vulcan Restaurant Equipment; a Traulsen refrigerator and freezer; a Cimbali M32 espresso machine; a Hobart 300 gravity-fed food slicer; Mauviel stainless steel pots and pans; and Misono knives. White House Executive Chef The White House Executive Chef is the individual responsible for managing the kitchens, and for planning and preparing of all menus and meals for the President of the\nWhite House Executive Pastry Chef The White House Executive Pastry Chef is responsible for the planning, managing and preparing of all desserts and pastries served at the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. This includes State Dinners, official dinners, and private entertaining by the First Family. The Executive Pastry Chef works separate from the White House Executive Chef and reports directly to the Chief Usher. He works in coordination with these two, as well as the White House Social Secretary, and the First Lady for all events and dinners. The Executive Pastry Chef serves\nat the First Lady's pleasure and is appointed, or reappointed, by each administration. The current White House Executive Pastry Chef is Susan Morrison. White House Executive Pastry Chef The White House Executive Pastry Chef is responsible for the planning, managing and preparing of all desserts and pastries served at the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. This includes State Dinners, official dinners, and private entertaining by the First Family. The Executive Pastry Chef works separate from the White House Executive Chef and reports directly to the Chief Usher. He works in coordination with these\nWhite House kitchen. Occasionally, a professional chef was used beginning in the latter half of the 1800s. President Ulysses S. Grant utilized a Union Army cook until his embarrassed wife forced him to hire an Italian-trained chef. President Rutherford B. Hayes utilized the services of cook and nurse Winnie Monroe, a freed African American slave. Chester Arthur used a cook who formerly worked at his private residence as his White House chef for casual dining, and hired French-trained professional chef Alexander Fortin to oversee preparation of important political meals and state dinners. President Grover Cleveland also used a French chef\nWho cooks for the president of the united states?"], "reference": [["Cristeta Comerford", "White House Executive Chef", "The White House Executive Chef"]]}
{"question_id": 535, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Tower of London The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078\nWhite Tower (Tower of London) The White Tower is a central tower, the old keep, at the Tower of London. It was built by William the Conqueror during the early 1080s, and subsequently extended. The White Tower was the castle's strongest point militarily, and provided accommodation for the king and his representatives, as well as a chapel. Henry III ordered that the tower be whitewashed in 1240. The castle which later became known as the Tower of London was begun by William the Conqueror in 1066. It began as a timber fortification enclosed by a palisade. In the next decade\nWilliam. Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber, but by the end of the 11th century a few, including the Tower of London, had been renovated or replaced with stone. Work on the White Tower \u2013 which gives the whole castle its name \u2013 is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. William made Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, responsible for its construction, although it may not have been completed until after William's death in 1087. The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England, and was the strongest point of\nhimself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower. The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft. The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the Roman wall and the Thames. The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class, but in the way the city was structured.\nit as it stands today. Henry was disconnected from his barons, and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule. As a result, he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live. From 1216 to 1227 nearly \u00a310,000 was spent on the Tower of London; in this period, only the work at Windsor Castle cost more (\u00a315,000). Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward. The\nWho built the tower of london in 1066?"], "reference": [["William the Conqueror"]]}
{"question_id": 536, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Loyola University Maryland Loyola University Maryland is a Catholic, Jesuit private liberal arts university located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Established as Loyola College in Maryland by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus in 1852, it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, the ninth-oldest Jesuit college in the United States, and the first college in the United States to bear the name of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus. Loyola's main campus is in\nis nearby Johns Hopkins University. The annual lacrosse games played between these two institutions is known as the \"Battle of Charles Street\". The school colors are green and grey. Loyola College in Maryland was founded in 1852 by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus (\"Jesuits\"), and was the first college in the United States to bear the name of St. Ignatius of Loyola. Loyola College in Maryland is the ninth-oldest among the nation's 28 Jesuit colleges and universities. The college's first campus was in two large townhouses on Holliday Street between East Lexington Street (then\nhost of ABC's Wide World of Sports; Jerry Parr, former Special Agent in Charge Head of the White House Detail for the US Secret Service; and Herbert O'Conor, 51st Governor of Maryland. Loyola University Maryland Loyola University Maryland is a Catholic, Jesuit private liberal arts university located within the Archdiocese of Baltimore in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Established as Loyola College in Maryland by John Early and eight other members of the Society of Jesus in 1852, it is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities, the ninth-oldest Jesuit college in\noverlooking Marina Del Rey and Playa Del Rey is the parent school to Loyola Law School located in downtown Los Angeles. , Loyola Marymount is one of the largest Roman Catholic universities on the West Coast with just over 9,000 undergraduate, graduate and law school students. The names \"Loyola\" and \"Marymount\" have long been associated with Catholic higher education in countries around the globe. Saint Ignatius Loyola, founder of The Society of Jesus, sanctioned the foundation of his order's first school in 1548. The Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary have conducted educational institutions since their establishment in France\nWalter Block, the free market economist and anarcho-capitalist associated with the Austrian School, Harry Shearer, the voice actor for \"The Simpsons,\" and Jim Gabour, \"an award-winning film/video producer and director.\" Loyola University New Orleans Loyola University New Orleans is a private, co-educational, Jesuit university located in New Orleans, Louisiana. Originally established as Loyola College in 1904, the institution was chartered as a university in 1912. It bears the name of the Jesuit founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Loyola is one of 28 member institutions that make up the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities and, with its current enrollment of\nWhere does the name loyola university come from?"], "reference": [["St. Ignatius of Loyola"]]}
{"question_id": 537, "category": "rag", "turns": ["a popular dish is Peking duck, which is made from the Pekin duck. Duck meat is commonly eaten with scallions, cucumbers and hoisin sauce wrapped in a small spring pancake made of flour and water or a soft, risen bun known as gua bao (\u5272\u5305). The Pekin duck is also the most common duck meat consumed in the United States, and according to the USDA, nearly 26 million ducks were eaten in the U.S. in 2004. Because most commercially raised Pekins come from Long Island, New York, Pekins are also sometimes called \"Long Island\" ducks, despite being of Chinese origin.\nChicken and dumplings Chicken and dumplings is a dish that consists of a chicken cooked in water, with the resulting chicken broth being used to cook the dumplings by boiling. A dumpling\u2014in this context\u2014is a biscuit dough, which is a mixture of flour, shortening, and liquid (water, milk, buttermilk, or chicken stock). The dumplings are either rolled out flat, dropped or formed into a ball. It is a popular comfort food dish, commonly found in the Southern and Midwestern United States, that is also attributed to being a French Canadian meal that originated during the Great Depression. Some sources say\n(1538), \"forcemeat\" (1688), and relatively more recently in the United States; \"dressing\" (1850). In addition to stuffing the body cavity of animals, including birds, fish, and mammals, various cuts of meat may be stuffed after they have been deboned or a pouch has been cut into them. Popular recipes include stuffed chicken legs, stuffed pork chops, stuffed breast of veal, as well as the traditional holiday stuffed turkey or goose. Many types of vegetables are also suitable for stuffing, after their seeds or flesh has been removed. Tomatoes, capsicums (sweet or hot peppers), vegetable marrows (e.g., zucchini) may be prepared\nTurducken Turducken is a dish consisting of a deboned chicken stuffed into a deboned duck, further stuffed into a deboned turkey. Outside of the United States and Canada, it is known as a three bird roast. Gooducken is a traditional English variant, replacing turkey with goose. The word \"turducken\" is a portmanteau of \"turkey\", \"duck\", and \"chicken\". The dish is a form of engastration, which is a recipe method in which one animal is stuffed inside the gastric passage of another. The thoracic cavity of the chicken/game hen and the rest of the gaps are stuffed, sometimes with a highly\nChicken soup Chicken soup is a soup made from chicken, simmered in water, usually with various other ingredients. The classic chicken soup consists of a clear chicken broth, often with pieces of chicken or vegetables; common additions are pasta, dumplings, or grains such as rice and barley. Chicken soup has acquired the reputation of a folk remedy for colds and influenza, and in many countries is considered a comfort food. Variations on the flavor are gained by adding root vegetables such as parsnip, potato, sweet potato and celery root, herbs such as parsley, dill, other vegetables such as zucchini, whole\nTurkey stuffed with a duck stuffed with a chicken?"], "reference": [["Turducken"]]}
{"question_id": 538, "category": "rag", "turns": ["History of the Indian National Congress From its foundation on 28 December 1885 by A.O. Hume, a retired British officer, until the time India gained its independence on 15 August 1947, the Indian National Congress was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, as well as the central and defining influence of the long Indian Independence Movement. After India became independent, Mahatma Gandhi asked the leaders to dissolve Indian National Congress, and to form a new organisation to govern the nation. Retired British Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress\nunsuitable for Indian Muslims. When the British entered the British Indian Army into World War I, it provoked the first definitive, nationwide political debate of its kind in India. Voices calling for political independence grew in number. The divided Congress re-united in the pivotal Lucknow session in 1916, with efforts of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Tilak had considerably moderated his views, and now favoured political dialogue with the British. He, along with the young Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mrs. Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement to put forth Indian demands for \"Home Rule\" \u2013 Indian participation\nmoderates led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new extremists who advocated agitation, and regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, who tried to mobilise Hindu Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity displayed in the annual public Ganapati festivals he inaugurated in western India, was prominent among the extremists. Congress included a number of prominent political figures. Dadabhai Naoroji, a member of the sister Indian National Association, was elected president of the party in 1886 and was the first Indian Member of Parliament in the British House of\nIndian National Congress The Indian National Congress (INC, often called the Congress Party or simply Congress) is a broadly based political party in India. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement. Congress led India to independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire. Congress is a secular party whose socialdemocratic platform is generally considered to\nthe latter as the President of Indian National Congress at the Meerut session in 1946. J. B. Kripalani Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani (11 November 1888 \u2013 19 March 1982), popularly known as Acharya Kripalani, was an Indian politician, noted particularly for holding the presidency of the Indian National Congress during the transfer of power in 1947 and the husband of Sucheta Kriplani. Kripalani was a Gandhian socialist, environmentalist, mystic and independence activist. He grew close to Gandhi and at one point, he was one of Gandhi's most ardent disciples. Kripalani was a familiar figure to generations of dissenters, from the Non-Cooperation\nWho became a leader of the indian national congress?"], "reference": [["Mahatma Gandhi"]]}
{"question_id": 539, "category": "rag", "turns": ["also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria). Binary fission results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing the cell into two parts, each with the potential to grow to the size of the original. The single DNA molecule first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicated and original chromosomes are separated. The consequence of this asexual method of reproduction is that all the cells are genetically identical, meaning that they have the same genetic material (barring random\nmutations). Unlike the process of mitosis used by eukaryotic cells, binary fission takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus on the cell. In binary fission the parental identity is lost. The process of binary fission in bacteria involves the following steps. First, the cell's DNA is replicated. The replicated DNA copies then move to opposite poles of the cell in an energy-dependent process. The cell lengthens. Then, the equatorial plane of the cell constricts and separates the plasma membrane such that each new cell has exactly the same genetic material. More specifically, the following steps occur: Binary fission\nFission (biology) Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts into separate entities resembling the original. The object experiencing fission is usually a cell, but the term may also refer to how organisms, bodies, populations, or species split into discrete parts. The fission may be \"binary fission\", in which a single entity produces two parts, or \"multiple fission\", in which a single entity produces multiple parts. Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission. This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is\nDNA replication In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential. DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication. As a result of semi-conservative replication,\nprotozoans reproduce by yet another mechanism of fission called as plasmotomy. In this type of fission, a multinucleate adult parent undergoes cytokinesis to form two multinucleate (or coenocytic) daughter cells. The daughter cells so produced undergo karyokinesis, further. Such a type of reproduction is shown by opalina and pelomyxa. Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism. In echinoderms, this method of reproduction is usually known as fissiparity. Any splitting\nState the process that divides one nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei?"], "reference": [["mitosis"]]}
{"question_id": 540, "category": "rag", "turns": ["2000, bestowed on over 62,000 boys, while \"Aiden\" ranking 66th, has been used on over 51,000 boys. Other variants are a bit less popular, such as \"Hayden\" 88th, \"Ayden\" 189th, \"Aden\" 333rd, \"Aydan\" 808th, and \"Aydin\" 960th, according to the United States Social Security Database. \"Aidan/Aiden\" was the most popular boys' name in Canada in 2007. Its popularity is also reflected in the occurrence of similar-sounding names such as Braden, Caden, Hayden, and Jayden. \"Aidan\" (or any reasonable variant) as a girl's name does not appear in the top one thousand names for girls from the same database, although it\non-air personalities, there have been a handful of other people who have been associated with the show: There have also been various interns who have worked on the show since 14K's departure, but they receive little (if any) on-air attention. On the show, the hosts' personalities create an odd couple aspect to the show's content, as Deitz is generally laid back and even-keeled while Hamilton is generally curmudgeonly and hot-tempered. Hamilton is also an avid sports fan and likes to make fun of Deitz for not having much interest in sports. Hamilton also teases Deitz for liking fruity cocktails instead\nDouble negative A double negative is a grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. Multiple negation is the more general term referring to the occurrence of more than one negative in a clause. In some languages, double negatives cancel one another and produce an affirmative; in other languages, doubled negatives intensify the negation. Languages where multiple negatives affirm each other are said to have negative concord or emphatic negation. Portuguese, Persian, Russian, Spanish, Neapolitan, Italian, Japanese, Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Afrikaans, Hebrew, and some dialects of English, such as African-American Vernacular English, are examples\nSkunked term A skunked term is a word that becomes difficult to use because it is transitioning from one meaning to another, perhaps inconsistent or even opposite, usage. Purists may insist on the old usage, while descriptivists may be more open to newer usages. Readers may not know which sense is meant. The term was coined by lexicographer Bryan A. Garner in his 2008 edition of Garner's Modern American Usage and has since been adopted by some other style guides. Garner recommends avoiding such terms if their use may distract from the meaning of a text. Some terms, such as\n\"nothing\" - thus, \"he didn't eat nothing\". Double negative A double negative is a grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. Multiple negation is the more general term referring to the occurrence of more than one negative in a clause. In some languages, double negatives cancel one another and produce an affirmative; in other languages, doubled negatives intensify the negation. Languages where multiple negatives affirm each other are said to have negative concord or emphatic negation. Portuguese, Persian, Russian, Spanish, Neapolitan, Italian, Japanese, Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Afrikaans, Hebrew, and some dialects of English,\nDifferent ways to spell corey for a boy?"], "reference": [["Coire", "Kory", "Corrie", "Kori", "Khouri", "Corey", "Cory", "Correy", "Corie"]]}
{"question_id": 541, "category": "rag", "turns": ["target surface. Again, the molecules do not go through an intermediate liquid state when going from the gas to the solid. See also physical vapor deposition, which is a class of processes used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces. Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change. Deposition (phase transition) Deposition is a thermodynamic process, a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase. The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation. One example of deposition is the process by which, in sub-freezing air,\ngas-to-solid transition (deposition). While a transition from liquid to gas is described as evaporation if it occurs below the boiling point of the liquid, and as boiling if it occurs at the boiling point, there is no such distinction within the solid-to-gas transition, which is always described as sublimation. At normal pressures, most chemical compounds and elements possess three different states at different temperatures. In these cases, the transition from the solid to the gaseous state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the \"partial pressure\" of the substance, not the \"total\" (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the\nPhase transition The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid, and gaseous states of matter, as well as plasma in rare cases. A phase of a thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties. During a phase transition of a given medium, certain properties of the medium change, often discontinuously, as a result of the change of some external condition, such as temperature, pressure, or others. For example, a liquid may become gas upon heating to the boiling point, resulting in an abrupt change in volume. The measurement\nhence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the vibrations, rotations and translation then need to be applied. From the equipartition theorem gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence \u22126RT. Summing the RT corrections ; \u22126RT + 3RT + RT = \u22122RT. This leads to the following approximate sublimation enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the entropy term if rigid bodies are assumed. formula_1 Sublimation (phase transition) Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid\nSublimation (phase transition) Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. Sublimation is an endothermic process that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance's triple point in its phase diagram, which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid. The reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation, in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase. Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation) followed by a\nPhase change from gas to solid is called?"], "reference": [["Deposition", "desublimation"]]}
{"question_id": 542, "category": "rag", "turns": ["members was Zora Neale Hurston; a historic marker is placed at the house where she lived while teaching at Florida Memorial (and where she wrote her autobiography \"Dust Tracks on a Road\".) Government resources Local news media Historical Higher education St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine () is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorers, it is the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States. The county seat of St. Johns County, St. Augustine is part of Florida's First Coast region and\na colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it \"la Rivi\u00e8re de Mai\" (the River May), then sailed northward and established a settlement called Charlesfort at Port Royal Sound in present-day South Carolina. Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman Ren\u00e9 de Laudonni\u00e8re, who had participated in the expedition, returned to Florida in 1564 with three ships and 300 Huguenot colonists. He arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22, 1564, sailed up it\nthe British Navy and the subsequent fur trading activities by British ships was considered an encroachment on Spanish territory. To protect and strengthen its claim, New Spain sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Northwest between 1774 and 1793. In 1789 a naval outpost called Santa Cruz de Nuca (or just Nuca) was established at Friendly Cove in Nootka Sound (now Yuquot), Vancouver Island. It was protected by an artillery land battery called Fort San Miguel. Santa Cruz de Nuca was the northernmost establishment of New Spain. It was the first European colony in what is now the province\nland now known as Virginia, as \"Ajac\u00e1n\". The Spanish succeeded in founding a colonial settlement in the New World in 1565 at St. Augustine, Florida. It was the first founded by Europeans in what is now the United States. They established small Spanish outposts along the eastern coast into present-day Georgia and the Carolinas. The northern-most post was \"Santa Elena\" (today Port Royal, South Carolina). From there Juan Pardo was commissioned to lead expeditions into the interior, founding Fort San Juan in 1567-1568 at the regional Mississippian culture chiefdom of Joara. Located in present-day western North Carolina, this was the\nby the United States. The United States took possession of East Florida in 1821 according to the terms of the Adams\u2013On\u00eds Treaty. Throughout the 16th century, Spain explored the southwest from Mexico, with the most notable explorer being Francisco Coronado, whose expedition rode throughout modern New Mexico and Arizona, arriving in New Mexico in 1540. The Spanish moved north from Mexico, settling villages in the upper valley of the Rio Grande, including much of the western half of the present-day state of New Mexico. The capital of Santa Fe was settled in 1610 and remains the oldest continually inhabited settlement\nThe first permanent european settlement on future united states soil was located where?"], "reference": [["Puerto Rico", "St. Augustine", "Jamestown"]]}
{"question_id": 543, "category": "rag", "turns": ["its possible action as a signal molecule of subsequent pathways that activate apoptosis. Mitochondrial proteins known as SMACs (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) are released into the cell's cytosol following the increase in permeability of the mitochondria membranes. SMAC binds to \"proteins that inhibit apoptosis\" (IAPs) thereby deactivating them, and preventing the IAPs from arresting the process and therefore allowing apoptosis to proceed. IAP also normally suppresses the activity of a group of cysteine proteases called caspases, which carry out the degradation of the cell. Therefore, the actual degradation enzymes can be seen to be indirectly regulated by mitochondrial permeability.\nwithdrawal of growth factors indicating that it is involved in apoptosis. Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to induce programmed cell death. The mitochondrial AIF protein was found to be a caspase-independent death effector that can allow independent nuclei to undergo apoptotic changes. The process triggering apoptosis starts when the mitochondria releases AIF, which exits through the mitochondrial membrane, enters the cytosol, and finally ends up in the cell nucleus where it signals the cell to condense its chromosomes and fragment its DNA molecules in order to\nmetabolic shifts toward glycolysis (an observation known as the \u201cWarburg hypothesis\u201d. Apoptosis in HeLa cells is inhibited by proteins produced by the cell; these inhibitory proteins target retinoblastoma tumor-suppressing proteins. These tumor-suppressing proteins regulate the cell cycle, but are rendered inactive when bound to an inhibitory protein. HPV E6 and E7 are inhibitory proteins expressed by the human papillomavirus, HPV being responsible for the formation of the cervical tumor from which HeLa cells are derived. HPV E6 causes p53, which regulates the cell cycle, to become inactive. HPV E7 binds to retinoblastoma tumor suppressing proteins and limits its ability to\ncells by phagocytes occurs in an orderly manner without eliciting an inflammatory response. During apoptosis cellular RNA and DNA are separated from each other and sorted to different apoptotic bodies; separation of RNA is initiated as nucleolar segregation. Many knock-outs have been made in the apoptosis pathways to test the function of each of the proteins. Several caspases, in addition to APAF1 and FADD, have been mutated to determine the new phenotype. In order to create a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) knockout, an exon containing the nucleotides 3704\u20135364 was removed from the gene. This exon encodes a portion of the\nnervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. Negative regulation of apoptosis inhibits cell death signaling pathways, helping tumors to evade cell death and developing drug resistance. Many families of proteins act as negative regulators categorized into either antiapoptotic factors, such as IAPs and Bcl-2 proteins or prosurvival factors like cFLIP, BNIP3, FADD, Akt, and NF-\u03baB. Many pathways and signals lead to apoptosis, but these converge on a single mechanism that actually causes the death of the cell. After a cell receives stimulus, it undergoes organized degradation of cellular organelles by activated proteolytic caspases. In addition\nWhere do the signals for apoptosis come from?"], "reference": [["from other cells"]]}
{"question_id": 544, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Howard County, Maryland Howard County is a county in the central part of the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2010 census, the population was 287,085. Its county seat is Ellicott City. Howard County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area. However, recent development in the south of the county has led to some realignment towards the Washington, D.C. media and employment markets. The county is home to Columbia, a major planned community of approximately 100,000 founded by developer James Rouse in 1967. Howard County is\nHoward University Howard University (HU or simply Howard) is a federally chartered, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university (HBCU) in Washington, D.C. It is categorized by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with higher research activity and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races. Howard offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees. Howard is classified as a Tier 1 national university (No. 89) and ranks second among HBCUs by \"U.S. News & World Report\". Howard\ngives Eckington its relatively isolated quality. Eckington (Washington, D.C.) Eckington is a neighborhood in Northeast Washington, D.C., located south of the Prospect Hill and Glenwood Cemeteries. Eckington is less than southeast of Howard University and exactly one mile north of the United States Capitol. Eckington is also the home of the District of Columbia office of Sirius XM Radio. The boundaries of Eckington are Rhode Island Avenue to the north, Florida Avenue to the south, North Capitol Street to the west, and Washington Metro's Brentwood Yard to the east. The closest metro stations serving Eckington are NoMa\u2013Gallaudet U Station, located\nawards and bragging rights; arguably the most coveted award is winning the Resfest Step-Show which normally consists of elaborate themes and productions. This event takes place near the end of every spring semester on campus. Roland Burris,Illinois State Comptroller,Illinois Attorney General,United States Senator, Howard University Howard University (HU or simply Howard) is a federally chartered, private, coeducational, nonsectarian, historically black university (HBCU) in Washington, D.C. It is categorized by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with higher research activity and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open\nLeDroit Park LeDroit Park ( or ) is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. located immediately southeast of Howard University. Its borders include W Street to the north, Rhode Island Avenue and Florida Avenue to the south, Second Street NW to the east, and Howard University to the west. LeDroit Park is known for its history and 19th century protected architecture. The community's diversity entices new residents to the community, as well as its close proximity to the Shaw\u2013Howard University Metro station and many dining options. The neighborhood was founded in 1873 by Amzi Barber, a businessman who served on the\nWhat part of dc is howard university in?"], "reference": [["northwest Washington", "northwest", "in northwest Washington"]]}
{"question_id": 545, "category": "rag", "turns": ["D-Terminal A D-Terminal or D-tanshi () is a type of analog video connector found on Japanese consumer electronics, typically HDTV, DVD, Blu-ray, D-VHS and HD DVD devices. It was developed by the EIAJ (Electronic Industry Association of Japan) in its standard, RC-5237, for use in digital satellite broadcast tuners. In appearance it is a small flat trapezic connector, the same connector as the AAUI connector used by Apple Computer for some time to connect to ethernet. Some items sold outside Japan use the connector as well. Notable examples are Canon's XH-A1 DVC high-definition camcorder and Panasonic's AG-HVX200 DVCPro HD camcorder.\nD5 HD D-5 is a professional digital video format introduced by Panasonic in 1994. Like Sony's D-1 (8-bit), it is an uncompressed digital component system (10-bit), but uses the same half-inch tapes as Panasonic's digital composite D-3 format. A 120 min. D-3 tape will record 60 min. in D-5/D-5 HD mode. D-5 standard definition decks can be retrofitted to record high definition with the use of an external HD input/output box. The HD deck conversion does not allow for any error correction that exists on standard definition recordings, as the full bandwidth of the tape is required for the HD\nlossless, it has been used in data applications. Camcorders were available which used this format, and are to date the only digital tape camcorders to use a lossless encoding scheme. The D-5 format, introduced in 1993 by Panasonic and marketed as D-5 HD, uses the D-3 transport and tape running at roughly double D-3 speed. The D-3 transport in turn is derived from the MII transport. D-3/D-5 tapes come in small (161 mm \u00d7 96 mm \u00d7 25 mm), medium (212 mm \u00d7 124 mm \u00d7 25 mm), and large (296 mm \u00d7 167 mm \u00d7 25 mm) cassettes, with\nD-VHS D-VHS is a digital video recording format developed by JVC, in collaboration with Hitachi, Matsushita, and Philips. The \"D\" in D-VHS originally stood for \"Data\", but JVC renamed the format as \"Digital VHS\". Released in 1998, It uses the same physical cassette format and recording mechanism as S-VHS (but needs higher-quality and more expensive tapes), and is capable of recording and displaying both standard-definition and high-definition content. The content data format is in MPEG transport stream, the same data format used for most digital television applications. The format was introduced in 1998. As a final effort for VHS, the\n2K (2048 x 1080) resolution material with 4:4:4 color space onto D-5 tape using the industry standard JPEG2000 wavelet-based compression. D5 HD D-5 is a professional digital video format introduced by Panasonic in 1994. Like Sony's D-1 (8-bit), it is an uncompressed digital component system (10-bit), but uses the same half-inch tapes as Panasonic's digital composite D-3 format. A 120 min. D-3 tape will record 60 min. in D-5/D-5 HD mode. D-5 standard definition decks can be retrofitted to record high definition with the use of an external HD input/output box. The HD deck conversion does not allow for any\nIsdn uses b & d channels . what is d channel use for?"], "reference": [["data", "control and signaling information", "carries control and signaling information"]]}
{"question_id": 546, "category": "rag", "turns": ["has sold 870,000 copies in the US as of April 2014. I Drive Your Truck \"I Drive Your Truck\" is a song written by Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington, and Jimmy Yeary and recorded by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released in December 2012 as the third single from his album \"Hard 2 Love\". The song is about the narrator driving a truck owned by his brother, who died in action in the United States Army. Co-writer Connie Harrington was inspired to write it after hearing an interview on \"Here and Now\" with a father, Paul Monti, whose\nI Drive Your Truck \"I Drive Your Truck\" is a song written by Jessi Alexander, Connie Harrington, and Jimmy Yeary and recorded by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released in December 2012 as the third single from his album \"Hard 2 Love\". The song is about the narrator driving a truck owned by his brother, who died in action in the United States Army. Co-writer Connie Harrington was inspired to write it after hearing an interview on \"Here and Now\" with a father, Paul Monti, whose son, Medal of Honor recipient Jared, was killed in Afghanistan while\nI'm a Truck \"I'm a Truck\" is a song made famous by country music singer Red Simpson. Originally released in 1971, the song \u2014 sometimes known as \"Hello, I'm a Truck\" \u2014 became Simpson's biggest hit single, reaching No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart in January 1972, and spending 17 weeks on this chart. Producer Gene Breeden had been looking for artists for his label, Portland Limited, when he received a song called \"I'm a Truck\" from songwriter Robert Stanton. Breeden and Simpson met in Vancouver, Washington, in 1971, where Simpson agreed to record the song. That\nas well as Song of the Year at the 49th annual Academy of Country Music Awards. The video features Brice's brother, Lewis. The song gained sufficient airplay to debut on the Country Airplay for chart dated February 23, 2013, and eventually reaching No. 1 on this chart on April 20, 2013, making it his third consecutive No. 1. It also debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 at No. 91 in February 2013 and peaked at No. 47 on April 13, 2013. It reached No. 6 on the Hot Country Songs and No. 11 on the Country Digital Songs. The song\nwhere Monti trained, is named in his honor. The former Pine Plains Fitness Center on Fort Drum has been renamed the Monti Fitness Facility in honor of SFC Jared C. Monti. In May 2013, Connie Harrington, songwriter of Lee Brice's number one country hit \"I Drive Your Truck,\" revealed that she wrote the song after listening to Monti's father, Paul, on the public radio program \"Here & Now\". It was Paul Monti's answer to \"Here & Now\" when asked what he did to reconnect with his son's memory. Jared C. Monti Jared Christopher Monti (20 September 1975 \u2013 21 June\nIn the song i drive your truck who is he talking about?"], "reference": [["his brother"]]}
{"question_id": 547, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's \"Guardians of the Galaxy\" and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt\nmoved up to May 5, 2017. In the following months, Michael Rooker said he would return as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character. Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill/Star-Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects. Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket. Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot. In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with \"major crew changes\" from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would\nset the sequel shortly after the first film to explore the characters' new roles as the Guardians, and to follow the storyline of Quill's father established throughout that previous film. Russell was confirmed as Quill's father in July 2016, portraying Ego, a departure from Quill's comic father. \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed more than $863 million worldwide, making it the eighth highest-grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor. The film received praise for\nRussell. In \"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\", the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage. The film was officially announced at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International before the theatrical release of the first film, along with Gunn's return from the first film, with the title of the sequel revealed a year later in June 2015. Principal photography began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with many crew changes from the first film due to other commitments. Filming concluded in June 2016. Gunn chose to\n\"Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2\" made its world premiere in Tokyo on April 10, 2017, and its Hollywood premiere on April 19 at the Dolby Theatre. The film began its international release on April 25, in Australia, New Zealand, and Italy, alongside a total of 37 markets in its first weekend, with 176 IMAX screens in 35 of those markets. Its North American release on May 5 took place in 4,347 theaters, of which over 3,800 were in 3D, 388 in IMAX and IMAX 3D, 588 premium large-format, and 194 D-Box locations. The film's opening in China was in\nWhen did gaurdians of the galaxy 2 come out?"], "reference": [["May 5 , 2017", "2017"]]}
{"question_id": 548, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Declaration of the Rights of the Child The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, sometimes known as the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child, is an international document promoting child rights, drafted by Eglantyne Jebb and adopted by the League of Nations in 1924, and adopted in an extended form by the United Nations in 1959. The text of the document, as published by the International Save the Children Union in Geneva on 23 February 1923, is as follows: This text was endorsed by the League of Nations General Assembly on 26 November 1924 as the World\nChild Welfare Charter, and was the first human rights document approved by an inter-governmental institution. It was reaffirmed by the League in 1934. Heads of State and Government pledged to incorporate its principles in domestic legislation. In France, it was ordered to be displayed in every school. The original document, in the archives of the city of Geneva, carries the signatures of various international delegates, including Jebb, Janusz Korczak, and Gustave Ador, a former President of the Swiss Confederation. After considering a number of options, including that of drafting an entirely new declaration, the United Nations resolved in 1946 to\nvast majority of mankind--may be in a position to help forward the movement.\" Jebb created an initial draft for what would become the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child in 1923. It contained the following five criteria: These five points were adopted by the League of Nations in 1924 and was thus known as the Declaration of Geneva. This was the first important assertion of the rights of children as separate from adults, and began the process that would lead to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations in 1989. Following\nJebb in 1923, endorsed by the League of Nations in 1924 and reaffirmed in 1934. A slightly expanded version was adopted by the United Nations in 1946, followed by a much expanded version adopted by the General Assembly in 1959. It later served as the basis for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The United Nations adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1966. The ICCPR is a multilateral international covenant that has been ratified or acceded to by nearly all nations on Earth. Nations which have become state-parties to the Covenant are required\nwritten views and concerns are available on the committee's website. The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child). It came into force on 2 September 1990, after it was ratified by the required number of nations. Currently, 196 countries are party to it, including every member of the United Nations except the United States. Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000. The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts, and the Second Optional Protocol\nWho created the convention on the rights of the child?"], "reference": [["The UN General Assembly", "The United Nations"]]}
{"question_id": 549, "category": "rag", "turns": ["(75 from 54 balls) produced a notable innings. A 21-run over from Sreesanth swung the game towards Pakistan. However, Irfan Pathan (3\u201316) and Joginder Sharma (2\u201320) slowed the scoring dramatically. With Pakistan needing 54 from 24 balls, Misbah-ul-Haq hit 3 sixes off Harbhajan Singh in one over. Sreesanth was also dispatched for 2 sixes but took the wicket of Sohail Tanvir, as Pakistan went into the last over needing 13 runs to win, with only 1 wicket remaining. Joginder Sharma bowled a wide first ball, followed by a dot ball. Misbah followed by taking six off a full-toss; Pakistan needed\nout at the other end. In the last over of the match Pakistan needed 13 runs to win the match and Misbah was still there. A six from Misbah took Pakistan to 152\u20139 and Pakistan's chance was then very good.Misbah scored 43 run from 38 ball including 4 sixes,from which three came in one over bowled by Harbajhan singh. He was however dismissed in the last over for 43 by Joginder Sharma and Pakistan was all out for 152. Irfan Pathan and RP Singh were the best bowlers for India by taking 3 wickets each .Joginder Sharma took 2 wicket\nlast stage took India to 157\u20135 in 20 overs. Umar Gul took 3\u201328 to be the best performer for Pakistan.Mohammad Asif and Sohail Tanvir take one wicket each. Pakistan suffered an early blow when Mohammad Hafeez was dismissed in the first over, and Kamran Akmal fell for a duck soon afterwards. Imran Nazir score at high run rate and have 33 run from just 14 ball by 4 four and 2 six but it was runout by Utthappa at score was 53\u20133(5.4 over) then soon Yonis Khan, Shoaib Malik, Yasir Arafat departed to make Pakistan 104\u20137. But Misbah was not\nwas on the charge from the beginning of their innings when debutante Yusuf Pathan started aggressively by hitting one four and one six. But he was the first to fall for 15 runs at 25/1 at over 2.4. Then Indian scoring rate was going down. Robin Uthappa(8 run from 11 ball), Yuvraj Singh(14 run from 19 ball), MS Dhoni(6 run from 10 ball) all departed soon and while Gambhir was stuck to the other end. His 75 from 56 hit 8 four and 2 six and Rohit Sharma's 30 not out of 16 hit 2 four and one six at\njust 6 runs to win from the last four balls. Misbah attempted to hit the next ball with a paddle-scoop over fine leg, but he only managed to sky the ball, and it was caught at short fine-leg by Sreesanth, leaving Pakistan all out for 152 runs. Irfan Pathan was awarded the Man of the Match for his spell, which included 3 wickets for 16 runs, including that of Man of the Series, Shahid Afridi. All matches were played at the following three grounds: The umpires were selected from the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires and the ICC International umpire\nWho bowled the last over of the 2007 world twenty20 that india won?"], "reference": [["Pakistan"]]}
{"question_id": 550, "category": "rag", "turns": ["analyst ; at auditions the character was called \"Burt Trevor,\" but this name was given to a different technician. Finally, Judith Light joined the recurring cast in \"Guilt\" as Alex Cabot's strict boss, Bureau Chief ADA Elizabeth Donnelly. Light was already a fan of the program, saying \"You can see when you watch a show like this, the level of professionalism going into it.\" The show \"Wrath\" has been repeatedly mentioned by Mariska Hargitay as one of her favorites. For the episode, Justin Kirk portrayed the wrongfully imprisoned man Eric Plummer. Upon being freed, he kills four people to exact\nrecurring role for episodes 1\u20133 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5, with Kelli Giddish, Danny Pino, Ice-T and Ra\u00fal Esparza no longer appearing in every episode. On May 20, 2015, it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale \"Surrendering Noah\". In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from \"Chicago P.D.\" and \"Chicago Justice\", who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the ADA on the original \"Law & Order\" show. It was later also announced\ntotal viewers and received a 2.1/6% share in the 18\u201349 age demographic, up slightly from the season thirteen finale. The murder case against Captain Cragen (Dann Florek) sets in motion as more evidence accumulates suggesting Cragen had killed Carissa Gibson (Pippa Black). Delia Wilson (Brooke Smith) and her attorney meet with Detective Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and (Paget Brewster) and blames Cragen for Carissa's death, saying Cragen saw more of her girls. Believing otherwise, Benson goes to see Cragen at Riker's, where he admits to using the escort service after realizing how lonely he was during his last year. Meanwhile, Detective\na movie, a three-act movie.\" Including the guest stars from the finale, \"Rhodium Nights\", Paget Brewster was first cast in the season premiere openers as , who is the prosecutor on the murder case against Cragen. Brewster hires the SVU squad's interim captain, , portrayed by Adam Baldwin. Sue Simmons plays herself in this episode. Leight said, \"It\u2019s a big scandal within the world we\u2019ve created, there\u2019s a dead hooker in the captain\u2019s bed, and we go to a newscaster to help us understand the story,\" said show runner/executive producer Warren Leight, \"Sue opens the episode doing a news standup\nKaren Stern earned a nomination for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television at the 2009 American Cinema Editors Awards. Detectives Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni) and Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) are called to a fast food restaurant after employee Trini Martinez (Monica Raymund) is heard screaming in the manager's office. Benson persuades the manager, Dwight Lomax (Scott Adsit), to open the door and they see he has Trini bound and gagged. Dwight explains that he received a call from a Detective Milgrim, who told him to detain Trini and strip-search her for a stolen wallet. Stabler informs a devastated Dwight\nWho plays the prosecutor on law and order svu?"], "reference": [["Ra\u00fal Eduardo Esparza"]]}
{"question_id": 551, "category": "rag", "turns": ["the entire season was released on September 4, 2018. The series follows the adventures of Finn the Human (a boy) and his best friend, Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape, grow, and shrink at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the other major characters: Princess Bubblegum, the Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures, dealing with the antagonistic-but-misunderstood Ice King, and battling monsters to help others. Multi-episode story arcs for this season\nAdventure Time (season 10) The tenth and final season of \"Adventure Time\", an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward, premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17, 2017 and ended on September 3, 2018. The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios. It follows the final adventures of Finn (a human boy) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the series' other main characters: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King,\nProgram. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> A DVD set including seasons eight, nine and ten was released on September 4, 2018. On January 15, 2019, the tenth season is scheduled for release on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia. Adventure Time (season 10) The tenth and final season of \"Adventure Time\", an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward, premiered on Cartoon Network on September 17, 2017 and ended on September 3, 2018. The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios. It follows the final adventures of Finn (a human boy) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake, a dog\nAdventure Time (season 8) The eighth season of \"Adventure Time\", an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward, premiered on Cartoon Network on March 26, 2016, and concluded on February 2, 2017. The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios. It follows the adventures of Finn, a human boy, and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the other main characters of the show: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline\nAdventure Time (season 9) The ninth season of \"Adventure Time\", an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward, premiered on the Cartoon Network on April 21, 2017. The season follows the adventures of Finn (a human boy) and his best friend and adoptive brother, Jake, a dog with magical powers to change shape and size at will. Finn and Jake live in the post-apocalyptic Land of Ooo, where they interact with the other main characters of the show: Princess Bubblegum, The Ice King, Marceline the Vampire Queen, Lumpy Space Princess, BMO, and Flame Princess. The season was storyboarded and\nWhen does the new adventure time come out?"], "reference": [["April 21 , 2017"]]}
{"question_id": 552, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Geography of Oklahoma The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains. Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions, more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin. It is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Central United States, Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south\nand with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the highest number of reservoirs in the nation. Oklahoma covers an area of , with of land and of water, making it the 20th-largest state in the United States. Generally, it is divided into seven geographical regions: Green Country, or Northeast Oklahoma, Southeastern Oklahoma, Central Oklahoma, South Central Oklahoma, Southwest Oklahoma, Northwest Oklahoma, and the Oklahoma Panhandle. Situated between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, Oklahoma tends to slope gradually downward from its western to eastern boundaries. Its highest and lowest points follow this\n200 lakes created by dams, it holds the nation's highest number of artificial reservoirs. Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins. Due to Oklahoma's location at the confluence of many geographic regions, the state's climatic regions have a high rate of biodiversity. Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma and prairie grasslands composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions, although cropland has largely replaced native grasses. Where rainfall is sparse\nin Norman. Winter and spring weather often are influenced by the El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation. Winters during El Ni\u00f1o are cooler than average and wetter across the western portion of the state due to an amplified southern jet stream. During La Ni\u00f1a, the storm track is further north, therefore winters are warmer than average and drier in the western part of the state. Geography of Oklahoma The Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains. Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions, more per square mile than in any other state by a\nSouthwestern Oklahoma Southwest Oklahoma is a geographical name for the southwest portion of the state of Oklahoma, typically considered to be south of the Canadian River, extending eastward from the Texas border to a line roughly from Weatherford, to Anadarko, to Duncan. Geologically, the region is defined by a failed continental rift known as the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen. The austere nature of the prairie landscape with intermittent island ranges has made it a favorable place for artists and photographers alike. Anchored by Lawton, its largest city, Southwest Oklahoma's other important urban centers include Elk City, Clinton, Weatherford, Walters, Altus, and\nOklahoma 's 10 geographic regions are defined by surface features called?"], "reference": [["ecological regions"]]}
{"question_id": 553, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Instant messaging Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select \"send\". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat. Non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as\nthe first stand-alone instant messenger and the first online instant messenger service \u2014 while real-time chat was not in itself new to the internet (IRC being the most common platform at the time), the concept of a fully centralized service with individual user accounts focused on one-on-one conversations set the blueprint for later instant messaging services like AIM, and its influence is seen in modern social media applications. Whilst Internet Relay Chat programs, like Pirch and mIRC, dominated the market for many years, their popularity began to fall in the face of mobile computing which had begun to take hold\nSecure instant messaging Secure instant messaging is a form of instant messaging. Both terms refer to an informal means for computer users to exchange messages commonly referred to as \"chats\". Instant messaging can be compared to texting as opposed to making a mobile phone call. In the case of messaging, it is like the short form of emailing. Secure instant messaging is a specialized form of instant messaging that along with other differences, encrypts and decrypts the contents of the messages such that only the actual users can understand them. Instant messaging has existed in some form or another for\nare quite vulnerable for providing user privacy. More than 100 million users Other platforms Instant messaging Instant messaging (IM) technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select \"send\". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP,\nICQ ICQ is an instant messaging client that was first developed and popularized by the Israeli company Mirabilis in 1996. The name ICQ derives from the English phrase \"I Seek You\". Ownership of ICQ passed from Mirabilis to AOL in 1998, and from AOL to Mail.Ru Group in 2010. The ICQ client application and service were initially released in November 1996 and the client was freely available to download. Users could register an account and would be assigned a number, like a phone number, for others to be able to contact them (users could also provide handles). ICQ was among\nWhat was icq as related to instant messaging?"], "reference": [["an instant messaging client"]]}
{"question_id": 554, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Sahara The Sahara (, ; , ', 'the Great Desert') is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for \"desert\", ' ( ). The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in\nSahara Desert (ecoregion) The Sahara Desert ecoregion, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), includes the hyper-arid center of the Sahara, between 18\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 N. It is one of several desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions that cover the northern portion of the African continent. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert, located in North Africa. It stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The vast desert encompasses several ecologically distinct regions. The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of in the hot, hyper-arid center of the Sahara, surrounded on the north, south,\ngovernment, who, according to Keenan, \"documented a space of intercultural mediation,\" contributing much to preserving the indigenous cultural identities in the region. Sahara The Sahara (, ; , ', 'the Great Desert') is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for \"desert\", ' ( ). The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the\nLibya. Sahara Desert (ecoregion) The Sahara Desert ecoregion, as defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), includes the hyper-arid center of the Sahara, between 18\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 N. It is one of several desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions that cover the northern portion of the African continent. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest hot desert, located in North Africa. It stretches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. The vast desert encompasses several ecologically distinct regions. The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of in the hot, hyper-arid center of the Sahara, surrounded on the north,\nthat crosses the ecoregion is the Nile River, which originates in central Africa and empties northwards into the Mediterranean Sea. Some areas encompass vast underground aquifers resulting in oases, while other regions severely lack water reserves. The Sahara Desert features a hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"BWh\"). The Sahara Desert is one of the driest and hottest regions of the world, with a mean temperature sometimes over and the average high temperatures in summer are over for months at a time, and can even soar to . In desert rocky mountains such as the Tibesti in Libya or the\nWhat is the significance of the sahara desert?"], "reference": [["the largest hot desert"]]}
{"question_id": 555, "category": "rag", "turns": ["doubles finals of a Grand Slam tournament prior to the event. 2017 French Open \u2013 Men's Doubles Feliciano L\u00f3pez and Marc L\u00f3pez were the defending champions, but lost to Julio Peralta and Horacio Zeballos in the first round. Henri Kontinen retained the ATP no. 1 doubles ranking at the end of tournament despite he lost in the first round after fellow contenders Nicolas Mahut and Marcelo Melo lost in the first and second rounds, respectively. Ryan Harrison and Michael Venus won the title, defeating Santiago Gonz\u00e1lez and Donald Young in the final, 7\u20136, 6\u20137, 6\u20133. In a rare coincidence, none\n2017 French Open \u2013 Men's Doubles Feliciano L\u00f3pez and Marc L\u00f3pez were the defending champions, but lost to Julio Peralta and Horacio Zeballos in the first round. Henri Kontinen retained the ATP no. 1 doubles ranking at the end of tournament despite he lost in the first round after fellow contenders Nicolas Mahut and Marcelo Melo lost in the first and second rounds, respectively. Ryan Harrison and Michael Venus won the title, defeating Santiago Gonz\u00e1lez and Donald Young in the final, 7\u20136, 6\u20137, 6\u20133. In a rare coincidence, none of the four players had ever previously appeared in the men's\nthe same Grand Slam event. Nadal won this event without losing a set for the third time, thereby tying with Bj\u00f6rn Borg for this Grand Slam record. 2017 French Open \u2013 Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals. This was the first time since 2010 that Djokovic did not reach at least the semifinals at Roland Garros, and it was also the first time since 2009 that Djokovic lost a match in straight sets at Roland Garros. Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title (his first since 2014) and\n2017 French Open \u2013 Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion, but was defeated by Dominic Thiem in the quarterfinals. This was the first time since 2010 that Djokovic did not reach at least the semifinals at Roland Garros, and it was also the first time since 2009 that Djokovic lost a match in straight sets at Roland Garros. Rafael Nadal won his 10th French Open title (his first since 2014) and 15th Grand Slam singles title, defeating Stan Wawrinka in the final, 6\u20132, 6\u20133, 6\u20131. Nadal is the only male player to ever win 10 singles titles at\nthe first Latvian player (male or female) to win a major title and the first unseeded female player since Margaret Scriven in 1933. She also claimed her first ever WTA title by winning the tournament. Rafael Nadal became the first male player to win 10 major singles titles in a single Grand Slam event, equally tying Bj\u00f6rn Borg's overall men's Grand Slam record without losing a set. He surpassed Pete Sampras' 14 major titles, now second behind Roger Federer. 2017 French Open \u2013 Day-by-day summaries The 2017 French Open described below in detail, in form of day-by-day summaries. Ons Jabeur\nWho won french open 2017 tennis tournament in men 's double category?"], "reference": [["Michael Venus", "Ryan Harrison"]]}
{"question_id": 556, "category": "rag", "turns": ["features Sleepy Brown singing in style inspired by the work of Motown star Marvin Gaye. The song's music video, directed by Bryan Barber, features Big Boi as the proprietor of a rim shop. The video's performance shots eventually gravitate to other locations during the video's running time, featuring several young women who Big Boi, dressed in a pimp's suit, attempts to pick up. The video features an appearance from Fonzworth Bentley and another from actress Ki Toy Johnson. \"The Way You Move\" music video was designed to be shown in tandem with the video for Andr\u00e9 3000's \"Hey Ya!\". A\nlong-form \"The Way You Move/Hey Ya!\" video combines both clips with a bridging sequence. The music video opens with Big Boi and Sleepy Brown pulling into a garage that specializes in automotive audio systems. \"The Way You Move\" debuted at #83 on the week ending September 27, 2003, four days after its release. It spent eight weeks at the number two position on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 behind \"Hey Ya!\", one of the longest runs at that position in the chart's history. It finally replaced \"Hey Ya!\" at number one on February 7, 2004, where it stayed for one week,\nsalsa, dancehall, and the running man.\" The music video for \"Move Your Body\" takes place as a four-minute long flash mob. The video begins during lunch hour at what looks like a junior high cafeteria. Everything is status quo until Beyonc\u00e9, wearing short shorts and green knee-high socks, enters the cafeteria doors to begin the song. After Beyonc\u00e9's entry, all the kids jump to their feet, following along as Beyonc\u00e9 leads the group through all kinds of dances. The instructional video was distributed to participating schools across the country on May 3, 2011, during a 'dance-in'. Beyonc\u00e9 was at P.S.\nMall in 1987, and features a girl (portrayed by Lilliana Ketchman) and her parents in a glamour photo shoot until she runs off set, where she finds Sia's signature black-and-blonde wig in a dressing room and tries it on. She then photobombs strangers' posed pictures until her parents drag her away, but the strangers invite her back for even more photos and dance along with her. It is notable that the girl elects to leave her shoes behind; most of the dance moves expected of her require precise footwork that cannot be done in the sneakers the girl is wearing,\nI Like the Way She Do It \"I Like the Way She Do It\" is the lead single from G-Unit's second album, \"\". It 'features' Young Buck, as he was no longer a member of G-Unit at the time. The song has since sold over 350,000 copies. The music video features 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. The video premiered on May 12, 2008 on BET's Access Granted. Since Young Buck was released from G-Unit (though still signed to G-Unit Records as a solo artist) he is not featured in the video, and his verse is cut. At the\nI like the way you move video cast?"], "reference": [["Fonzworth Bentley", "Sleepy Brown", "actress Ki Toy Johnson", "Ki Toy Johnson", "Big Boi"]]}
{"question_id": 557, "category": "rag", "turns": ["as Morgan Freeman's daughter in \"The Bucket List\", a 2007 comedy-drama starring Jack Nicholson and directed by Rob Reiner. The Tea Party, her directorial debut, was selected for competition, in the short film section of the 2013 Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Serena Reeder Serena Olanthe Reeder (born April 8, 1983) is an American theater, film, and television actor and screenwriter. Reeder was born in Washington, DC. She is best known for her roles in the films The Bucket List, Get Rich or Die Tryin', The Architect, The Brooklyn Heist, and Weapons. Reeder was born and raised in Washington, DC.\nKerris Dorsey Kerris Lilla Dorsey (born January 9, 1998) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Paige Whedon in the television series \"Brothers & Sisters\", Casey Beane, Billy Beane's (played by Brad Pitt) daughter, in the 2011 film \"Moneyball\", and as Emily Cooper in the 2014 film \"Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day\". Dorsey plays Bridget Donovan, the daughter of the title character, in the television series \"Ray Donovan\". In \"Moneyball\" she performs a cover of Lenka's song \"The Show\", which is included on the soundtrack to the film. In\n\"Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day\". Kerris Dorsey Kerris Lilla Dorsey (born January 9, 1998) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Paige Whedon in the television series \"Brothers & Sisters\", Casey Beane, Billy Beane's (played by Brad Pitt) daughter, in the 2011 film \"Moneyball\", and as Emily Cooper in the 2014 film \"Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day\". Dorsey plays Bridget Donovan, the daughter of the title character, in the television series \"Ray Donovan\". In \"Moneyball\" she performs a cover of Lenka's song \"The Show\",\nMoneyball (film) Moneyball is a 2011 American sports film directed by Bennett Miller and written by Steven Zaillian and Aaron Sorkin. The film is based on Michael Lewis's 2003 nonfiction book of the same name, an account of the Oakland Athletics baseball team's 2002 season and their general manager Billy Beane's attempts to assemble a competitive team. In the film, Beane (Brad Pitt) and assistant GM Peter Brand (Jonah Hill), faced with the franchise's limited budget for players, build a team of undervalued talent by taking a sophisticated sabermetric approach to scouting and analyzing players. Columbia Pictures bought the rights\nbody and intensity of her voice, Williams conveys not just the terror of losing a son but the tragic absurdity of bearing the illustrious name Getty when family ties confer zero power.\" All the Money in the World All the Money in the World is a 2017 crime thriller film directed by Ridley Scott and written by David Scarpa, based on John Pearson's 1995 book \"Painfully Rich: The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty\". The film stars Michelle Williams, Christopher Plummer, Mark Wahlberg, and Romain Duris. The film depicts J. Paul Getty's refusal to cooperate\nWho plays brad pitt 's daughter in moneyball?"], "reference": [["Kerris Lilla Dorsey"]]}
{"question_id": 558, "category": "rag", "turns": ["distal femur and proximal tibia which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the epiphysis, depositing osteoblasts and osteoclasts which erode the cartilage and build bone. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue\nsmall opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (osteoblasts on the outside, osteoclasts on the inside.) The canal of the nutrient foramen is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone. Most other bones (e.g. vertebrae) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner. Secondary centers The secondary centers generally appear at the epiphysis. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for\nthe epiphyses. Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between\nOssification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells\ngrowth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium. The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then: About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.\nWhen do primary ossification centers appear in an embryo?"], "reference": [["prenatal development"]]}
{"question_id": 559, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Courtney also portraying Myers. The film also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, and Virginia Gardner. After failing to develop a new \"Halloween\" film in time, Dimension Films lost the production rights for a sequel, which reverted to Miramax, which then joined with Blumhouse Productions. In May 2017, a new installment was officially announced, with original co-creator John Carpenter's involvement as a composer, executive producer, and creative consultant. \"Halloween\" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 19, 2018, by Universal Pictures, the distributor's first involvement\nin the film, and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film. \"Coco\" was released in Mexico on October 27, 2017, the weekend before D\u00eda de los Muertos. The film was released in the United States on November 22, 2017, during the Thanksgiving weekend, and three weeks after D\u00eda de los Muertos, and in the United Kingdom on January 19, 2018. The film was released in a crowded market, preceded by \"\", \"Justice League\" and another animated film, \"The Star\", and followed by \"\" and another animated film, \"Ferdinand\" three\njoined the cast. On August 2, 2017, Broken Lizard announced, via their website, that they had finished post-production on the film. \"Super Troopers 2\" was released by Fox Searchlight Pictures on April 20, 2018, more than 17 years after the original film premiered. In the United States and Canada, \"Super Troopers 2\" was released alongside \"I Feel Pretty\" and \"Traffik\", and was originally projected to gross around $6 million from 2,038 theaters in its opening weekend. However, after making $7.9 million on its first day (including $1.35 million from Thursday night previews), weekend estimates were raised to $16 million. It\nit's the last one and... she has a daughter. And it's not Jamie. It's just kind of a bummer, I guess.\" \"Halloween\" had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, as part of its Midnight Madness section. It was theatrically released on October 19. The CinemaCon film convention premiered exclusive footage on April 25, 2018, garnering positive reactions from those in attendance. The film had a presentation at the San Diego Comic-Con in Hall H on July 20, 2018, with Jamie Lee Curtis, David Gordon Green, Malek Akkad, and Jason Blum in attendance. During\nthe \"Justice League\" film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on \"The Dark Knight\" trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for \"Batman v Superman\". In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's \"Justice League\" script. Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite \"Justice League\" the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of \"Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice\". On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with \"Part One\" on November 17, 2017, and \"Part Two\"\nWhen does the new mlp movie come out?"], "reference": [["October 6 , 2017", "September 24 , 2017"]]}
{"question_id": 560, "category": "rag", "turns": ["Implantation (human embryo) In humans, implantation is the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus. At this stage of prenatal development, the conceptus is called a blastocyst. It is by this adhesion that the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother to be able to grow. In humans, implantation of a fertilized ovum is most likely to occur around 9 days after ovulation, however this can range between 6 and 12 days. The reception-ready phase of the endometrium of the uterus is usually termed the \"implantation window\" and lasts about 4 days.\nThe implantation window occurs around 6 days after the peak in luteinizing hormone levels. With some disparity between sources, it has been stated to occur from 7 days after ovulation until 9 days after ovulation, or days 6-10 postovulation. On average, it occurs during the 20th to the 23rd day after the last menstrual period. The implantation window is characterized by changes to the endometrium cells, which aid in the absorption of the uterine fluid. These changes are collectively known as the plasma membrane transformation and bring the blastocyst nearer to the endometrium and immobilize it. During this stage the\nof development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a fetus. Human embryology is the study of this development during the first eight weeks after fertilisation. The normal period of gestation (pregnancy) is nine months or 38 weeks. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until implantation is completed in the uterus. The germinal stage takes around 10 days. During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called cleavage. A blastocyst is then formed and implanted in the uterus. Embryogenesis continues with the next\ngive rise to extra-embryonic structures, such as the placenta and the membranes. The embryo becomes embedded in the endometrium in a process called implantation. In most successful pregnancies, the embryo implants 8 to 10 days after ovulation. The embryo, the extra-embryonic membranes, and the placenta are collectively referred to as a conceptus, or the \"products of conception\". Rapid growth occurs and the embryo's main features begin to take form. This process is called differentiation, which produces the varied cell types (such as blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells). A spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, in the first trimester of pregnancy\nEmbryo transfer Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. This technique (which is often used in connection with in vitro fertilization (IVF)), may be used in humans or in animals, in which situations the goals may vary. Embryo transfer can be done at day two or day three, or later in the blastocyst stage, which was first performed in 1984. Embryos can be either \u201cfresh\u201d from fertilized egg cells of the same menstrual cycle, or \u201cfrozen\u201d, that\nWhen does the implantation of the embryo occur?"], "reference": [["around 9 days after ovulation"]]}